1993 24 Hours of Le Mans

1993 24 Hours of Le Mans
Previous: 1992	Next: 1994
Index: Races \| Winners

The 1993 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 61st Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 19 and 20 June 1993.

The race was won by Peugeot Talbot Sport, with drivers Geoff Brabham, and Le Mans rookies Éric Hélary and Christophe Bouchut completing 375 laps in their Peugeot 905 Evo 1B. Brabham became just the third Australian to win the French classic after Bernard Rubin in 1928, and Vern Schuppan in 1983.

A class for Grand Touring (GT) style cars was included for the first time since the 1985 race.^[1] With the extra class, the entry list expanded from 30 cars in 1992 to 48 in 1993.

Regulations and Entries

The 1992 race had seen the lowest number of entries since the iconic race's advent in the 1920s, and in October 1992 the FIA officially cancelled the Sportscar World Championship - a series that had been running, in various guises, continuously since 1953. The idea to run the premier class on F1-derived engines had proved a spectacular failure with negligible interest from the major car manufacturers that had been anticipated, and too high costs for small teams. Soon after the series cancellation, and with no alternative international series proposed, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) took matters into its own hands, drafting up regulations for a new "Le Mans Prototype" category: open-cockpit, flat-bottomed cars powered by regular production or restricted race engines. Early in 1993 the American IMSA federation also announced a new "World Sports Car" category along very similar (but crucially, not identical) lines.

In March however the ACO only had 21 entrants, but with no formal championship to adhere to, the ACO was now free to set its own invitation list to the great race and so it revised its entry parameters to offer four distinct divisions:^[2]

Category 1 - for the 1991-92 FIA Sportscars (in effect, the Peugeot and Toyota works cars)
Category 2 - Group C cars from IMSA or the pre-1991 regulations, now with no fuel restrictions, but engine restrictors instead
Category 3 - cars in the new IMSA WSC, using 3.0L production or F3000 engines, also balanced by engine restrictors
Category 4 - the ACO's version of the forthcoming GT regulations still being drafted by FISA

This marked the return of GT cars to Le Mans, since the solitary Group B BMW M1 raced in 1986. The revision worked and soon a number of Group C and GT teams lined up. When entries closed in April, it had a full field of 58, including the first Ferrari (a GT) to appear since 1984. They also revived the May Test Day (last run in 1987), attracting 32 cars. A number of current and future F1 drivers were in the driver list. A new rule was also included that teams had to qualify the car to be used in the race, to stop abuses with specialised test-cars, and that reserve cars could be qualified in case of accident to the primary cars.

Qualification

Over a sunny race week, unsurprisingly the Category 1 works Peugeots and Toyotas set the pace. In attempting to better their Wednesday times, both teams damaged their chances: Philippe Alliot wrote his Peugeot off in a big accident doing nearly 200 km/h in the Porsche Curves, while Eddie Irvine had a spin at Mulsanne corner with his car using a special qualifying engine. Expecting to have to use their reserve car, Peugeot instead returned a fully repaired car the very next day. People suspected a replacement had been built on a spare monocoque but nothing could be proven.^[3] In the end, Alliot's earlier time of 3:24.94 won pole and the six works cars locked out the front rows. The elderly Porsche 962s in Category 2, hampered by engine restrictors were at least 13 seconds slower. In GT, the latest variant of the Porsche 911, the 964-series Turbo S Le Mans from the Porsche works team, was fastest ahead of the three new Jaguar XJ220C of Tom Walkinshaw Racing. 48 cars survived Qualifying however neither the Ferrari (punted off in Warm-up by Irvine's Toyota) nor a new MiG (Russian designed, and the first all-carbon GT) reached the starting grid.^[4]

The Race

Start

From flagfall, Alliot and Irvine dueled at the front, with the latter's Toyota taking the lead on the eighth lap when the Peugeot spun at Mulsanne corner. Irvine continued to hold the lead through two driving shifts until a slow pitstop (Sekiya lost 2 laps waiting for his drinks bottle to be secured^[5]) handed the lead back to the Peugeot, now driven by Mauro Baldi. At 6.30pm Raphanel brought in the second Toyota, while running third, with an engine misfire. Half an hour later the lead Peugeot lost 35 minutes and 8 laps with a broken oil pipe. The to and fro battle between the works teams was then picked up by Geoff Lees' Toyota and the Peugeot of Boutsen/Dalmas/Fabi. In GT, one of the TWR-Jaguars was out with a blown head-gasket after only half an hour. After the works Porsche was held up for 20 minutes with a sticking throttle,^[6] the other two Jaguars dominated the class, around 15th place, mixing it with the Group C (Category 2) cars, ahead of a raft of works and private Porsches. In the works Porsche, Walter Röhrl had driven hard to make back 2 of the 5 laps by 10pm when he rammed the back of the Debora in the Mulsanne chicanes. Losing oil, the engine seized before it could reach the pits.^[7]

Night

Juan Manuel Fangio II had been closing in on the leader into the night until 11pm when he was hit from behind by Yojiro Terada's Lotus GT missing its braking point at the 2nd Mulsanne chicane. Repairs cost it 35 minutes, dropping it to 10th. Through the night Boutsen and his co-drivers held the lead over the third team car of steady team-mates Brabham/Bouchut/Hélary, with a recovering Irvine a lap behind. At 2.30am, Fabi bought his Peugeot into the pit with smoke in the cockpit from faulty wiring. Though fixed in five minutes they lost the lead to their sister-car. When Irvine's Toyota lost more time with electrical problems, the two Peugeots had a comfortable lead, swapping the lead depending on the pit strategy. In Category 2, brilliant night-time driving by Roland Ratzenberger in the Toyota 93C-V of Shin Kato's SARD team kept them the lead, ahead of the Porsche 962s, that he had got them soon after 5pm.

Morning

At 7am Hélary had his rear wing damaged by debris, losing the lead, then at 8.50am Boutsen lost a lap with a fractured exhaust handing the lead back. Irvine, meanwhile, was driving blisteringly fast, breaking the lap record and making back a lap. But battery and clutch issues affected the Toyotas: Wallace's car came to a stop out at the Dunlop curves at 7.45am with gearbox problems, then Irvine's challenge ended after midday with a 30-minute engine repair, and finally Lees' car, despite all three drivers doing triple stints to save pit-time, needed gearbox repairs dropping it from 4th to 9th. In GT, the private Porsche of Jean-Pierre Jarier's Monaco Média team had been leading for 6 hours, chased by the remaining Jaguar who finally passed it in the 21st hour.

Finish and post-race

So with Toyota's problems, Jean Todt's Peugeots finished a convincing 1-2-3, with Alliot's car making its way back up through the field to 3rd (still 8 laps behind). Toyota ended up finishing 4-5-6, with the older Category 2 (Group C) cars heading the rest of the field home with a big lead over the Porsche 962s, with Roland Ratzenberger and Mauro Martini holding on for the Japanese SARD team. In the battle of the 962s, the Obermeier team's reliability beat its bigger brothers: the Joest and Kremer teams.

Sir Jack Brabham had two of his sons on the podiums when David, along with fledgling test-driver David Coulthard and veteran John Nielsen bought the Jaguar XJ220C as the first GT home. However, it had raced under waiver due to scrutineering concerns on its lack of catalytic converters like its production-model had (although no other GT cars used them, nor the racing-spec version of the Jaguar). A month later, they were disqualified on a technicality- Jaguar's evidence and appeal had been filed correctly with the ACO, but not on time with the French motorsport authority (FFSA).^[8] The record thus shows the GT win went to the Porsche 911 of Jürgen Barth that had finished 2 laps behind.

In the small Category 3 field of 3 LMP cars, Gérard Welter's latest WR-Peugeot prototype had started well, staying in the top 20 well ahead of its rivals until delayed by wheel-bearing problems. Didier Bonnet's Debora SP93 took the category lead until the WR overtook it again just before dawn, until delayed again - this time replacing a driveshaft. The Debora took over again until halted the engine broke with just over an hour to go, handing the win to the long-suffering WR drivers.^[9]

With consecutive wins, this was the last Le Mans for the works Peugeot team for 14 years. After the race, Jean Todt immediately left Peugeot to manage the Scuderia Ferrari F1 team.^[10] Back in Japan, blame was laid at the engine engineering department. A month later, Toyota bought out Anderson Motor Sports, running its rally cars and set up Toyota Motorsport GmbH in Cologne for a European racing programme.^[11]

Included in the GT field were seven new Venturi 500LM supercars, coming out of the French one-make race series. Although not on the pace with the Porsche 911s or Jaguars, five of them finished. It was a success for the brand though: Jürgen Barth's German Porsche series joined Patrick Peter and Stéphane Ratel's Venturi series in 1994 to create the BPR Global GT series (named for their surname initials) - the only major international race series running that year, piquing FISA's interest.

Official results

Le Mans in 1993

Pos	Class	No	Team	Drivers	Chassis	Tyre	Laps
Pos	Class	No	Team	Drivers	Engine	Tyre	Laps
1	C1	3	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Éric Hélary Christophe Bouchut Geoff Brabham	Peugeot 905 Evo 1B	M	375
1	C1	3	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Éric Hélary Christophe Bouchut Geoff Brabham	Peugeot SA35 3.5 L V10	M	375
2	C1	1	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Thierry Boutsen Yannick Dalmas Teo Fabi	Peugeot 905 Evo 1B	M	374
2	C1	1	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Thierry Boutsen Yannick Dalmas Teo Fabi	Peugeot SA35 3.5L V10	M	374
3	C1	2	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Philippe Alliot Mauro Baldi Jean-Pierre Jabouille	Peugeot 905 Evo 1B	M	367
3	C1	2	Peugeot Talbot Sport	Philippe Alliot Mauro Baldi Jean-Pierre Jabouille	Peugeot SA35 3.5L V10	M	367
4	C1	36	Toyota Team Tom's	Eddie Irvine Toshio Suzuki Masanori Sekiya	Toyota TS010	M	364
4	C1	36	Toyota Team Tom's	Eddie Irvine Toshio Suzuki Masanori Sekiya	Toyota RV10 3.5 L V10	M	364
5	C2	22	Y's Racing Team SARD Co. Ltd.	Roland Ratzenberger Mauro Martini Naoki Nagasaka	Toyota 93C-V	D	363
5	C2	22	Y's Racing Team SARD Co. Ltd.	Roland Ratzenberger Mauro Martini Naoki Nagasaka	Toyota R36V 3.6 L Turbo V8	D	363
6	C2	25	Nisso Trust Racing Team	George Fouché Eje Elgh Steven Andskär	Toyota 93C-V	D	358
6	C2	25	Nisso Trust Racing Team	George Fouché Eje Elgh Steven Andskär	Toyota R36V 3.6 L Turbo V8	D	358
7	C2	21	Obermaier Racing GmbH	Otto Altenbach Jürgen Oppermann Loris Kessel	Porsche 962C	G	355
7	C2	21	Obermaier Racing GmbH	Otto Altenbach Jürgen Oppermann Loris Kessel	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	355
8	C1	38	Toyota Team Tom's	Geoff Lees Jan Lammers Juan Manuel Fangio II	Toyota TS010	M	353
8	C1	38	Toyota Team Tom's	Geoff Lees Jan Lammers Juan Manuel Fangio II	Toyota RV10 3.5 L V10	M	353
9	C2	18	Joest Porsche Racing	Bob Wollek Henri Pescarolo Ronny Meixner	Porsche 962C	G	351
9	C2	18	Joest Porsche Racing	Bob Wollek Henri Pescarolo Ronny Meixner	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	351
10	C2	14	Courage Compétition	Derek Bell Lionel Robert Pascal Fabre	Courage C30LM	G	347
10	C2	14	Courage Compétition	Derek Bell Lionel Robert Pascal Fabre	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	347
11	C2	13	Courage Compétition	Pierre Yver Jean-Louis Ricci Jean-François Yvon	Courage C30LM	G	343
11	C2	13	Courage Compétition	Pierre Yver Jean-Louis Ricci Jean-François Yvon	Porsche Type-935 3.0L Turbo Flat-6	G	343
12	C2	10	Porsche Kremer Racing	Jürgen Lässig Giovanni Lavaggi Wayne Taylor	Porsche 962CK6	D	328
12	C2	10	Porsche Kremer Racing	Jürgen Lässig Giovanni Lavaggi Wayne Taylor	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	D	328
13	C2	11	Porsche Kremer Racing	Andy Evans Tomás Saldaña François Migault	Porsche 962CK6	D	316
13	C2	11	Porsche Kremer Racing	Andy Evans Tomás Saldaña François Migault	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	D	316
14	C2	23	Team Guy Chotard	Denis Morin Didier Caradec Alain Sturm	Porsche 962C	G	308
14	C2	23	Team Guy Chotard	Denis Morin Didier Caradec Alain Sturm	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	308
15	GT	47	Monaco Media International Larbre Compétition	Joël Gouhier Jürgen Barth Dominique Dupuy	Porsche 911 Carrera RSR	P	304
15	GT	47	Monaco Media International Larbre Compétition	Joël Gouhier Jürgen Barth Dominique Dupuy	Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6	P	304
16	GT	78	Jack Leconte Larbre Compétition	Jesús Pareja Jack Leconte Pierre de Thoisy	Porsche 911 Carrera RSR	G	301
16	GT	78	Jack Leconte Larbre Compétition	Jesús Pareja Jack Leconte Pierre de Thoisy	Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6	G	301
17	GT	65	Heico Dienstleistungen	Ulrich Richter Dirk Rainer Ebeling Karl-Heinz Wlazik	Porsche 911 Carrera RSR	Y	299
17	GT	65	Heico Dienstleistungen	Ulrich Richter Dirk Rainer Ebeling Karl-Heinz Wlazik	Porsche 3.8L Flat-6	Y	299
18	GT	77	Scuderia Chicco d'Oro	Claude Haldi Olivier Haberthur Charles Margueron	Porsche 911 Carrera RSR	P	299
18	GT	77	Scuderia Chicco d'Oro	Claude Haldi Olivier Haberthur Charles Margueron	Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6	P	299
19	GT	62	Konrad Motorsport	Franz Konrad Jun Harada Antônio Hermann de Azevedo	Porsche 911 Carrera RS	Y	293
19	GT	62	Konrad Motorsport	Franz Konrad Jun Harada Antônio Hermann de Azevedo	Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6	Y	293
20	C2	24	Graff Racing	Jean-Bernard Bouvet Richard Balandras Bruno Miot	Spice SE89C	G	288
20	C2	24	Graff Racing	Jean-Bernard Bouvet Richard Balandras Bruno Miot	Ford Cosworth DFL 3.3 L V8	G	288
21	GT	66	Mühlbauer Motorsport	Gustl Spreng Sandro Angelastri Fritz Müller	Porsche 911 Carrera RS	P	276
21	GT	66	Mühlbauer Motorsport	Gustl Spreng Sandro Angelastri Fritz Müller	Porsche 3.6 L Flat-6	P	276
22	GT	40	Obermaier Racing GmbH	Philippe Olczyk Josef Prechtl Gerard Dillmann	Porsche 911 Carrera 2 Cup	P	274
22	GT	40	Obermaier Racing GmbH	Philippe Olczyk Josef Prechtl Gerard Dillmann	Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6	P	274
23	GT	55	Agusta Racing	Onofrio Russo Riccardo Agusta Paolo Mondini	Venturi 500LM	D	274
23	GT	55	Agusta Racing	Onofrio Russo Riccardo Agusta Paolo Mondini	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	274
24	LMP	33	Welter Racing	Patrick Gonin Bernard Santal Alain Lamouille	WR LM93	M	268
24	LMP	33	Welter Racing	Patrick Gonin Bernard Santal Alain Lamouille	Peugeot 2.0 L Turbo I4	M	268
25	GT	57	Écurie Toison d'Or	Marc Duez Éric Bachelart Philip Verellen	Venturi 500LM	D	267
25	GT	57	Écurie Toison d'Or	Marc Duez Éric Bachelart Philip Verellen	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	267
26	GT	49	Team Paduwa	Bruno Ilien Alain Gadal Bernard Robin	Porsche 911 Carrera 2 Cup	D	266
26	GT	49	Team Paduwa	Bruno Ilien Alain Gadal Bernard Robin	Porsche 3.6 L Flat-6	D	266
27	GT	70	Éric Graham	Pascal Witmeur Michel Neugarten Jacques Tropenat	Venturi 500LM	D	262
27	GT	70	Éric Graham	Pascal Witmeur Michel Neugarten Jacques Tropenat	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	262
28	GT	91	Alain Lamouille	Patrice Roussel Édouard Sezionale Hervé Rohée	Venturi 500LM	D	246
28	GT	91	Alain Lamouille	Patrice Roussel Édouard Sezionale Hervé Rohée	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	246
29	GT	92	BBA Compétition	Jean-Luc Maury-Laribière Michel Krine Patrick Camus	Venturi 500LM	D	243
29	GT	92	BBA Compétition	Jean-Luc Maury-Laribière Michel Krine Patrick Camus	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	243
30	LMP	35	Sport & Immagine SRL	Fabio Magnani Luigi Taverna Roberto Ragazzi	Lucchini SP91	P	221
30	LMP	35	Sport & Immagine SRL	Fabio Magnani Luigi Taverna Roberto Ragazzi	Alfa Romeo 3.0 L V6	P	221
DNF	C2	17	Joest Porsche Racing	Manuel Reuter Frank Jelinski "John Winter"	Porsche 962C	G	282
DNF	C2	17	Joest Porsche Racing	Manuel Reuter Frank Jelinski "John Winter"	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	282
DNF	LMP	34	Didier Bonnet Racing	Yvan Muller Gérard Tremblay Georges Tessier	Debora SP93	P	259
DNF	LMP	34	Didier Bonnet Racing	Yvan Muller Gérard Tremblay Georges Tessier	Alfa Romeo 3.0 L V6	P	259
DNF	C1	37	Toyota Team Tom's	Pierre-Henri Raphanel Kenny Acheson Andy Wallace	Toyota TS010	M	212
DNF	C1	37	Toyota Team Tom's	Pierre-Henri Raphanel Kenny Acheson Andy Wallace	Toyota RV10 3.5 L V10	M	212
DNF	GT	71	Jacadi Racing	Jacques Laffite Michel Maisonneuve Christophe Dechavanne	Venturi 500LM	D	210
DNF	GT	71	Jacadi Racing	Jacques Laffite Michel Maisonneuve Christophe Dechavanne	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	210
DNF	C2	15	Porsche Kremer Racing	Almo Coppelli Robin Donovan Steve Fossett	Porsche 962CK6	D	204
DNF	C2	15	Porsche Kremer Racing	Almo Coppelli Robin Donovan Steve Fossett	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	D	204
DNF	GT	52	TWR Jaguar Racing	Paul Belmondo Jay Cochran Andreas Fuchs	Jaguar XJ220	D	176
DNF	GT	52	TWR Jaguar Racing	Paul Belmondo Jay Cochran Andreas Fuchs	Jaguar JV6 3.5 L Turbo V6	D	176
DNF	C2	28	Roland Bassaler	Roland Bassaler Patrick Bourdais Jean-Louis Capette	Sauber SHS C6	G	166
DNF	C2	28	Roland Bassaler	Roland Bassaler Patrick Bourdais Jean-Louis Capette	BMW M88 3.5 L I6	G	166
DNF	GT	44	Lotus Sport Chamberlain Engineering	Richard Piper Olindo Iacobelli Ferdinand de Lesseps	Lotus Esprit S300	D	162
DNF	GT	44	Lotus Sport Chamberlain Engineering	Richard Piper Olindo Iacobelli Ferdinand de Lesseps	Lotus 2.2 L Turbo I4	D	162
DNF	C2	27	Chamberlain Engineering	Andy Petery Nick Adams Hervé Regout	Spice SE89C	G	137
DNF	C2	27	Chamberlain Engineering	Andy Petery Nick Adams Hervé Regout	Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 L V8	G	137
DNF	C2	12	Courage Compétition	Tomiko Yoshikawa Claude Moran Alessandro Gini	Courage C30LM	G	108
DNF	C2	12	Courage Compétition	Tomiko Yoshikawa Claude Moran Alessandro Gini	Porsche Type-935 3.0 L Turbo Flat-6	G	108
DNF	GT	45	Lotus Sport Chamberlain Engineering	Yojiro Terada Peter Hardman Thorkild Thyrring	Lotus Esprit S300	D	92
DNF	GT	45	Lotus Sport Chamberlain Engineering	Yojiro Terada Peter Hardman Thorkild Thyrring	Lotus 2.2L Turbo I4	D	92
DNF	GT	56	Stéphane Ratel	Costas Los Johannes Bardutt Claude Brana	Venturi 500LM	D	80
DNF	GT	56	Stéphane Ratel	Costas Los Johannes Bardutt Claude Brana	Renault PRV 3.0 L Turbo V6	D	80
DNF	GT	46	Le Mans Porsche Team	Walter Röhrl Hans-Joachim Stuck Hurley Haywood	Porsche 911 Turbo S LM-GT	G	79
DNF	GT	46	Le Mans Porsche Team	Walter Röhrl Hans-Joachim Stuck Hurley Haywood	Porsche 3.2 L Turbo Flat-6	G	79
DNF	GT	76	Cartronic Motorsport	Enzo Calderari Luigino Pagotto Lilian Bryner	Porsche 911 Carrera 2 Cup	P	64
DNF	GT	76	Cartronic Motorsport	Enzo Calderari Luigino Pagotto Lilian Bryner	Porsche 3.6 L Flat-6	P	64
DNF	GT	48	Team Paduwa	Harald Grohs Jean-Paul Libert Didier Theys	Porsche 911 Carrera 2 Cup	D	8
DNF	GT	48	Team Paduwa	Harald Grohs Jean-Paul Libert Didier Theys	Porsche 3.6 L Flat-6	D	8
DNF	GT	51	TWR Jaguar Racing	Armin Hahne Win Percy David Leslie	Jaguar XJ220	D	6
DNF	GT	51	TWR Jaguar Racing	Armin Hahne Win Percy David Leslie	Jaguar JV6 3.5 L Turbo V6	D	6
DSQ^†	GT	50	TWR Jaguar Racing	John Nielsen David Brabham David Coulthard	Jaguar XJ220	D	306
DSQ^†	GT	50	TWR Jaguar Racing	John Nielsen David Brabham David Coulthard	Jaguar JV6 3.5 L Turbo V6	D	306
DNS	GT	72	Simpson Engineering	Robin Smith Stefano Sebastiani Tetsuya Ota	Ferrari 348 LM	P	-
DNS	GT	72	Simpson Engineering	Robin Smith Stefano Sebastiani Tetsuya Ota	Ferrari 3.4 L V8	P	-

† - #50 finished first in the GT category but was disqualified a month after the race for failing to utilize catalytic converters on the XJ220C.

Statistics

Pole Position - Philippe Alliot, #2 Peugeot Talbot Sport - 3:24.940 (238.90 km/h)
Fastest Lap - Eddie Irvine, #36 Toyota Team Tom's - 3:27.470
Distance - 5100.0 km (375 laps, 3168.99 miles) - a record distance: from Le Mans to Maine - crossing the Atlantic Ocean in 24 hours
Average Speed - 213.358 km/h
Highest Trap Speed — Peugeot 905 – 346 km/h (race), Porsche 962C - 366 km/h (qualifying)
Attendance - 110000

Notes

↑ Automobile Year, 1993/94, page 195
↑ Spurring 2014, p.119
↑ Spurring 2014, p.120
↑ Spurring 2014, p.140
↑ Spurring 2014, p.123.
↑ Spurring 2014, p.128
↑ Spurring 2014, p.128
↑ Spurring 2014, p.126
↑ Spurring 2014, p.134-5
↑ Spurring 2014, p.122
↑ Spurring 2014, p.124

References

Spurring, Quentin (2014) Le Mans 1990-99 Sherborne, Dorset: Evro Publishing ISBN 978-0-9928209-1-6
Laban, Brian (2001) Le Mans 24 Hours London: Virgin Books ISBN 1-85227-971-0

External links

Official website of the 24 Hours of Le Mans
Racing Sports Cars – Le Mans 24 Hours 1993 entries, results, technical detail. Retrieved 3 Jul 2016.
Racing Sports Cars – Le Mans 24 Hours 1993 (Photo Archive). Retrieved 3 Jul 2016.
Le Mans History – Le Mans History, hour-by-hour (incl. pictures, YouTube links). Retrieved 3 Jul 2016.
Formula 2 – Le Mans 1993 results & reserve entries. Retrieved 3 Jul 2016.
Motorsport Magazine – Motorsport Magazine archive. Retrieved 3 Jul 2016.

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