1881 in science

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The year 1881 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• October – Charles Darwin publishes his last scientific book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
• L. S. Poliakov describes the wild horse discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia in 1879 as a new species, Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalski poliakov).^[1][2]
• The first systematic study in forensic entomology is conducted by physician and entomologist Hermann Reinhard in Germany.^[3]

Chemistry

• Friedrich Beilstein publishes the first edition of his Handbuch der organischen Chemie.

History of science and technology

• The birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, incorporating perhaps the earliest known use of mathematical zero, is unearthed near Bakhshali in British India.
• Publication in England of a pioneering study in industrial archaeology, H. A. Fletcher's "The archaeology of the west Cumberland iron trade".^[4]

Mathematics

• Simon Newcomb makes the first statement of Benford's law.^[5]

Medicine

• July 13 – Dr. George Goodfellow performs the first laparotomy to remove a bullet.
• September 25 – The first modern Caesarean section is performed successfully by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in Meckesheim using the transverse incision technique.
• December – Eduard von Hofmann carries out autopsy studies of the nearly 400 victims of the Vienna Ringtheater fire, carbon monoxide poisoning being held an underlying cause of death.
• Louis Pasteur discovers a vaccine for anthrax.
• Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, first proposes that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.^[6]
• English ophthalmologist Waren Tay publishes the first description of the genetic disorder which will become known as Tay–Sachs disease.^[7]
• approx. date – The non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch.^[8]

Technology

• March 1 – The Cunard Line's SS Servia, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at J. & G. Thomson's yard at Clydebank in Scotland.^[9]
• May 16 – The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric tramway, is opened in Berlin by Siemens & Halske.^[10]
• June – The positive-buoyancy powered submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by John Philip Holland, is first submersion-tested in New York City.
• September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).^[11]
• October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.^[9][12][13] The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.^[14]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Karl Adolph Wurtz
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Peter Martin Duncan

Births

• January 31 – Irving Langmuir (died 1957), American chemist.
• May 1 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (died 1955), French paleontologist and philosopher.
• August 6 – Alexander Fleming (died 1955), British bacteriologist.
• September 18 – Vera Lebedeva (died 1968), Soviet Russian pediatrician.
• October 11 – Lewis Fry Richardson (died 1953), British mathematical physicist.
• November 9 – Margaret Reed Lewis (died 1970), American cell biologist.
• November 13 – Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist.

Deaths

• February 3 – John Gould (born 1804), English zoologist.
• March 26 – Lovisa Åhrberg (born 1801), Swedish surgeon.
• May 14 – Mary Seacole (born 1805), Jamaican-born nurse.
• May 26 – Jakob Bernays (born 1824), German philologist.
• June 23 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden (born 1804), German biologist.
• July 27 – Hewett Watson (born 1804), English biologist.
• October 31 – George W. DeLong (born 1844), American Arctic explorer.

References

1. "Przewalski's horse". TAKH. 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
2. Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 304. ISBN 0671621300.
3. with Friedrich Moritz Brauer (1882). "Beiträge zur Gräberfauna" ["Contributions on the fauna of graves"]. Verh. k. & k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 31 pp. 207–210.
4. Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Archaeological Society 5:5–21.
5. Newcomb, Simon (1881). "Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers". American Journal of Mathematics. 4: 39–40. doi:10.2307/2369148. JSTOR 2369148.
6. Chaves, Carballo E. (2005). "Carlos Finlay and yellow fever: triumph over adversity". Military Medicine. 170: 881–5. doi:10.7205/milmed.170.10.881. PMID 16435764.
7. Tay, Waren (1881). "Symmetrical changes in the region of the yellow spot in each eye of an infant". Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society. 1: 55–57.
8. Booth, Jeremy (1977). "A short history of blood pressure measurement". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 70 (11): 793–9. PMC 1543468. PMID 341169.
9. Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 434–435. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
10. "The Siemens tram from past to present" (PDF). Siemens. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
11. "Godalming Power Station". Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
12. "The Savoy Theatre". The Times. London. 1881-10-03. p. 7.
13. Burgess, Michael (January 1975). "Richard D'Oyly Carte". The Savoyard: 7–11.
14. "Savoy Theatre". The Times. 1881-12-29. p. 4. Retrieved 2012-01-30.