Adjarian's law

Adjarian's law is a sound law for Armenian language, according to which in certain dialects, initial-syllable vowels are fronted after consonants, reflecting the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirates.[1] It was named after its discoverer, Hrachia Adjarian.

Compare:[2]

as opposed to absence of vowel fronting after the non-aspirated voiced stops:

This conditioning is not a synchronic process, but rather reflects the quality of the original prevocalic consonant.[3] In such cases the vowels first received the advanced tongue root ([+ATR]) feature in certain contexts, and the [+ATR] back vowels were then fronted.[4] The dialect of Malatya preserves the intermediate stage, with [+ATR] vowels such as /ɑ̘/.[5]

Dialect distribution

Adjarian's law in its full form appears mainly in dialects of the southern and eastern parts of the traditional Armenian dialect area, in modern-day southern Armenia and southwestern Turkey. An outlier is the Armenian community of Musaler on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.

Adjarian's law and stop phonation in Armenian dialects
Dialect group Reflexes of Classical Armenian
voiceless stops (e.g. /t/)		 Reflexes of Classical Armenian
voiced stops (e.g. /d/)		 Adjarian's law
1 plain voiced: /d/ breathy voiced: /dʱ/ no
2 plain voiceless: /t/ breathy voiced: /dʱ/ no
3 plain voiced: /d/ plain voiced: /d/ no
4 plain voiced: /d/ plain voiceless: /t/ only for /ɦa/
5a plain voiced: /d/ voiceless aspirated: /tʰ/ no
5b (Malatya) [+ATR], no fronting
6a plain voiceless: /t/ plain voiced: /d/ no
6b (Aresh; Meghri, Karchevan) yes
7 plain voiceless: /t/ plain voiceless: /t/ yes

Historical development

Vaux (1992) proposes that the source of [+ATR] were simply the voiced stops such as /b/, /d/, as found in Classical Armenian: voiced stops often involve tongue root advancement. Garrett notes that Adjarian's Law is however never triggered by voiced stops that have developed from the Classical Armenian plain voiceless stops; but it also triggered by the breathy-voiced fricative /ɦ/ (which developed in the involved dialects from Classical Armenian /j/). He proposes that the voiced stop consonants that trigger it should be assumed to similarly have been breathy voiced [bʱ], [dʱ] by the time of Adjarian's law. Breathy voiced stops are recorded from several other dialects of Armenian; none of these however show Adjarian's law. Garrett interprets this to mean that Adjarian's law should be considered a type of rephonologization, where breathiness leads to [+ATR] only if it is simultaneously lost.[6] According to Vaux, the relevant feature is instead the devoicing of the Classical Armenian voiced stops.[7]

Adjarian's law demonstrates that Proto-Armenian retained the PIE aspirated stops and has not undergone a Germanic-style consonant shift.[8] The result is important evidence against certain arguments in favor of the glottalic theory of Proto-Indo-European stop system since such vowel fronting makes no sense if the protolanguage voiced aspirates had been simple voiced stops. It does, however, if they were breathy-voiced. Since voiced aspirates then have to be reconstructed for Proto-Armenian, only Germanic can be claimed to be "archaic" for PIE consonantism in the glottalic theory framework.

The absolute dating of Adjarian's law remains unclear. Dates as early as the 5th century have been proposed. A likely upper bound is the formation of the community of Musaler, no later than the 11th century. [9]

Notes

  1. ↑ Byrd (2015:11)
  2. ↑ Cited after Garrett (1998:15–16)
  3. ↑ Garrett (1998:16)
  4. ↑ Garrett (1998:15)
  5. ↑ Vaux (1992:11)
  6. ↑ Garrett (1998:18-19)
  7. ↑ Vaux (1992:8)
  8. ↑ Garrett (1998:20)
  9. ↑ Vaux (1992:14)

References

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