1953 Waco tornado outbreak

1953 Waco tornado outbreak sequence

The Dr Pepper Museum, with lighter-colored bricks showing damage, since repaired, from the tornado on May 11, 1953
Type	Tornado outbreak sequence
Duration	May 9–11, 1953
Tornadoes confirmed	≥ 33
Max rating^1	F5 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak^2	3 days and 25 minutes
Casualties	144 fatalities, 895 injuries
Areas affected	Great Plains, West North Central and East North Central States
^1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale ^2Time from first tornado to last tornado

The 1953 Waco tornado outbreak sequence was a series of at least 33 tornadoes occurring in 10 different U.S. states on May 9–11, 1953. Tornadoes appeared daily from Minnesota in the north to Texas in the south. The strongest and deadliest tornado of the severe weather event was a powerful F5 on the Fujita scale.^{[nb 1]} It struck Waco, Texas, on May 11, causing 114 of the 144 deaths in the outbreak sequence. Alongside the 1902 tornado in Goliad, it was the deadliest tornado in Texas history and is the eleventh deadliest tornado in U.S. history. The tornado's winds demolished more than 600 houses, 1,000 other structures, and over 2,000 vehicles. Nearly 600 injuries occurred, and many survivors had to wait over 14 hours for rescue. The destruction dispelled a myth that the geography of the region spared Waco from tornadoes, and along with other deadly tornadoes in 1953, the Waco disaster was a catalyst for advances in understanding the link between tornadoes and radar-detected hook echoes. It also generated support for improved civil defense systems, the formation of weather radar networks, and improved communications between stakeholders such as meteorologists, local officials, and the public.

The Waco tornado was not the only deadly and damaging tornado in the outbreak sequence. On the same day as the Waco disaster, a high-end F4 tornado struck the Texas city of San Angelo, causing catastrophic damage, killing 13 people, and injuring more than 150. The tornado swept away numerous homes and damaged a school, but students inside escaped serious injuries. On May 9, a long-tracked F3 tornado destroyed a large swath of Hebron, Nebraska, and killed five people in the area. The following day, May 10, featured numerous, often long-tracked and intense tornado families across the states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Two families on nearly parallel paths traveled more than 100 miles (160 km) each and killed a combined total of six people, mostly in Wisconsin. At least one of the tornado families reached F4 intensity in Wisconsin. Two other F4 tornadoes also struck Iowa. Additionally, a relatively moderate tornado of F2 intensity caused significant loss of life in a shack in Minnesota, killing six people. Although 33 tornadoes were officially registered from May 9–11, others likely occurred but either went undetected or were not officially documented.

Background

On May 11, 1953, a rich, unstable air mass moved northward over Texas from the Gulf of Mexico. As of 9:30 a.m. CST (15:30 UTC), thunderstorm activity from the overnight hours persisted, generating residual outflow boundaries. Already, anomalously warm surface temperatures reached the mid-70s °F as far north as a line stretching from Dallas to Austin. Dew points were correspondingly high as well, climbing into the lower 70s °F. As a dry line crossed the warm sector in the afternoon, a layer of cool surface temperatures left by the outflow boundaries locally enhanced low-level wind shear, acting as a mechanism to enable supercell and tornado formation. Winds backed along the outflow boundaries, perhaps aiding the formation of violent tornadoes.^[5] Due to conducive conditions for severe weather, the U.S. Weather Bureau (later the National Weather Service) Weather Forecast Office in New Orleans issued a tornado alert covering sections of Central and West Texas.^[6][7]

Daily statistics

Daily statistics

Date	Total	Fujita scale rating						Deaths	Injuries
		F0	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
May 9	6	0	3	1	2	0	0	5	82
May 10	22	1	10	6	2	3	0	12	57
May 11	5	0	2	1	0	1	1	127	756
Total	33	1	15	8	4	4	1	144	895

List of tornadoes

List of known tornadoes during the May 9–11, 1953, Waco tornado outbreak sequence^{[nb 2][nb 3]}

F#	Location	County / Parish	State	Start coord.	Date	Time (UTC)	Path length	Max width	Summary
F1	NW of Huron	Beadle	SD	44°23′N 98°14′W / 44.38°N 98.23°W	May 9	0005	1.9 miles (3.1 km)	N/A	A narrow, short-lived tornado caused minor damage to several structures, including a hangar, a barn, and outbuildings on a farmstead.[11]
F1	WSW of Bryant to SE of Vienna	Clark, Hamlin	SD	44°34′N 97°31′W / 44.57°N 97.52°W	May 9	0100	6.8 miles (10.9 km)	N/A	A tornado developed near Cherry Lake and headed north-northeastward, producing minimal damage to structures on several farms.[11]
F1	S of McLean	Wayne	NE	42°18′N 97°28′W / 42.3°N 97.47°W	May 9	0300	1.5 miles (2.4 km)	N/A	Only negligible damage occurred as a tornado briefly touched down.[12]
F3	N of Courtland to SW of Byron, NE	Republic	KS	39°48′N 97°54′W / 39.8°N 97.9°W	May 9	0310	13.5 miles (21.7 km)	N/A	This tornado may have first developed south of Courtland, causing minor damage to a farm, before redeveloping, possibly as a separate tornado, beyond town. From that point on, it badly damaged 10 farms in Kansas, with lesser damage to others in its path.[12] One of the farmhouses was called "destroyed,"[13] along with many sheds and barns.[12] According to Grazulis, the tornado may have entered Nebraska, ending just north of the Kansas–Nebraska border, but its path in Nebraska was overlooked as media mostly covered the Hebron event.[13] Total losses reached $45,000.[12] One injury may have occurred[13] but was officially unconfirmed.[8]
F3	Hebron to Milford	Thayer, Fillmore, Saline, Seward	NE	40°15′N 97°34′W / 40.25°N 97.57°W	May 9	0345	46.9 miles (75.5 km)	N/A	Five deaths – This intense, long-tracked, and very damaging tornado struck Hebron, leveling a significant part of the town.[12] In town, almost 100 structures were beyond repair, including 50 residences and 40 businesses. A church lost its walls and roof, with only its arch left standing, and winds removed the uppermost wing of a school. Two farmhouses outside Hebron sustained possible F4 damage. Additionally, aircraft and hangars were wrecked. Total losses reached $2.5 million (1953 USD),[13] and 82 injuries were officially reported,[8] though the actual total may have been 80.[13]
F2	ENE of Sumner	Dawson	NE	40°58′N 99°28′W / 40.97°N 99.47°W	May 9	0500	1.5 miles (2.4 km)	N/A	A short-tracked tornado wrecked several structures, including a sizeable barn.[12] The tornado was not rated as significant (F2+) by tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis.[13]
F1	SSE of Vinson	Harmon	OK	34°53′N 99°51′W / 34.88°N 99.85°W	May 10	0700	3.6 miles (5.8 km)	N/A	A weak tornado damaged small structures, including little barns, sheds, and some garages.[12]
F1	ENE of Utica	Seward	NE	40°56′N 97°17′W / 40.93°N 97.28°W	May 10	0710	0.1 miles (160 m)	N/A
F1	NW of Duke	Greer	OK	34°45′N 99°39′W / 34.75°N 99.65°W	May 10	0715	0.1 miles (160 m)	N/A	A tornado briefly touched down, leveling a chicken coop and a nearby barn.[14]
F1	SW of Mangum	Greer	OK	34°51′N 99°32′W / 34.85°N 99.53°W	May 10	0715	0.1 miles (0.16 km)	N/A	A tornado with the appearance of a dust devil caused a frail shed to collapse and caused minor structural damage nearby.[14]
F1	N of Thomas	Custer	OK	35°47′N 98°45′W / 35.78°N 98.75°W	May 10	0720	0.1 miles (160 m)	N/A	One barn was blown down.[14]
F1	E of Mount Hope to S of Udall	Sumner, Ness	KS	37°52′N 97°36′W / 37.87°N 97.6°W	May 10	0800	42.5 miles (68.4 km)	N/A
F2	NE of Renfrow, OK, to SW of Udall, KS	Grant (OK), Sumner (KS), Ness (KS)	OK, KS	36°59′N 97°37′W / 36.98°N 97.62°W	May 10	0900	38.8 miles (62.4 km)	N/A	An intermittent tornado produced a skipping swath of damage from near Caldwell, Kansas, to the Udall area. It struck 13 farmsteads, but produced only low-end F2 damage to some of them.[15] The event may have been a family of two or more tornadoes, as eyewitnesses reported multiple funnels on the ground. Additionally, a related but unconfirmed tornado may have caused damage to a farm in Butler County, Kansas.[14] Total losses reached $30,000 (1953 USD),[15] and one person may have been injured,[14] but was not officially counted.[9]
F3	SW of Elmdale to S of Keene	Chase, Morris, Lyon, Wabaunsee	KS	38°21′N 96°40′W / 38.35°N 96.67°W	May 10	1000	52.2 miles (84.0 km)	N/A	This intense tornado first caused minor damage to roofing material near Cottonwood Falls. Later, the tornado further damaged farm equipment, trees, and numerous structures. After briefly lifting or dissipating, the tornado or tornado family damaged or destroyed 14 cabins near Lake Kahola. In the Bushong area, the tornado affected three farms before weakening again. The last damage, apparently minimal, occurred near Harveyville.[14] The tornado was not rated as significant (F2+) by Grazulis.[15]
F1	N of Cambridge	Cowley, Elk	KS	37°20′N 96°40′W / 37.33°N 96.67°W	May 10	1030	6.9 miles (11.1 km)	N/A	A narrow, weak tornado downed fences and caused minimal damage to a few farms in its path. A rural barn was among damaged structures.[16]
F1	Petrolia area	Allen	KS	37°54′N 95°24′W / 37.9°N 95.4°W	May 10	1130	0.5 miles (0.80 km)	N/A	A brief tornado struck Petrolia, damaging power lines, trees, and roofs in town. Winds downed a couple of sheds and a garage as well.[16]
F1	NE of Humboldt	Richardson	NE	40°11′N 95°56′W / 40.18°N 95.93°W	May 10	1200	9.7 miles (15.6 km)	N/A	Many structures lost their roofs.[16]
F2	Russellville area	Pope	AR	35°16′N 93°10′W / 35.27°N 93.17°W	May 10	1810	2.3 miles (3.7 km)	N/A	Eyewitnesses observed twin tornadoes, moving parallel to each other, that combined into one narrow funnel and struck Russellville. Several structures sustained modest damage, and a movable roller rink was wrecked.[16] The tornado was not rated as significant (F2+) by Grazulis.[15]
F0	S of Nebraska City	Otoe	NE	40°38′N 95°52′W / 40.63°N 95.87°W	May 10	1930	0.1 miles (160 m)	N/A
F1	S of Beulah	Texas	MO	37°33′N 91°55′W / 37.55°N 91.92°W	May 10	2000	0.2 miles (320 m)	N/A	A brief tornado struck just southeast of Kinderpost, near Licking, leveling a very large barn.[15] While officially rated F1,[9] the tornado was assigned an F2 rating by Grazulis.[15]
F4	NW of Millerton to SSW of Russell	Wayne	IA	40°52′N 93°20′W / 40.87°N 93.33°W	May 10	2115	6.4 miles (10.3 km)	N/A	A violent tornado, the first of the outbreak sequence, produced low-end F4 damage to a farmhouse, dispersing the debris a short distance from the foundation.[15][16]
F2	NW of Clontarf to N of Cyrus	Pope	MN	45°25′N 95°45′W / 45.42°N 95.75°W	May 10	2155	17 miles (27 km)	N/A	A strong tornado, producing sporadic damage,[16] struck 35 farms in its path, completely destroying a couple of them.[15] Barns and outbuildings were leveled,[15] and trees, power lines, and utility poles were downed.[16]
F4	ESE of Garner to SSW of Silver Lake	Hancock, Cerro Gordo, Worth	IA	43°04′N 93°31′W / 43.07°N 93.52°W	May 10	2210	26.6 miles (42.8 km)	N/A	A long-lived, violent tornado tracked through several farms, damaging or destroying about 30 homes. Roughly 200 other structures on farms were likewise impacted.[15] One farm lost all its buildings, with only the main house left standing. Of the three injuries,[9] two were critical, both to a couple near Ventura.[15]
F2	SW of Chelsea	Tama	IA	41°53′N 92°27′W / 41.88°N 92.45°W	May 10	2230	0.1 miles (0.16 km)	N/A	This brief but strong tornado leveled an entire farm,[17] including outbuildings and barns on the property.[15] The tornado or a related but separate event may have caused additional damage near Independence,[17] leading to a total path length of 10 miles (16 km) or even longer.[15]
F2	S of Hollandale	Freeborn	MN	43°45′N 93°12′W / 43.75°N 93.2°W	May 10	2300	6.9 miles (11.1 km)	N/A	Six deaths – This tornado was of moderate intensity, narrow, and relatively short-tracked,[17] yet was one of the most devastating of the tornado outbreak sequence. Shortly after formation, it struck a big shack,[15] which was hurled from its foundation.[17] Six occupants—two parents, their four children, and two relatives—died in the destruction of the shack,[17] which housed migrant workers.[15] Afterward, the tornado leveled another small residence and mildly damaged 10 nearby structures. In all, the tornado leveled three homes, four barns, and numerous outbuildings on six farms, mainly near Hollandale and Maple Island.[17][15] Total losses reached $35,000 (1953 USD),[15] and three people were injured.[9]
F4	SW of Chester, IA, to ESE of Catawba, WI	Howard (IA), Fillmore (MN), Olmsted (MN), Winona (MN), Buffalo (WI), Trempealeau (WI), Eau Claire (WI), Chippewa (WI), Taylor (WI), Price (WI)	IA, MN, WI	43°27′N 92°24′W / 43.45°N 92.4°W	May 10	2330	162 miles (261 km)	N/A	Two deaths – See section on this tornado – 24 people were injured,[9] though Grazulis listed an unofficial total of 17.[15]
F3	ESE of Farmersburg to NE of Beulah	Clayton	IA	42°57′N 91°20′W / 42.95°N 91.33°W	May 10	0000	6.6 miles (10.6 km)	N/A	An intense tornado severely affected eight farms in its path, demolishing barns and silos. Livestock suffered significant losses, with 60 or more head of cattle dead. A farmer reportedly sustained non-critical injuries after being tossed for 700 feet (213 m),[15] but was not documented in the official injury total. While officially rated F3,[9] the tornado was assigned an F2 rating by Grazulis.[15]
F2	SW of River Falls to E of Gordon	Pierce, St. Croix, Polk, Burnett, Washburn, Douglas	WI	44°50′N 92°40′W / 44.83°N 92.67°W	May 10	0030	105.7 miles (170.1 km)	N/A	Four deaths – See section on this tornado – 27 people were injured.[9]
F4	SW of Grape Creek to San Angelo	Tom Green	TX	31°32′N 100°35′W / 31.53°N 100.58°W	May 11	2015	9.9 miles (15.9 km)	N/A	13 deaths – This was the first of two extremely intense tornadoes to strike Texas on May 11 and was likely spawned by an outflow boundary.[5] After forming west-northwest of San Angelo, the tornado headed east-southeast and struck the north side of the city. There, the tornado caused catastrophic damage to a third of the city.[15] In all, 288 homes were destroyed and about 200 sustained at least some damage.[18] Many of the homes were swept away in a 15-square-block section of the city, and peak damage approached F5 intensity.[15] Additionally, 19 businesses were hit,[15] including the Rocket Drive-In theater, and 172 vehicles were wrecked.[18] The storm struck a school about 15 minutes before students were scheduled for dismissal. The building, which had two stories, lost its roof and many walls, but students sheltered safely in interior hallways, and only 12 were injured, none critically, though the school sustained $100,000 losses (1953 USD).[15] Total contemporary damages reached $3.4 million,[18] and 159 injuries occurred.[10]
F1	W of McAlester	Pittsburg	OK	34°56′N 95°48′W / 34.93°N 95.8°W	May 11	2100	0.1 miles (160 m)	N/A	A brief tornado passed near Lake Talawanda, downing trees but causing no structural damage.[19]
F5	NNW of Lorena to Waco to W of Axtell	McLennan	TX	31°33′N 97°09′W / 31.55°N 97.15°W	May 11	2210	20.9 miles (33.6 km)	N/A	114 deaths – See section on this tornado – Tied with the 1902 Goliad tornado as the deadliest on record in Texas.[20] 597 injuries were reported.[10]
F1	NE of Wynnewood	Garvin	OK	34°40′N 97°09′W / 34.67°N 97.15°W	May 11	2230	2 miles (3.2 km)	N/A	Very little damage occurred as a tornado mostly affected uninhabited areas.[19]
F2	WSW of Jewett to W of Corinth	Leon	TX	31°19′N 96°13′W / 31.32°N 96.22°W	May 11	0030	9.5 miles (15.3 km)	N/A	A possible tornado family produced spotty damage as it tracked to the northeast.[21] Near Jewett, a brief touchdown resulted in damage to 19 structures, including 12 homes, one of which was beyond repair.[19] Other possible touchdowns, though officially unconfirmed,[10] occurred near Oakwood, Tucker, and Palestine. Yet another possible tornado struck the Neches area, tearing the roof from a home. Three injuries may have occurred along the path.[21] Total damage, including agricultural, in 1953 dollars was $48,000,[19] but may have reached $100,000.[21]

Significant tornadoes

Chester, Iowa/Wykoff–St. Charles, Minnesota/Fountain City–Hannibal, Wisconsin

This destructive, violent, and extremely long-tracked tornado family likely contained at least five distinct tornadoes, spawned by one supercell. The first tornado in the series, though officially unconfirmed,^[9] may have formed near Greene in Butler County, Iowa, causing significant destruction on a farmstead.^[17] Continuous damage resumed near Chester, severely affecting 11 farms south of the Minnesota–Iowa border,^[17][15] with two injuries in Iowa.^[9] The storm then crossed into southern Minnesota, killing one person in a destroyed barn near Wykoff. Near Chatfield, the tornado carried a schoolhouse from its foundation, causing its disintegration.^[17] The tornado then hit a few cars near St. Charles,^[17] one of which was carried 100 feet (30 m), injuring four occupants and killing the fifth, a child.^[15]

In Minnesota, four other people sustained injuries while inside a barn, and three more injuries were in another automobile;^[15] in all, 17 injuries were confirmed in the state.^[9] Across Fillmore, Olmsted, and Winona counties in Minnesota, over 24 farms received widespread, often severe damage, including the destruction of most buildings in some cases. The tornado downed many power lines and utility poles as well, and there was widespread loss of livestock.^[17] Entering Whitewater State Park, the tornado splintered "hundreds" of trees,^[15] and buildings in the park were badly damaged.^[17] After destroying a steel bridge near Elba, the tornado apparently dissipated into straight-line winds,^[17] though Grazulis suggested that tornado damage may have continued to near Fountain City, Wisconsin.^[15]

Reports indicated that the storm crossed the Mississippi River into Wisconsin,^[19] where tornado activity definitely resumed northeast of Fountain City and ended near Colburn. As in Minnesota,^[17] damage was discontinuous, implying that two or more tornadoes were involved.^[15] Between Fountain City and Colburn, the tornado hit roughly 100 farms, at least 20 of which lost buildings, and produced high-end F3 damage to some homes. "Hundreds" of dead livestock littered the landscape.^[15] Beyond Colburn, the tornado(es) likely weakened and reformed into two, perhaps three, others, starting with spotty damage near Hannibal. A farmhouse was swept from its foundation, and fragments of the home were lofted for 7 miles (11 km). The tornado was reportedly exceptionally violent while southwest of Phillips,^[15] shortly before dissipation. Five injuries occurred in Wisconsin,^[9] though the actual total may have been 12.^[15]

Maximum damage intensity was F3 in Iowa and Minnesota and F4 in Wisconsin. The swath of damage between St. Charles and Whitewater State Park, Minnesota, across Olmsted and Winona counties, may have been from a separate thunderstorm, as Grazulis does not count it as part of the same tornado family.^[15]

River Falls–Amery–Minong, Wisconsin

This was the second of two long-tracked tornado families in Wisconsin on May 10. It first formed on the outskirts of River Falls and tracked to the north-northeast. Initially, multiple tornadoes were likely present, as damage was discontinuous until the tornado(es) passed east of New Richmond. At that point, a continuous swath of significant damage began and continued to near Amery. Near River Falls, the tornado demolished a summer house, which collapsed onto occupants, injuring four who had been picnicking but had sought safety during the storm. The first fatality, an elderly female, occurred in St. Croix County when her home was leveled, injuring three other people inside. Farther on, in Polk County, two additional deaths took place: one from flying debris, another in a destroyed barn. In Burnett County, the tornado felled a tree, which hit a dairy building, causing a final death. Beyond Amery, scattered, poorly documented destruction occurred for the remainder of the path. A separate tornado likely formed near Minong and dissipated near Gordon, destroying cabins and other small residences. Six injuries occurred across Washburn and Douglas counties, one of which was severe. There were 11 injuries near Amery^[15] and 27 along the entire path.^[9] Reports from local staff of the American Red Cross indicated that the tornado family destroyed or damaged 113 homes and affected 215 other structures. Collapsing barns killed livestock inside, though the precise number was undetermined. Numerous trees were downed along the path, and utilities were disrupted. The tornado(es) mostly impacted sparsely populated areas.^[19] While officially rated F2, the tornado was assigned an F4 rating by Grazulis, based on damage to homes near Amery.^[15]

Waco, Texas

Path of the Waco tornado

Outbreak death toll^{[nb 4]}

State	Total	County	County total
Minnesota	8	Fillmore	1
		Freeborn	6
		Olmsted	1
Nebraska	5	Thayer	5
Texas	127	McLennan	114
		Tom Green	13
Wisconsin	4	Burnett	1
		Polk	2
		St. Croix	1
Totals	144
All deaths were tornado-related

According to an old legend—attributed without corroboration to the Huaco, a local Native American tribe—tornadoes, or at least severe ones, could not touch down in Waco, a city located in a geological depression. Supposedly due to the bluffs around the Brazos River, tornadoes and other severe weather were relatively rare and mild in the city.^[6][23] The 1953 storm, however, disproved the myth when it tracked directly through downtown Waco as an F5 tornado. The tornado first formed around 4:10 p.m. CST (22:10 UTC) about 3 miles (5 km) north-northwest of the Lorena community. It quickly began damaging structures, destroying a home near Lorena as it tracked north-northeastward.^[15] As it neared Waco, operators of weather radar at Texas A&M University detected a hook echo in association with the parent supercell. This was one of the first times that radar linked tornadogenesis with hook-echo signatures.^[7] However, because heavy rain obscured the tornado, it was largely invisible to people in its path. The high-precipitation nature of the parent storm may have heightened the death toll in Waco by delaying appropriate action.^[5] The storm also generated baseball-sized hail in its path.^[6] The tornado passed close to Hewitt before entering downtown Waco.^[15]

As the thunderstorm began pounding the city with rain, many people on the streets crowded into local buildings for shelter,^[6] including department stores, banks, and other downtown businesses. Located on Fifth Street, the five-story R. T. Dennis building was quickly filling with people who came in to escape the rain. The tornado, almost ¹⁄₃ mile (0.54 km) across, struck downtown Waco at 4:36 p.m. When the tornado struck the Dennis Building, it first knocked a large water tank off the roof, then blew in the windows onto the terrified customers and employees. Beatrice Ramirez, an employee just one year out of high school, stood still knowing that there was nowhere safe to hide. Ten seconds after the tornado struck, the building was destroyed, leaving dozens of people trapped beneath its ruins. Beatrice was able to crawl out of the rubble into the rain. Many others would not be so lucky that day: 30 people died in the R. T. Dennis building alone.^[6] Remarkably, eighteen hours after the rescue efforts started and all hope had been lost, rescue workers recovered a survivor: Lillie Matkin, who was a switchboard operator for the store, was saved by a mattress that fell on her.

The tornado's next target was the ten-story Professional Building. The windows were blown out and the roof was taken off. One woman had a very lucky escape from death. Right before the tornado hit, the rain calmed down and Bobbye Bishop decided to make a dash to her car. She reached the car just as the tornado struck. Her car was thrown up into the air, then fell back to the ground. Seconds later a two-ton vehicle was thrown on top of her car, pinning her inside it. Due to the weight of both vehicles, the tornado was unable to lift her car and she was also protected by flying debris due to being pinned inside. Twelve people were killed in cars crushed in the street, one of which was crushed by a traffic light to only 18 inches (460 mm) in height. After devastating downtown Waco, the tornado continued to the north-northeast and dissipated about 5 miles (8 km) west of Axtell.^[5] While the tornado destroyed homes outside the city, media largely focused on destruction in downtown Waco.^[15]

Few of the buildings in downtown Waco were constructed sturdily enough to withstand the winds, and they collapsed almost immediately. Newer buildings with steel reinforcement, including the 22-story Amicable office building (now called the ALICO Building), weathered the storm. The Dr Pepper bottling plant, today the Dr Pepper Museum, also remained standing but sustained damage.^[6] Bricks from the collapsed structures piled up in the street to a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). Some survivors were trapped under rubble for 14 or more hours; numerous bodies remained submerged beneath piles of rubble and for many days were unaccounted for.^[24] In all, 114 deaths occurred in the Waco area, with 597 injured and over $41 million (1953 USD) in property damage.^[15][10] The tornado destroyed 196 businesses and factories.^[25] 217 others sustained major damage and 179 sustained lesser damages. 150 homes were wrecked,^[15] 250 sustained major damage, and 450 sustained lesser damages. The First United Methodist Church was severely damaged. Over 2,000 cars sustained at least some damage.^[15] Over half the dead—61—were in a single city block bounded by 4th and 5th streets and Austin and Franklin avenues.

Aftermath and records

Following the Waco tornado, attempts to organize disaster relief were stymied by poor organization. Local residents had not expected the tornado and had assumed that the area's geography safeguarded Waco from tornadoes.^[23] Initially, the tornado also severed communications between downtown Waco and outlying areas, so assistance was slow to arrive. The chaotic relief efforts eventually spurred greater coordination between civilians and local governments, leading to the development of civil defense.^[23] Notably, the Waco event was one of the first instances that proved the effectiveness of radar in tracking tornadogenesis; ironically, another such case occurred later in the same year. Posthumous study of the tornado that struck Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9 revealed that, as at Waco, local radar detected the hook echo that signified the tornado.^[7] Researchers concluded that improved communications, coupled with the formation of radar coverage, could lead to accurate tornado warnings, thereby reducing loss of life in future storms. This task proved especially important following the devastating loss of life at Waco and Worcester, along with the June 8 catastrophe at Flint, Michigan, in the same year.^[26] The state of Texas supported the implementation of 20 radar facilities, each with a 200-mile-wide (320 km) radius, that proved successful in reducing death tolls in later tornadoes.^[27] The system was known as the Texas Radar Tornado Warning Network and also included communications between weather officials, storm spotters, and local officials.^[7] Thus the Waco tornado helped catalyze development of a nationwide severe weather warning system.

The storm also intersected with the long legacy of racism against black residents of Waco. After the disaster, some people in the local African-American community saw the tornado as divine retribution for the lynching of Jesse Washington over thirty years prior.^[28]

The Waco tornado remains the eleventh deadliest tornado on record in the United States and is tied with the 1902 Goliad tornado as the deadliest in Texas history.^[29][20]

See also

• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of tornadoes striking downtown areas

Notes

1. The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.^[1] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,^[2] Canada utilized the old scale until April 1, 2013;^[3] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.^[4]
2. Coordinates derived from the Tornado History Project database.^[8][9][10]
3. All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.
4. Data derived from the NCEI Storm Events Database.^[22]

References

1. Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
2. Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
3. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-02-25. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
4. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-02-25. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
5. "Remembering the May 11, 1953, Waco tornado, the deadliest tornado in Texas since 1900". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Dallas/Fort Worth, TX. National Weather Service. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
6. Sawyer, Amanda. "Waco Tornado". Waco History. Baylor University. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
7. Coleman, Timothy A.; Knupp, Kevin R.; Spann, James; Elliott, J. B.; Peters, Brian (May 2011). "The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States". BAMS. 92 (5): 570. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3062.1. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
8. "Tornadoes on May 9, 1953". Tornado History Project. Storm Prediction Center. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
9. "Tornadoes on May 10, 1953". Tornado History Project. Storm Prediction Center. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
10. "Tornadoes on May 11, 1953". Tornado History Project. Storm Prediction Center. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
11. "Severe Storms". Climatological Data National Summary. 4 (5): 130. May 1953.
12. Climatological Data 1953, p. 131
13. Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes, 1680–1991: a Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. p. 969. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
14. Climatological Data 1953, p. 132
15. Grazulis 1993, p. 970
16. Climatological Data 1953, p. 133
17. Climatological Data 1953, p. 134
18. "The Lakeview Tornado: May 11, 1953". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office San Angelo, TX. National Weather Service. 9 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
19. Climatological Data 1953, p. 135
20. Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (26 April 2000). "The Most "Important" US Tornadoes by State". The Tornado Project Online. The Tornado Project. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
21. Grazulis 1993, p. 972
22. "Events between 05/09/1953 and 05/11/1953". Storm Events Database. NCEI, Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
23. "Looking Back at the Waco Tornado of 1953 and the Lessons Learned...". Texas Emergency Management Online. Vol. 60 no. 5. Texas Department of Public Safety. May 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-05-25. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
24. Grazulis 1993, p. 971
25. Young, John (January 10, 1985). "The ALICO Building: A Long, Tall Texan". Waco Tribune-Herald.
26. Corfidi, Stephen (13 February 2010). "A Brief History of the Storm Prediction Center". NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center. Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
27. Grazulis 2001, p. 90
28. Carrigan, William D. (2006). The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836–1916. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-252-07430-1.
29. Edwards, Roger (29 March 2016). "The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 27 May 2016.

External links

• Texas History Online