Action off Lofoten

Action off Lofoten Part of the Norwegian Campaign, World War II The capital ships that fought during the Action off Lofoten: Scharnhorst (top), HMS Renown (middle), and Gneisenau (bottom). Date 9 April 1940 Location off the coast of Lofoten, Norway Result British tactical victory German strategic victory[1] Belligerents Kriegsmarine Royal Navy Commanders and leaders Günther Lütjens Sir William Whitworth Strength 2 battleships 1 battlecruiser 9 destroyers Casualties and losses 1 battleship damaged 6 killed 1 battlecruiser slightly damaged 2 killed

British and German naval movements off Norway between 7 and 9 April 1940.

The Action off Lofoten was a naval battle fought between the German Kriegsmarine and the British Royal Navy off the southern coast of the Lofoten Islands, Norway during World War II. A German squadron under Vizeadmiral Günther Lütjens consisting of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau met and engaged a British squadron under Admiral Sir William Whitworth consisting of the battlecruiser HMS Renown and 9 destroyers. After a short engagement, Gneisenau suffered moderate damage and the Germans withdrew.

Background

The German invasion of Norway, Operation Weserübung, began on 9 April 1940. In order to prevent any disruption of the invasion by the British, the Kriegsmarine had previously dispatched a force under Vice Admiral Günther Lütjens to protect the troop convoy landing at Narvik. The German squadron consisted of the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, and 10 destroyers. With intelligence suggesting that the Germans were massing ships, the British sent out a squadron under Admiral Sir William Whitworth to deny German access to neutral Norwegian waters by laying mines in Operation Wilfred and prevent any German naval movements into the Atlantic Ocean.^[2]

Shortly after departing German waters on 7 April, Lütjens′ force was attacked by British bombers which did no damage to the squadron. On 8 April, Admiral Hipper and the German destroyers were dispatched to Narvik while the German capital ships headed north for a diversionary manoeuver into the North Atlantic. As Admiral Hipper left, she met and engaged the British destroyer HMS Glowworm which had become separated from Admiral Whitworth′s main force.^[3] Though Vizeadmiral Lütjens—and the two German battleships—was nearby, their assistance was deemed unnecessary, and Admiral Hipper sank Glowworm, though taking some damage in return.^[4] Whitworth′s main force then caught sight of the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau at 03:30 on 9 April and moved to engage the battleships.^[5]

Whitworth′s force consisted of the battlecruiser Renown and the nine remaining destroyers. HMS Hotspur, Hardy, Havock, and Hunter were "H"-class destroyers while HMS Esk was an "E"-class destroyer and HMS Ivanhoe, Icarus, and Impulsive were of the "I" classs. HMS Greyhound was of the "G" class.^[6] Renown had been completely reconstructed between 1936 and 1939, with lighter machinery, increased armour and upgraded armament. She mounted a main battery of six 42-calibre 15-inch guns with improved shells and greater range and a dual-purpose secondary battery consisting of twenty 4.5 inch (QF 4.5 inch L/45) arranged in ten turrets [The four "I" and "E"-class destroyers had been rigged for mine laying and most of their normal armament had been removed; they only possessed two 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns each. Greyhound and the "H"-class destroyers were more capable ships, with each armed with eight torpedo tubes and four 4.7-inch guns. Of the H-class destroyers, Hardy was built as a destroyer leader and thus had an additional 4.7-inch gun.^[7]

The German force consisted of the two Scharnhorst-class battleships, each with a main battery of nine 28.3 cm guns and a secondary battery of twelve 15 cm guns. In a close range engagement, the British force was superior, but at a distance the guns on Whitworth′s destroyers were outranged and the German firepower was greater. The German force also held a speed advantage over Renown, having a top speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) to the battlecruiser′s 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph), but was slower than the destroyers, which could steam at 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph).^[8] Thus, Lütjens clearly held an advantage over Renown, though the German force was significantly vulnerable to attack from Whitworth′s destroyers.^[9]

Battle

At 04:30, Gneisenau sighted Renown on its radar and the German ships cleared for action. Due to poor weather conditions, neither side was able to engage the other until 05:05, as heavy seas and poor visibility prevented the two squadrons from closing within range.^[10] Renown began the action by attacking Gneisenau with her 15-inch guns. The German warships returned fire at 05:08 with Gneisenau scoring two hits on Renown with her 11 inch shells. Both shells failed to explode, with the first hitting the British battlecruiser′s foremast and the second passing through the ship near the steering gear room. About the same time, Renown struck Gneisenau with two shells. These hits damaged the German battleship's director tower, forward range finders, and aft turret. Renown then moved her fire to Scharnhorst. These early salvos were sporadic and lasted until 06:00, when the engagement was broken off for 20 minutes due to waves breaking over Renown′s forward turrets.^[11][12]

At 06:20, the action reignited, with ineffectual fire coming from both sides.^[13] Fearing a torpedo attack on the damaged Gneisenau, the Germans increased their speed and disengaged at 07:17.^[14] The German battleships retreated when Renown′s escorts opened fire, despite the fact that the destroyers′ guns did not have sufficient range to successfully engage Lütjens′ ships. The Germans mistook Whitworth′s smaller vessels for much more powerful capital ships and as a result thought they were heavily outgunned.^[15] Determined to steer clear of what he thought was a superior force, Lütjens managed to shake off the British squadron and end the action by sailing west into the Arctic Ocean.^[16]

Aftermath

Despite the Royal Navy winning a minor tactical victory over the Kriegsmarine, the Germans considered the engagement a strategic success due to the fact that Whitworth′s force was delayed long enough to keep it from interfering with the landings at Narvik. After the action had ended, Whitworth′s force continued to search for the German capital ships. With the British squadron occupied, the German destroyer-transports managed to make their way through to Narvik after destroying two Norwegian coastal defence ships in their path.^[17] After their engagement with Renown, the German battleships linked up with Admiral Hipper on the 11th near Trondheim. From there, they returned to Germany, reaching Wilhelmshaven on 12 April where the damage to Gneisenau was repaired.^[18]

Citations

1. Miller 1995, p. 63.
2. O'Hare 2004, p. 17.
3. Miller 1995, p. 59.
4. Miller 1995, p. 60.
5. Miller 1995, p. 62.
6. O'Hara 2004, p. 22.
7. O'Hare 2004, p. 22.
8. O'Hare 2004, p. 22.
9. Lunde 2009, p. 112.
10. O'Hara 2004, p. 22.
11. Garzke 1985, p. 135.
12. Edwards 1995, p. 101
13. Lienau, Peter (22 October 1999). "The Working Environment for German Warship design in WWI and WWII". Naval Weapons of the World. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
14. Garzke 1985, p. 135.
15. Miller 1995, p. 63.
16. Garzke 1985, p. 137.
17. Miller 1995, p. 63.
18. Garzke 1985, p. 137.

References

• Edwards, Bernard (1995). Salvo: Classic Naval Gun Actions. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-55750-796-1.
• Garzke, William H. (1995). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-101-3.
• Lunde, Henrik O. (2009). Hitler's Pre-Emptive War: The Battle for Norway, 1940. Havertown, PA: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-33-0.
• Miller, Nathan (1995). War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511038-2.
• O'Hara, Vincent (2004). The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-651-8.
• Parkes, Oscar (1957). British Battleships: "Warrior" 1860 to "Vanguard" 1950 -- A History of Design, Construction and Armaments. London: Seeley Service & Co. ISBN 085422002X.