2008 unrest in Bolivia

2008 unrest in Bolivia

Protesters supporting the autonomy of Santa Cruz. Autonomy movements also took place in other Eastern Bolivian departments.
Date2008
LocationSanta Cruz Department and other eastern Bolivian ones
Result Referendum held, crisis ends
Belligerents

Bolivia Bolivia

Bolivia Media Luna

  • Santa Cruz Department
  • Pando Department
  • Beni Department
  • Tarija Department
Commanders and leaders
Evo Morales Leopoldo Fernández
Rubén Costas
Bolivia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Bolivia

The 2008 unrest in Bolivia began with protests against President Evo Morales and calls for greater autonomy for the country's eastern departments. Demonstrators escalated the protests by seizing natural gas infrastructure and government buildings. Violence between supporters of Morales and opponents resulted in at least 30 deaths.[1]

Protests begin

On August 19, the eastern departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, Tarija, and Chuquisaca called strikes and protests in opposition to central government plans to divert part of the national direct tax on hydrocarbons towards its Renta Dignidad pension plan. Brief clashes occurred in the Santa Cruz de la Sierra, capital of Santa Cruz, between police and armed youths enforcing the strike.[2] In Tarija protesters seized and occupied government buildings.[3] In response to the unrest Morales ordered the Bolivian Army to protect oil and gas infrastructure in the five departments.[4]

The governors of the departments warned on September 3, 2008 that if the government didn't change its course that the protests could lead to a cut-off of natural gas exports to Argentina and Brazil. They also threatened setting up roadblocks in the five departments in addition to road blocks set up on roads leading to Argentina and Paraguay.[5] The governors also demanded government troops withdraw from Trinidad, the capital of Beni department, following clashes between MPs and protesters trying to seize facilities of the National Tax Service in the city.[6] President Morales accused the governors of launching a "civil coup" against his government.[7]

Violence escalates

Protesters caused the explosion of a natural gas pipeline on September 10, 2008 according to the head of Bolivia's state energy company. He called the attack a "terrorist attack" and said it result in 10% cut in exports to Brazil.[8] President Morales sent additional troops to the region following the attack.[9] The next day clashes erupted between supporters and opponents of the government in the northeastern town of Cobija, capital of Pando department, resulting in 20 deaths.[10][11] Morales said his government would be patient with the unrest but warned that "patience has its limits, really." A spokesman for Morales said the unrest was opening the way to "a sort of civil war."[12]

The leader of the national opposition, Jorge Quiroga, accused the central government of organizing militias to retake the city of Cobija. Central government work had also ceased while American Airlines was suspending flights to the airport. Peasant supporters of Morales were also threatening to encircle Santa Cruz.[10] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez warned that if Morales was overthrown or killed Venezuela would give a "green light" to conduct military operations in Bolivia.[13] Bolivia's army said it rejected "external intervention of any nature" in response to Chávez. Morales ruled out the use of force against protesters, calling for talks with opposition leaders.[14]

The Governor of Tarija department, Mario Cossío, went to La Paz on September 12, 2008 to hold negotiations representing three other opposition governors who had rejected talks with the central government. Morales said he was open to dialogue not only with the governors but with mayors and different social sectors.[15] Before the meeting Mario Cossio called for dialogue saying "The first task is to pacify the country, and we hope to agree with President Morales on that. Our presence has to do with that clear will to lay the foundations and hopefully launch a process of dialogue that ends in a great agreement for national reconciliation."[16] Vice President Álvaro García declared a day of national mourning for 20 people killed in Pando most of whom were pro-Morales farmers shot dead by people the government claims were associated with the opposition.[17]

Pando state of emergency

Bolivian authorities declared a state of emergency in Pando which began at midnight on September 12, 2008. During the state of emergency, constitutional guarantees are suspended, private vehicles without authorization are banned from the streets, groups are not allowed to meet; bars, restaurants and discos must close at midnight, and residents are prohibited from carrying firearms.[18] Morales said martial law was not needed anywhere else in the country.[19]

Bolivian President Evo Morales

Following the declaration of a state of emergency, Bolivian troops took control of the airport in Pando's capital, Cobija, and prepared to retake the city. Morales accused the governor of Pando of orchestrating "a massacre" of farmers supporting Morales. Pando Governor Leopoldo Fernández rejected the accusation, saying "They've accused me of using hit men, when everyone knows those socialist peasants, those fake peasants, were armed." In a speech in Cochabamba, Morales condemned the opposition governors, saying they were "conspiring against us with a fascist, racist coup," and said they were "the enemies of all Bolivians." While promising to adopt a constitution opposed by the governors Morales said Bolivia's "democratic revolution" had to be seen through saying "We have always cried 'fatherland or death'. If we don't emerge victorious, we have to die for the country and the Bolivian people."[20][21] Morales also said he would not hesitate to extend the state of emergency to other opposition-controlled departments.[22] Rubén Costas, the governor of Santa Cruz, belittled the chances of a breakthrough in talks adding that "if there is just one more death or person wounded, any possibility of dialogue will be broken."[23]

Opposition protest leader and pro-autonomy businessman Branko Marinkovic announced on September 14, 2008 that the demonstrators he led would be removing their road blocks as "a sign of good will" to allow dialogue to prosper and calling on the government to end "repression and genocide in the department of Pando." Troops who had landed at Cobija also began patrolling the streets before dawn and began uncovering more dead bodies from the September 11 clash in Pando between Morales supporters and opposition protesters. Alfredo Rada, government minister for Pando, referring to casualty figures, said "We are nearing the 30 mark." An aide to the opposition governor in Pando denied the army was in control of the departmental capital.[24] Troops were also hunting for Pando governor Fernández with orders to arrest him.[25]

A spokesman for Morales said blockades remained on the highway and said "an armed group" had set fire to the town hall in Filadelfia, a municipality near Cobija.[1] The Pando government spokesman said the citizens of Cobija did not want the Army to enter the city, and that they were not going to follow martial law.[26]

Bolivia's army arrested as many as 10 people for alleged involvement in the deadly clashes.[27] Leopoldo Fernández was also taken into custody by the armed forces on September 16, to be flown to La Paz to face accusations that he hired hitmen to fire on pro-government supporters. He was charged with committing genocide.[28]

The U.S. began evacuating Peace Corps volunteers from Bolivia and organized at least two evacuation flights in response.[29][30] In spite of the arrest, opposition governors agreed to talks, conditioned on anti-Morales protesters ending occupations of government buildings. Matters up for discussion include the opposition drive for more autonomy for their provinces and a larger share of state energy revenue. Talks were expected to begin on Thursday. The army also professed its support for Morales.[31]

Morales appointed Navy Rear Admiral Landelino Bandeiras as the replacement for the governor of Pando September 20, 2008.[32] Difficulties were reported in the peace talks by presidential spokesman Ivan Canelas, who said the position of the opposition governors could hinder peace talks and condemned the "lack of political will of these authorities to backup the efforts being made by the central government to preserve peace and national unity."[33]

Supporters of Morales have threatened to storm the city of Santa Cruz if the talks should fail.[34]

On 25 September 2008, Morales rejected autonomy proposals by the Eastern provinces, putting the talks on hold.[35] On 20 October 2008, Morales and the opposition agreed to hold the referendum on 25 January 2009 and early elections in December 2009; Morales in turn promised he would not run again in 2014 after his likely reelection in 2009, despite being allowed to do so under the new constitution.[36]

Diplomatic response

Accusing the United States of supporting the opposition governors and attempting to overthrow his government, Morales declared the United States Ambassador to Bolivia Philip Goldberg persona non grata, and ordered him to leave the country. The U.S. responded by expelling Bolivia's ambassador in Washington. U.S. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack expressed regret at the diplomatic fallout saying it will "prejudice the interests of both countries, undermine the ongoing fight against drug trafficking and will have serious regional implications."[10] President Morales said he does not want to break diplomatic ties with the U.S. but said the actions of the ambassador were "very serious", claiming he met with provincial leaders and instigated the unrest.[37] Before his departure the American ambassador warned Bolivia that it would face "serious consequences" and had "not correctly evaluated" the retaliation from Washington.[25]

Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez ordered the U.S. ambassador in Caracas to also leave saying it was in part out of solidarity with Bolivia. Chávez also said he was recalling Venezuela's ambassador to the U.S. until a new government takes office. Chávez accused the United States of being involved in the unrest saying "The U.S. is behind the plan against Bolivia, behind the terrorism."[38]

State Department spokesman Sean McCormack said the expulsions by Bolivia and Venezuela reflect "the weakness and desperation of these leaders as they face internal challenges." Morales responded that the act was "not of weakness, but of dignity," and was about freeing Bolivia from "the American Empire."[39]

Other responses

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Vicente L. Panetta (2008-09-14). "Morales struggles to control Bolivia". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  2. ↑ "Bolivian opposition protests in regional capitals". International Herald Tribune. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  3. ↑ "Violence mars Bolivian protests". BBC News. 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  4. ↑ "Army in Bolivian oil, gas installations". Press TV. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  5. ↑ "Protests could cut Bolivian gas exports, opposition warns". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  6. ↑ "Bolivia's opposition demands gov't troops withdraw from N province". Xinhua. 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  7. ↑ "Bolivian opposition organizing "civil coup": president". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  8. ↑ "Cortan el envío de gas a Argentina y restablecen el suministro a Brasil". La Capital. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  9. ↑ "Bolivian gas line explodes; anti-government protesters blamed". The Canadian Press. 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  10. 1 2 3 "Deadly clashes strike Bolivia's east". CNN. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  11. ↑ Comision de UNASUR para el Esclarecimiento de los Hechos de Pando - UNASUR, November 2008
  12. ↑ "Fresh violence in Bolivia stokes civil war fears". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  13. ↑ "Chavez warns of military action to quell Bolivia unrest". Xinhua. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  14. ↑ "Morales calls for talks, rules out armed clampdown on protesters". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  15. ↑ Garcia, Eduardo (2008-09-12). "Bolivia violence abates, president to talk to rival". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  16. ↑ "State of siege, more violence in Bolivian province Pando". Monsters and Critics. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  17. ↑ Garcia, Eduardo (2008-09-12). "Bolivia split in two by protests; deaths mourned". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  18. ↑ "Bolivian 'state of siege' declared". CNN. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  19. ↑ "Move to tackle Bolivian turmoil". BBC News. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  20. ↑ "Bolivia's Morales defiant after unrest". Reuters. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  21. ↑ "Socialist reforms or 'death', Bolivian president says". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  22. ↑ "Bolivia crisis death toll rises". BBC News. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  23. ↑ "Bolivian president, foes dig in as unrest worsens". Hurriyet. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  24. ↑ Gardner, Simon (2008-09-14). "Bolivia government, rivals seek way out of crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  25. 1 2 "US ambassador warns of 'serious consequences' for Bolivia". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  26. ↑ "Gov't army takes control in northern Bolivian region after clashes". Xinhua. 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  27. ↑ Aquino, Marco (2008-09-16). "Military crackdown hushes rebellious Bolivian city". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  28. ↑ "Bolivia arrests opposition governor on charge of genocide". Xinhua. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  29. ↑ "Bolivian gov. arrested; Peace Corps evacuates". USA Today. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  30. ↑ "US organizing evacuation flights from Bolivia". London: The Guardian. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  31. ↑ "Bolivia leaders agree roadmap to end conflict". Reuters. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  32. ↑ "Bolivia leader names admiral to replace governor". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
  33. ↑ "Bolivia: Government Questions Prefects". Prensa Latina. 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
  34. ↑ "Talks at an impasse in Bolivian crisis". CNN. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  35. ↑ http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6506925.html
  36. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
  37. ↑ "Political unrest continues in Bolivia". CCTV. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  38. ↑ "Chavez Expels U.S. Envoy to Show Support for Bolivia". Bloomberg. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  39. ↑ "US envoy expelled in name of 'people's struggle': Bolivian leader". Agence France-Presse. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  40. ↑ "Chavez acts over US-Bolivia row". BBC News. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  41. 1 2 "Bolivian political clashes spark diplomatic crisis". International Herald Tribune. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  42. ↑ "Ecuador, Honduras support Bolivia, Venezuela in expulsion of U.S. envoys". Xinhua. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  43. ↑ "EU appeals to Bolivian leaders to defuse tensions". International Herald Tribune. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  44. ↑ "Honduras in diplomatic snub to U.S. over Bolivia". Reuters. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  45. ↑ "Honduras to end diplomatic snub of U.S. over Bolivia". Reuters. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  46. ↑ "Nicaragua's Ortega says no meeting with Bush". International Herald Tribune. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
  47. ↑ "CAN condemns violence in Bolivia unrest, calls for dialogue". Xinhua. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  48. ↑ "Ban urges Bolivians to restraint as violence flares". Top News. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  49. ↑ "Bachelet convoca reunión de emergencia de UNASUR por crisis en Bolivia". El Mercurio. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  50. ↑ "Neighbours back Bolivian leader". BBC. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  51. ↑ "Unasur to probe into Bolivian violent conflict". Xinhua. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/19/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.