Lake Abert

Lake Abert

East shore of Lake Abert
Location Lake County, Oregon
Coordinates 42°37′34″N 120°13′59″W / 42.626°N 120.233°W / 42.626; -120.233 (Lake Abert)Coordinates: 42°37′34″N 120°13′59″W / 42.626°N 120.233°W / 42.626; -120.233 (Lake Abert)
Type Endorheic
Primary inflows Chewaucan River
Catchment area 820 square miles (2,100 km2)
Basin countries United States
Max. length 15 mi (24 km)
Max. width 7 mi (11 km)
Surface area 57 square miles (150 km2)
Max. depth 11 ft (3.4 m)
Surface elevation 4,259 ft (1,298 m)

Lake Abert (also known as Abert Lake) is a large, shallow, alkali lake in Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is approximately 15 miles (24 km) long and 7 miles (11 km) wide at its widest point. It is located 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of the small, unincorporated community of Valley Falls, Oregon. The lake was named in honor of Colonel John James Abert by explorer John C. Fremont during his 1843 expedition into Central Oregon. No fish live in the alkaline waters of the lake; however, its dense population of brine shrimp supports a variety of shorebirds. The lake is also an important stop on the bird migration route known as the Pacific flyway.

Ancient Lake Chewaucan

The arid land around Lake Abert was once lush. During the Pleistocene epoch, vast areas of south-central Oregon were covered by lakes and wetlands. As the last ice age was ending, rain and runoff from melting snow filled the lowlands throughout this region of the Great Basin, creating an immense freshwater lake called Lake Chewaucan. The lake covered 461 square miles (1,190 km2) at depths of up to 375 feet (114 m).[1][2][3][4]

Interpretive sign describing Lake Chewaucan

Lake Chewaucan covered the Abert and Summer Lake basins for most of the late Pleistocene epoch. The last high water period occurred about 13,000 years ago. There is no archaeological evidence of human utilization of Lake Chewaucan during this time. The earliest evidence for possible human occupation of the basin comes from the Paisley Caves were originally excavated by Luther Cressman in the late 1930s. Cressman found some inconclusive evidence that humans could have begun occupation of the area around 11,000 years ago.[5] Further excavations of the site by Dennis Jenkins since 2002 have yielded evidence of occupation of the area as far back as 14,300 years ago.[6]

Lake Chewaucan began to dry up at the close of the Pleistocene epoch. As it shrank, salts and alkali were concentrated in its remaining waters, and the result was the formation of Lake Abert and Summer Lake. Today, the two lakes are 20 miles (32 km) apart and are the only remnants of Lake Chewaucan.[7][8]

Lake environment

Lake Abert beyond Abert Rim

Lake Abert is an endorheic body of water that occupies the eastern arm of pluvial Lake Chewaucan basin. The lake has an elongated triangular shape. It is approximately 15 miles (24 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide at the south end of the lake, growing to 7 miles (11 km) wide at the north end. In total, the lake covers approximately 57 square miles (150 km2). Despite its size, the lake’s maximum depth is only 11 feet (3.4 m). Its average depth is 7 feet (2.1 m).[1][8][9]

The east side of Lake Abert is bounded by Abert Rim, a steep escarpment that rises over 2,500 feet (760 m) above the lake surface. The lake is bordered on the west by a long ridge called Coglan Buttes and on the north by the Coleman Hills. The lake's only year-around source of fresh water comes from the Chewaucan River, which flows into the lake from the south.[1][8]

The Lake Abert drainages area covers 820 square miles (2,100 km2). The environment in the Abert drainage basin is semi-arid. Most of the precipitation in the area occurs as snowfall during the winter months, and the Chewaucan River system is fed primarily by seasonal snowmelt. The lake’s only other source of fresh water are summer thundershowers that produce a small amount of runoff from Abert Rim. Because the lake has no outlet, it has developed a high concentrations of sodium carbonates, common salt, and alkali in its water. Crystallized mineral crusts on rocks along the lakeshore can be several inches thick. Some mineral deposits are evident on boulders 300 feet (91 m) above the present lake surface.[1][3][9]

Ecology

Lake Abert seen from space

Fish cannot survive in the lake because of the high salinity and alkali content; as a consequence, brine shrimp are abundant.[10] As a result, the lake provides an excellent habitat for a variety of shore birds. It is one of Oregon’s few inland nesting sites for snowy plovers. The lake is also a stop on the Pacific flyway for many migrant bird species. During the annual migrations, it hosts tens of thousands of eared grebes, Wilson's phalaropes, red-necked phalaropes, American avocets, killdeer, and northern shovelers. black terns, Forster's terns, American avocet, white-faced ibis, Clark's grebes, and black-necked stilts are common during the summer months. Canada geese, snow geese, Ross’ geese and many duck species are also common. Bird counts have recorded over 20,000 ducks at the lake at one time. Over 12,000 ring-billed gulls and California gulls have been counted at the lake as well.[10][11][12][13] Sage grouse and burrowing owls are found near the lake, and bald eagles, ferruginous hawks, and peregrine falcons hunt in the Lake Abert area.[3][14][15]

History

Early explorer John C. Fremont

The first written record of the lake was made by John Work, the leader of a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trapping expedition. Work recorded his party’s visit in his journal on 16 October 1832. In his journal, Work called it Salt Lake. Work’s journal also implies that other trappers may have been to the lake before his expedition.[16][17]

Lake Abert was named by Lieutenant John C. Fremont during his 1843 mapping expedition through central and southern Oregon. Fremont and his Army topographical team were mapping the Oregon Territory from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley of California. Fremont named the lake in honor of Colonel John James Abert, who was chief of the Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers.[16][17][18] On 20 December 1843, Fremont described the discovery and naming of Lake Abert as follows:

[W]e turned a point of the hill on our left, and came suddenly in sight of another and much larger lake, which, along its eastern shore, was closely bordered by the high black ridge which walled it in by a precipitous face ... Spread out over a length of 20 miles, the lake, when we first came in view, presented a handsome sheet of water; and I gave to it the name Lake Abert, in honor of the chief of the corps to which I belong....[19]

In 1986, there was a large wildfire that burned 9,854 acres (39.88 km2) along the west side of the lake. After the fire, 800 acres (3.2 km2) along the shoreline were seeded with crested wheatgrass. The remaining acres were left to natural restoration.[14]

Human activity

Today, the Bureau of Land Management is responsible for Lake Abert and the land around it. There is one grazing allotment, that borders the southwest shoreline of the lake, covering 6,886 acres (27.87 km2) of Bureau of Land Management land. The area is semi-arid with bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, and big sagebrush as the primary vegetation. A 1997 study showed that the grazing practices on the allotment conformed to Federal and state standards.[14]

Because of the lake’s extreme alkalinity, there are no recreational activities that occur on the lake. In fact, swimming or extended contact with the lake’s water would be harmful to humans. There are no developed campgrounds at Lake Abert, but the Bureau of Land Management does allow dispersed camping in the area. The only common recreational activity at Lake Abert is bird watching.[3][10]

A small brine shrimp collection enterprise on Lake Abert was begun in 1979. The brine shrimp’s high tolerance for salinity and ability to withstand freezing temperature during the winter make brine shrimp the lake’s only residents. While the brine shrimp harvest from the lake is relatively small, the impact of harvest has never been studied.[10][11][12][20]

Location

Lake Abert is located in Lake County in south-central Oregon. The lake is 30 miles (48 km) north of Lakeview, Oregon on U.S. Route 395. The highway runs along the east shore of the lake for approximately 18 miles (29 km). There are several interpretive signs at highway turn-offs overlooking the lake. Lake Abert is approximately 130 miles (210 km) southwest of Burns, Oregon also on Highway 395.[3][8][13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Deike, Ruth G. and Blair F. Jones, "Provenance, Distribution and Alteration of Volcanic Sediments in a Saline Alkaline Lake", Developments of Sedimentology (A. Nissenbaum, editor), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (distributed in the United States and Canada by Elsevier/North-Holland, Inc of New York), 1980.
  2. ↑ Licciardi, Joseph M., "Chronology of latest Pleistocene lake-level fluctuations in the pluvial Lake Chewaucan basin, Oregon, USA", Journal of Quaternary Science (Volume 16), John Wiley and Sons, 2001, p. 545.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowker, Kimberly, "Salt of the Earth - At Lake Abert, beauty never smelled so bad", The Bulletin, Bend, Oregon, 31 December 2009.
  4. ↑ "Ancient Lakes", Oregon Historical Marker, Summer Lake, Oregon.
  5. ↑ Jerrems, Jerry, "An Archaeological View of Summer Lake Valley, Oregon", Sundance Archeological Research Fund, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno Nevada, 27 April 2007.
  6. ↑ Jenkins / Willerslev et al. "Clovis Age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and Human Coprolites at the Paisley Caves", Science, 13 July 2012.
  7. ↑ "Pluvial Lakes: Oregon’s inland seas", Oregon: A Geologic History, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon, 9 February 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Oregon topographic map, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of Interior, Reston, Virginia; displayed via ACME mapper, www.acme.com, 9 February 2010.
  9. 1 2 "Abert Lake", World Lakes Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation, Shiga, Japan, 1999.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Cain, Eric (producer), "Abert Lake", Oregon Field Guide video (Episode 405), Oregon Public Broadcasting, Portland, Oregon, 1993.
  11. 1 2 Conte, Frank P. and Paul A. Conte, "Abundance and spatial distribution of Artemia salina in Lake Abert, Oregon", Hydrobiologia (Volume 158, Number 1), Springer Netherlands, New York, New York, January 1988, pp167-172.
  12. 1 2 "Lake Abert", Audubon Society of Portland, Portland, Oregon, 10 February 2010.
  13. 1 2 "Lake Abert", Basin and Range Birding Trail, Bureau of Land Management in cooperation with the Modoc National Wildlife Refuge and the Lake County Chamber of Commerce, Alturas, California, 10 February 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 "Rangeland Health Assessment West Lake #424", Lakeview District, Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of Interior, Lakeview, Oregon, 12 August 1997.
  15. ↑ "Abert Rim", Sights to See in Oregon's Outback, OregonsOutback.com, Lakeview, Oregon, 10 February 2010.
  16. 1 2 McArthur, Lewis A. and Lewis L. McArthur, "Lake Abert", Oregon Geographic Names (Seventh Edition), Oregon Historical Society Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003, p. 552.
  17. 1 2 Brogan, Phil F., East of the Cascades (Third Edition), Binford & Mort, Portland, Oregon, 1965, p. 38.
  18. ↑ Bach, Melva M., "John C. Fremont", History of the Fremont National Forest, Fremont National Forest, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lakeview, Oregon, 1981, pp. 5-9.
  19. ↑ Fremont, J. C. (Brevet Captain of the Topographical Engineers), Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-44, D. Appleton & Company, New York, New York, 1849, pp. 125-126.
  20. ↑ "About our Company", Oregon Desert Brine Shrimp, www.oregondesertbrineshrimp.com, Valley Falls, Oregon, 10 February 2010.
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