20th United States Congress
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The Twentieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1827 to March 4, 1829, during the third and fourth years of John Quincy Adams's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority.
Major events
- December 3, 1828: U.S. presidential election, 1828: Challenger Andrew Jackson beat incumbent John Quincy Adams and was elected President of the United States
Major legislation
- May 24, 1828: Tariff of Abominations, ch. 111, 4 Stat. 308
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams (A) |
Jacksonian (J) | |||
| End of the previous congress | 23 | 25 | 48 | 0 |
| Begin | 20 | 27 | 47 | 1 |
| End | 21 | 48 | 0 | |
| Final voting share | 43.8% | 56.3% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 22 | 26 | 48 | 0 |
House of Representatives
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams (A) |
Jacksonian (J) | Other | |||
| End of the previous congress | 111 | 102 | 0 | 213 | 0 |
| Begin | 101 | 111 | 0 | 212 | 1 |
| End | 100 | 112 | |||
| Final voting share | 47.2% | 52.8% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress |
71 (Anti-Jackson) |
136 |
4 (Anti-Masonic) |
211 | 2 |
Leadership
President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun
Senate
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J)
President pro tempore
Samuel Smith
Samuel Smith
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1832; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1830.
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- replacements: 6
- Adams (A): no net change
- Jacksonian (J): no net change
- deaths: 0
- resignations: 7
- interim appointments: 0
- Total seats with changes: 8
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts (1) |
Vacant | Seat remained vacant because legislature had failed to elect. Winner was elected June 8, 1827. |
Daniel Webster (A) | Installed December 17, 1827 |
| Ohio (3) |
William Henry Harrison (A) | Resigned May 20, 1828 to become U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Columbia. A special election was held December 10, 1828. |
Jacob Burnet (A) | Installed December 10, 1828 |
| Maine (1) |
Albion K. Parris (J) | Resigned August 26, 1828 after being appointed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. A special election was held January 15, 1829. |
John Holmes (A) | Installed January 15, 1829 |
| Georgia (2) |
Thomas W. Cobb (J) | Resigned before November 7, 1828. A special election was held November 7, 1828. |
Oliver H. Prince (J) | Installed November 7, 1828 |
| North Carolina (3) |
Nathaniel Macon (J) | Resigned November 14, 1828. A special election was held December 15, 1828. |
James Iredell, Jr. (J) | Installed December 15, 1828 |
| New York (1) |
Martin Van Buren (J) | Resigned December 20, 1828 to become Governor of New York. A special election was held January 15, 1829. |
Charles E. Dudley (J) | Installed January 15, 1829 |
| New Jersey (1) |
Ephraim Bateman (A) | Resigned January 12, 1829 due to failing health. A special election was held January 30, 1829. |
Mahlon Dickerson (J) | Installed January 30, 1829 |
| New Jersey (2) |
Mahlon Dickerson (J) | Resigned January 30, 1829 after being elected to New Jersey's Class 1 U.S. Senate seat. | Vacant | Not filled in this Congress |
House of Representatives
- replacements: 9
- Adams(A): 1-seat net loss
- Jacksonian (J): 1-seat net gain
- deaths: 5
- resignations: 9
- contested election: 1
- Total seats with changes: 15
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Georgia 1st |
Edward F. Tattnall (J) | Resigned some time in 1827 before the assembling of Congress | George R. Gilmer (J) | Seated October 1, 1827 |
| Delaware At-large |
Louis McLane (J) | Resigned some time in 1827 before the assembling of Congress after being elected to the US Senate | Kensey Johns, Jr. (A) | Seated October 2, 1827 |
| New York 29th |
David E. Evans (J) | Resigned May 2, 1827 | Phineas L. Tracy (A) | Seated November 5, 1827 |
| Massachusetts 1st |
Daniel Webster (A) | Resigned May 30, 1827 to run for the US Senate | Benjamin Gorham (A) | Seated July 23, 1827 |
| Ohio 8th |
William Wilson (A) | Died June 6, 1827 | William Stanbery (J) | Seated October 9, 1827 |
| Maine 1st |
William Burleigh (A) | Died July 2, 1827 | Rufus McIntire (J) | Seated September 10, 1827 |
| Kentucky 11th |
William S. Young (A) | Died September 20, 1827 | John Calhoon (A) | Seated November 5, 1827 |
| Kentucky 11th |
John Calhoon (A) | Resigned November 7, 1827 to avoid an election dispute | Thomas Chilton (J) | Seated December 22, 1827 |
| Georgia 2nd |
John Forsyth (J) | Resigned November 7, 1827 after being elected Governor of Georgia | Richard H. Wilde (J) | Seated November 17, 1827 |
| Arkansas Territory At-large |
Henry W. Conway | Died November 9, 1827 | Ambrose H. Sevier | Seated February 13, 1828 |
| New Jersey At-large |
George Holcombe (J) | Died January 14, 1828 | James F. Randolph (A) | Seated December 1, 1828 |
| New York 5th |
Thomas J. Oakley (J) | Resigned May 9, 1828 after being appointed judge of the Superior Court of New York City | Thomas Taber II (J) | Seated November 5, 1828 |
| Kentucky 2nd |
Thomas Metcalfe (A) | Resigned June 1, 1828 after being elected Governor of Kentucky | John Chambers (A) | Seated December 1, 1828 |
| New Jersey At-large |
Hedge Thompson (A) | Died July 23, 1828 | Thomas Sinnickson (A) | Seated December 1, 1828 |
| Mississippi At-large |
William Haile (J) | Resigned September 12, 1828 | Thomas Hinds (J) | Seated October 21, 1828 |
| Ohio 6th |
William Creighton, Jr. (A) | Resigned before December 19, 1828 after being nominated as a judge to district court | Francis S. Muhlenberg (A) | Seated December 19, 1828 |
| New York 20th |
Silas Wright (J) | Resigned February 16, 1829 | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Agriculture
- Alabama Land Purchase (Select)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
- Claims
- Commerce
- Debt Imprisonment Abolition (Select)
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia
- Finance
- Foreign Relations
- French Spoilations (Select)
- Indian Affairs
- Judiciary
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Militia
- Naval Affairs
- Pensions
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Private Land Claims
- Public Lands
- Revolutionary Officers (Select)
- Roads and Canals (Select)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Vaccination (Select)
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- Assault on the President's Secretary (Select)
- American Colonization Society (Select)
- Claims
- Commerce
- District of Columbia
- Elections
- Ethics
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Foreign Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Military Pensions
- Naval Affairs
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Public Expenditures
- Public Lands
- Revisal and Unfinished Business
- Revolutionary Claims
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- Ways and Means
- Whole
Joint committees
- Enrolled Bills
- To Prepare a Code of Laws for the District of Columbia
Employees
Senate
- Chaplain: William Ryland (Methodist)
- Secretary: Walter Lowrie
- Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Reuben Post (Presbyterian)
- Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
- Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
- Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn
See also
- United States elections, 1826 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1828 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
References
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
- Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
- Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: House History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
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