1T-SRAM

1T-SRAM is a pseudo-static random-access memory (PSRAM) technology introduced by MoSys, Inc., which offers a high-density alternative to traditional static random access memory (SRAM) in embedded memory applications. Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell (bit cell) like dynamic random access memory (DRAM), but surrounds the bit cell with control circuitry that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM (the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh). 1T-SRAM (and PSRAM in general) has a standard single-cycle SRAM interface and appears to the surrounding logic just as an SRAM would.

Due to its one-transistor bit cell, 1T-SRAM is smaller than conventional (six-transistor, or “6T”) SRAM, and closer in size and density to embedded DRAM (eDRAM). At the same time, 1T-SRAM has performance comparable to SRAM at multi-megabit densities, uses less power than eDRAM and is manufactured in a standard CMOS logic process like conventional SRAM.

MoSyS markets 1T-SRAM as physical IP for embedded (on-die) use in System-on-a-chip (SOC) applications. It is available on a variety of foundry processes, including Chartered, SMIC, TSMC, and UMC. Some engineers use the terms 1T-SRAM and "embedded DRAM" interchangeably, as some foundries provide Mosys's 1T-SRAM as “eDRAM”. However, other foundries provide 1T-SRAM as a distinct offering.

Technology

1T SRAM is built as an array of small banks (typically 128 rows × 256 bits/row, 32 kilobits in total) coupled to a bank-sized SRAM cache and an intelligent controller. Although space-inefficient compared to regular DRAM, the short word lines allow much higher speeds, so the array can do a full sense and precharge (RAS cycle) per access, providing high-speed random access. Each access is to one bank, allowing unused banks to be refreshed at the same time. Additionally, each row read out of the active bank is copied to the bank-sized SRAM cache. In the event of repeated accesses to one bank, which would not allow time for refresh cycles, there are two options: either the accesses are all to different rows, in which case all rows will be refreshed automatically, or some rows are accessed repeatedly. In the latter case, the cache provides the data and allows time for an unused row of the active bank to be refreshed.

There have been four generations of 1T-SRAM:

Original 1T-SRAM 
About half the size of 6T-SRAM, less than half the power.
1T-SRAM-M 
Variant with lower standby power consumption, for applications such as cell phones.
1T-SRAM-R 
Incorporates ECC for lower soft error rates. To avoid an area penalty, it uses smaller bit cells, which have an inherently higher error rate, but the ECC more than makes up for that.
1T-SRAM-Q 
This "quad-density" version uses a slightly non-standard fabrication process to produce a smaller folded capacitor, allowing the memory size to be halved again over 1T-SRAM-R. This does add slightly to wafer production costs, but does not interfere with logic transistor fabrication the way conventional DRAM capacitor construction does.

Comparison with other embedded memory technologies

1T-SRAM has speed comparable to 6T-SRAM (at multi-megabit densities). It is significantly faster speed than eDRAM, and the "quad-density" variant is only slightly larger (10–15% is claimed). On most foundry processes, designs with eDRAM require additional (and costly) masks and processing steps, offsetting the cost of a larger 1T-SRAM die. Also, some of those steps require very high temperatures and must take place after the logic transistors are formed, possibly damaging them.

1T-SRAM is also available in device (IC) form. The Nintendo GameCube was the first video game system to use 1T-SRAM as a primary (main) memory storage; the GameCube possesses several dedicated 1T-SRAM devices. 1T-SRAM is also used in the successor to the GameCube, Nintendo's Wii console.

Note that this is not the same as 1T DRAM, which is a "capacitorless" DRAM cell built using the parasitic channel capacitor of SOI transistors rather than a discrete capacitor.

MoSys claims the following sizes for 1T-SRAM arrays:

1T-SRAM Cell sizes (μm²/bit or mm²/Mbit)
Process node 250 nm 180 nm 130 nm 90 nm 65 nm 45 nm
6T-SRAM bit cell 7.56 4.65 2.43 1.36 0.71 0.34
with overhead 11.28 7.18 3.73 2.09 1.09 0.52
1T-SRAM bit cell 3.51 1.97 1.10 0.61 0.32 0.15
with overhead 7.0  3.6  1.9  1.1  0.57 0.28
1T-SRAM-Q bit cell 0.50 0.28 0.15 0.07
with overhead 1.05 0.55 0.29 0.14

See also

US Patent 7,146,454 "Hiding refresh in 1T-SRAM Architecture"* (by Cypress Semiconductor) describes a similar system for hiding DRAM refresh using an SRAM cache.

References

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