20th Bomb Squadron

20th Bomb Squadron

English: A U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress from the 20th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron, Barksdale Air Force Base, La., flies a mission in support of Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2010 over the Pacific Ocean July 10, 2010.
Active 26 June 1917 - Present
Country  United States
Branch  United States Air Force
Type Squadron
Role Long Range Strike
Part of   Air Force Global Strike Command
Garrison/HQ Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
Nickname(s) Buccaneers
Tail Code "LA"
Engagements

  • World War I

  • World War II - Antisubmarine

  • World War II - EAME Theater

  • Vietnam War - Operation Arc Light

  • Afghanistan Campaign
Decorations

  • Distinguished Unit Citation (2x)

  • Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device

  • Air Force Outstanding Unit Award (9x)

  • Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm
Insignia
20th Bomb Squadron emblem
Aircraft flown
Bomber B-52 Stratofortress
Not to be confused with XX Bomber Command

The 20th Bomb Squadron is a unit of the 2d Operations Group of the United States Air Force located at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The 20th is equipped with the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress.

Formed in June 1917 as the 20th Aero Squadron, the squadron saw combat in France on the World War I Western Front. It took part in the St. Mihiel offensive and Meuse-Argonne offensive.

After the war, it served with the Army Air Service and Army Air Corps as the 20th Bombardment Squadron During the 1920s and 1930s, the squadron was involved in field service testing of new bomber aircraft, notably the Y1B-17 Flying Fortress.

During World War II the squadron fought in the North African and Italian Campaigns. It was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions during a raid on Steyr, Austria.

It was a part of Strategic Air Command during the Cold War. As a medium bomber squadron it deployed to stand alert at forward bases in "Reflex" operations. After equipping with Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses stood nuclear alert, but during the Viet Nam War the squadron deployed frequently to perform Operation Arc Light bombing missions. Since 1993, the 20th Bomb Squadron has flown the B-52H Stratofortress long-range heavy bomber, which can perform a variety of missions. Today the squadron is engaged in the Global War on Terrorism.

Overview

The 20th Bomb Squadron flies the B-52H Stratofortress.[1]

History

World War I

Main article: 20th Aero Squadron

The squadron was first organized as the 20th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas on 26 June 1917. It moved to the Wilbur Wright Aviation Field, Dayton, Ohio, where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft. It deployed to France where it was assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group. Assigned British de Havilland DH-4 aircraft with American Liberty engines, and was engaged in combat during the St. Mihiel offensive and Meuse-Argonne offensive during 1918. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States and arrived at Mitchel Field, New York on 2 May 1919. There most of the men were discharged from Army service and returned to civilian life.[2][3]

Inter-War period

After the squadron returned to the United States it re-formed with new personnel at Ellington Field, Houston Texas in June 1919. The 20th equipped with some de Havilland DH-4 bombers and moved to Kelly Field. it was assigned to the new 1st Day Bombardment (later, 2d Bombardment) Group. After the establishment of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, it was redesignated as the 20th Squadron (Bombardment). During this period, the unit also operated some Martin NBS-1s and British Handley Page 0/400s.[4]

A 2,000 lb. bomb "near-miss" severely damages Ostfriesland at the stern hull plates

In May 1920 the squadron was temporarily assigned to Langley Field, Virginia and became part of the First Provisional Air Brigade under Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. It trained with Handley Page O/400 and Martin MB-2 bombers. Its mission would be to attack captured German ships along the Atlantic coast off Virginia in a service demonstration to determine whether a battleship could be sunk by bombing. The targets were an aged and surplus US battleship and four former German Navy vessels, including the battleship SMS Ostfriesland, obtained in the peace settlement after World War I and scheduled for scuttling.[5]

After the completion of the demonstration, the squadron moved permanently to Langley on 30 June 1922. During the 1920s and 1930s the squadron was used for service testing of new bombardment aircraft as they were developed and improved, primarily Keystone Aircraft light biplane bombers in the 1920s. These planes became the backbone of the Army Air Corps bomber fleet in the latter part of the decade.[4] In 1932 the squadron received and began service testing the Boeing Y1B-9, the first American all-metal monoplane bomber aircraft design. The high speed of the Y1B-9A indicated that open cockpits were now impractical, and that enclosed cockpits would be needed in the future. The Boeing B-9 made obsolete the Keystone Biplane bombers then in service. The Martin B-10 replaced the B-9 in 1936, but the squadron operated the B-10 for only a brief time.[6]

In 1937 the squadron received the new Boeing Y1B-17 four-engine heavy bomber. Twelve Y1B-17s were delivered to the 2d Bombardment Group for evaluation. At this time, the dozen Y1B-17s comprised the entire heavy bombardment strength of the United States. The 20th spent its time working out the defects in the prototype aircraft, working with Boeing engineers to make corrections for the final production model B-17B. One recommendation was the use of a checklist that the pilot and copilot would use together before takeoff, hopefully preventing accidents such as the one which resulted in the loss of the original Boeing Model 299.[7]

20th BS Boeing Y1B-17s fly-by near the Italian liner "Rex," about 800 miles east of New York City, 12 May 1938.

Six planes of the squadron took part in a good will flight from Langley to Buenos Aires, Argentina, taking off from Langley on 15 February 1938 and returning on 27 February. They covered a total of 12,000 miles without serious incident.[7] In May 1938, planes of the squadron took part in a demonstration in which they "intercepted" the Italian ocean liner SS Rex while it was still 700 miles out in the Atlantic Ocean. This demonstration of the Y1B-17's range and navigational capabilities, but also showec how useful the plane could be in attacking an enemy invasion force before it came close enough to American shores to do any damage. The Navy was not amused by this particular demonstration, and was furious about what it perceived to be Army intrusion into the Navy's mission. Shortly thereafter, the War Department restricted the activities of the Army Air Corps to a 100-mile range of the US shoreline.[7] The Y1B-17s flew for three years without a serious accident, and were transferred to the 19th Bombardment Group at March Field in October 1940. The squadron received new production Boeing B-17D Fortresses to replace them.[7]

World War II

Boeing B-17F-85-BO Fortress 42-30082 from the 20th Bomb Squadron undergoes maintenance in the open at Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria in the late summer of 1943.

After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron served on antisubmarine duty along the mid-Atlantic coastline as part of I Bomber Command for several months until AAF Antisubmarine Command was formed and took over that duty.[4]

The squadron re-equipped with more modern B-17F Flying Fortresses and moved to Ephrata Army Air Field, Washington for transition and combat training in late 1942 and early 1943. It moved to North Africa in April 1943, carrying out bombing missions in Algeria and Tunisia as part of Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign. The unit flew many support and air interdiction missions, bombing such targets as marshalling yards, airfields, troop concentrations, bridges, docks, and shipping. The 20th participated in the defeat of Axis forces in Tunisia during April and May 1943; the reduction of Pantelleria and the preparations for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, in May through July 1943; and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy in September.[4]

The squadron was transferred to Fifteenth Air Force control in December 1943 and engaged in bombing operations primarily in Italy in support of the Allied drive north toward Rome from January to June 1944. It also supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 and the campaigns against German forces in northern Italy from June 1944 until the end of the war. The unit engaged primarily in long-range bombardment of strategic targets after October 1943, attacking oil refineries, aircraft factories, steel plants, and other objectives in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Greece.[4]

En route to bomb a vital aircraft factory at Steyr, Austria during Big Week on 24 February 1944, the group was greatly outnumbered by enemy interceptors, but it maintained its formation and bombed the target, receiving a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for the performance. On the following day, while on a mission to attack aircraft factories at Regensburg, it met similar opposition equally well and was awarded a second DUC. The 20th served as part of the occupation force in Italy after V-E Day and was inactivated in Italy on 28 February 1946.[4]

Strategic Air Command

A U.S. Air Force Boeing B-52D-60-BO Stratofortress (s/n 55-0100) dropping bombs over Vietnam.

The squadron was reactivated as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress very heavy bomber squadron under Strategic Air Command in 1947 and assigned to Chatham Air Force Base near Savannah, Georgia, until Hunter Air Force Base was ready to accept the 2d Bombardment Wing. it flew B-29 and later Boeing B-50 Superfortresses during the early postwar era. The 20th participated in electronic countermeasures testing and evaluation from May 1950 until May 1952. Equipped with B-47 Stratojet medium bombers in 1954, flying training missions and standing nuclear alert until the phaseout of the B-47 in 1963.[4]

The squadron moved to Barksdale Air Force Base, where it began to re-equipped with the Boeing B-52F Stratofortress in 1963. The squadron was moved to Carswell Air Force Base on 25 June 1965, joining the 9th Bombardment Squadron as the second B-52F squadron at Carswell. During the Vietnam War, the squadron would switch rotations to Andersen AFB, Guam for Operation Arc Light missions over Southeast Asia with the 9th, while the other squadron remained on nuclear alert at Carswell.[8]

The unit continued Arc Light deployments, switching to the B-52D in 1969 until March 1970 when the draw down of the Vietnam War ended forward deployments to Andersen. The squadron continued nuclear alert with the B-52D until 1983, when it re-equipped with B-52Hs, acquiring the aircraft of the 46th Bombardment Squadron at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. During the 1980s it conducted B-52 training missions over bombing range sites and supported the wing mission of aerial bombardment.[4]

Current era

B-52H over Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom

The squadron returned to Barksdale in 1992 with the closure of Carswell and became part of the new Air Combat Command. It continued training for global conventional bombardment missions and maintained nuclear operational readiness.[4]

After the September 11 attacks the 20th deployed to the island of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean and on 7 October 2001 flew attacks on targets in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. In February 2003 it deployed to Guam to deter North Korean aggression.[4]

On 21 July 2008, a squadron B-52 aircraft crashed near Guam during a training mission in support of Guam's Liberation Day festivities. All six crewmembers, three of whom were from the 20th, perished.[4]

Lineage

World War I 20th Aero Squadron emblem
Redesignated: 20th Aero Squadron (Day Bombardment) c. September 1917
Redesignated: 20th Squadron (Bombardment) on 14 March 1921
Redesignated: 20th Bombardment Squadron on 25 January 1923
Redesignated: 20th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 6 December 1939
Redesignated: 20th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 26 March 1943
Inactivated on 28 February 1946
Activated on 1 July 1947
Redesignated: 20th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 28 May 1948
Redesignated: 20th Bombardment Squadron,, Heavy on 1 April 1963
Redesignated: 20th Bomb Squadron on 1 September 1991

[9]

Assignments

Stations

World War I[3]

Trans-Atlantic crossing, 17–31 December 1917
Romsey RC, Winchester, England, 2 January 1918 - 4 January 1918
Detachment assigned to Stamford, England, 7 January-15 August 1918
Detachment assigned to Narborough, England, 7 January 1918 - 15 August 1918

Inter-War period
Operated from Mitchel Field, New York, 8 December 1941 - 24 January 1942
World War II
United States Air Force

Deployed at RAF Lakenheath, England, 6 August 1948 - 16 November 1948
  • Chatham Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 May 1949
  • Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, 29 September 1950
Deployed at RAF Wyton, England, 4 May 1951 - 7 September 1951
Deployed at RAF Upper Heyford, England, 6 September 1952 - 3 December 1952
Deployed at: Sidi Slimane Air Base, French Morocco, 5 August 1954 - 30 September 1954; 3 November 1955 - 7 November 1955; 8 March 1956 - 18 March 1956 and 6 July 1956 - 26 August 1956
Deployed at RAF Lakenheath, England; 10 March 1958 - 18 March 1958
  • Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana 1 April 1963
  • Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, 25 June 1965
  • Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 17 December 1992 – Present

[9]

Aircraft

World War I[3]
Inter-War period

World War II
United States Air Force

  • Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1947-1950
  • Boeing B-50 Superfortress, 1949-1953
  • Boeing B-47E Stratojet, 1954-1963
  • Boeing B-52F Stratofortress, 1963-1969
  • Boeing B-52D Stratofortress, 1969-1983
  • Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, 1983–Present

[9]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Barksdale AFB Units article
  2. ↑ United States War Department (1920), Battle Participation of Organizations of the American Expeditionary Forces in France, Belgium and Italy, 1917-1919, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920
  3. 1 2 3 Series "E", Volume 4, History of the 16th, 17th, and 19th-21st Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2d Bomb Wing History
  5. ↑ Billy Mitchell and the Battleships, Air Force magazine, June, 2008
  6. ↑ Boeing B-9
  7. 1 2 3 4 Boeing Y1B-17
  8. ↑ Service of Boeing B-52F Stratofortress
  9. 1 2 3 4 AFHRA 20th Bomb Squadron

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

External links

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