Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Classification and external resources
OMIM 103050
DiseasesDB 33422

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, also called adenylosuccinase deficiency,[1] is a rare autosomal recessive[2] metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and to a lesser extent in plasma.[3]

These two succinylpurines are the dephosphorylated derivatives of SAICA ribotide (SAICAR) and adenylosuccinate (S-AMP), the two substrates of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), which catalyzes an important reaction in the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. ADSL catalyzes two distinct reactions in the synthesis of purine nucleotides, both of which involve the β-elimination of fumarate to produce either aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) from SAICAR or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from S-AMP.

Pathophysiology

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

The deficiency is responsible for a range of symptoms that involve psychomotor retardation, often accompanied by epileptic seizures, and autistic features. Most patients suffer from moderate to severe retardation, while rare patients display only mild psychomotor retardation. Two common theories were proposed to account for these effects. The first is that they result from decreased concentrations of purine nucleotides needed for purine biosynthesis. Decreased concentrations, however, could not be found in various tissues taken from ADSL-deficient patients, probably because purines are furnished via the purine salvage pathway and some residual activity of ADSL.[3] The second is the buildup of accumulating succinylpurines causes neurotoxic effects. In the severely affected patients, the concentration levels of SAICA riboside and S-Ado are comparable, whereas in patients with milder forms of the disease, the ratio of S-Ado is more than double that of those more severely affected, while SAICA riboside concentration levels remain comparable. This suggests SAICA riboside is the major contributor, while S-Ado may protect against SAICA riboside’s toxic effects.[3]

Biochemical studies of the enzyme have focused on proteins of ADSL from nonhuman species. The ADSL structure from the crystallized protein of Thermotoga maritima has been used, along with DNA sequencing data, to construct homology models for a variety of other organisms, including human ADSL.[4] A variety of studies have been done using the equivalent enzyme from Bacillus subtilis, which shares 27% identity along with about 17% similarity in amino acid sequence with the human enzyme.[4] Homology models overlaid on each other show a high degree of overlap between the enzymes. The family of enzymes to which ADSL belongs and that catalyze β-eliminations in which fumarate is one of the products are homotetramers with four active sites composed of amino acid residues from three distinct subunits.[5] Much is known about the active site of human ADSL due to studies of the active site in the B. subtilis ADSL through affinity labeling and site-directed mutagenesis. While there is quite a bit of variability among species in the sequencing of ADSL, the active site of the enzyme contains many residues that are conserved across species and have been shown to be critical to the enzyme’s function. His68 and His141 seem to serve as the general acid and general base catalysts, respectively, and are critical to the catalyzing reaction of the substrate.[6] His89 seems to enhance the binding of the substrate’s phosphoryl group and orient adenylosuccinate for catalysis.[7] All three histidines are conserved throughout the 28 species for which the structure of ADSL is known. Glu275 and Lys268 have also been shown to contribute to the active site, indicating there are four active sites, each of which is formed from regions of three subunits.[5] ADSL deficiency in different patients is often caused by different mutations to the enzyme. More than 30 different mutations in the ADSL gene have been discovered worldwide. The mutations resulting in this deficiency are spread throughout the enzyme, with the majority located far from the active site, suggesting thermal instability, rather than catalytic impairment of the active site, is the most frequent cause of the deficiency.[8]

History

As of 2004, about 60 patients had been diagnosed with ADSL deficiency, but many more are thought to be undiagnosed, due to the heterogeneity of the disease and a paucity of general screening. Patients have been diagnosed from a number of areas around the world, although a large number of them are from the Low Countries. There is yet no cure for this deficiency.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 103050
  2. ↑ Nassogne, M; Henrot, B; Aubert, G; Bonnier, C; Marie, S; Saint-Martin, C; Van, Den; Berghe, G; Sébire, G; Vincent, M (September 2000). "Adenylosuccinase deficiency: an unusual cause of early-onset epilepsy associated with acquired microcephaly". Brain & development. 22 (6): 383–6. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(00)00154-6. ISSN 0387-7604. PMID 11042421.
  3. 1 2 3 Jaeken and Van den Berge, "Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency", The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases, Vol. 2, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill; New York, 2001.
  4. 1 2 Palenchar JB, Crocco JM, Colman RF (2003). "The characterization of mutant Bacillus subtilis adenylosuccinate lyases corresponding to severe human adenylosuccinate lyase deficiencies". Protein Sci. 12 (8): 1694–705. doi:10.1110/ps.0303903. PMC 2323956Freely accessible. PMID 12876319.
  5. 1 2 Brosius JL, Colman RF (2002). "Three subunits contribute amino acids to the active site of tetrameric adenylosuccinate lyase: Lys268 and Glu275 are required". Biochemistry. 41 (7): 2217–26. doi:10.1021/bi011998t. PMID 11841213.
  6. ↑ Lee TT, Worby C, Bao ZQ, Dixon JE, Colman RF (1999). "His68 and His141 are critical contributors to the intersubunit catalytic site of adenylosuccinate lyase of Bacillus subtilis". Biochemistry. 38 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1021/bi982299s. PMID 9890879.
  7. ↑ Brosius JL, Colman RF (2000). "A key role in catalysis for His89 of adenylosuccinate lyase of Bacillus subtilis". Biochemistry. 39 (44): 13336–43. doi:10.1021/bi001488j. PMID 11063569.
  8. ↑ Sivendran S, Patterson D, Spiegel E, McGown I, Cowley D, Colman RF (2004). "Two novel mutant human adenylosuccinate lyases (ASLs) associated with autism and characterization of the equivalent mutant Bacillus subtilis ASL". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (51): 53789–97. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409974200. PMID 15471876.

External links

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases

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