al-Itihaad al-Islamiya

al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
الاتحاد الإسلامي
Participant in the Somali Civil War
Active 1992-2006
Groups Ogaden
Leaders Hassan Aweys
Hassan Turki
Adan Eyrow
Headquarters Kismayo
Area of operations Somalia, Ogaden
Succeeded by Islamic Courts Union
Allies al-Qaeda
Opponents Somalia Transitional Federal Government
 Ethiopia
 United States
Somali Salvation Democratic Front
Isaaq clan
Dhulbahante clan
Absguul clan

al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Arabic: الاتحاد الإسلامي‎, lit. 'The Islamic Union'‎) or AIAI was an Islamist militant group in Somalia. It is considered a terrorist organization by the United States,[1] the United Kingdom[2] and New Zealand.[3]

History

In the early 1990s, as Somalia fell into disorder following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, Osama bin Laden took advantage of the chaos to fund al-Itihaad, later sending foreign militants who trained and fought alongside al-Itihaad members, with the goal of creating an Islamist state in the Horn of Africa.[4] AIAI was also active in setting up sharia courts. Despite its association with al-Qaeda, other analysts cautioned against overgeneralization, noting that al-Itihaad had elements of a genuine social movement and that the characters of sub-factions throughout the country substantially differed from each other.[5]

By 1994, al-Itihaad had established itself in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. According to a report by the Emergency Unit for Ethiopia of the UNDP, the Al-Ittihad were most active in the area between Kebri Dahar, Danan, Kelafo and Degehabur. Some elements were reported to be active near Danot, Nusdariiq and 'Adow. Although they had support amongst the Ogaden, at the time their activities were not tolerated by the Isaaq and Dhulbahante clans.[6] The al-Itihaad sent a delegation to the Peace and Unity Conference of the Somali Nation, which was held February 1995 at Kebri Dehar, at which they made pledges which would cause the organization to effectively cease to exist as a political and military force within the Ogaden.[7] Despite this promise al-Ittihad continued to engage in violent actions after this congress. One was the attempted assassination of then Minister of Transportation and Communications, Abdul Majid Hussein in 1996.[8] Another was in March of that year, when they raided areas in the Jigjiga Zone controlled by the Abskuul clan, apparently in collaboration with disaffected members of this clan. Established local security forces cleared al-Itihaad infiltrators from the Jigjiga Zone, and the defeated remnants retreated to disputed border areas between the Somali and gala(oromo) regions, which has served as a refuge for them, as well as for Oromo fundamentalist rebel groups.[9]

An article published in the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 16, 2001 quoted unnamed intelligence officials who claimed AIAI was extensively connected to Al Barakaat.[5] The San Francisco Chronicle called al Barakat a Somali-based business conglomerate and money transfer organization. They quoted former U.S. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill who called al Barakat as one of the "financiers of terrorism". The 9/11 Commission Report subsequently cleared al Barakat of involvement in financing the 9/11 hijackers, The 9/11 Commission determined that the 9/11 hijackers received their remote funds transfers through US financial institutions, not Islamic financial institutions.[10]

Funded by wealthy Saudis, al-Itihaad had extensive connections with the Somali expatriate community in Kenya, in particular the Eastleigh district of Nairobi and the predominantly Muslim coastal regions. At its height, the AIAI militia numbered over 1000.[11] According to U.S. intelligence officials, al-Itihaad cooperated with the al-Qaeda operatives who carried out the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam that killed 224 people.

On March 7–8, 1999, Ethiopia claimed it had made a cross-border incursion into Ballanballe searching for members of AIAI who had reportedly kidnapped a person and stolen medical supplies, and denied reports of looting. Allegations from that time also claim Ethiopia was the supplier of various Somali warlords, while Eritrea was arming other warlords.[12][13]

On 24 September 2001, AIAI's finances were sanctioned by the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush under Executive Order 13224. Its then-head Hassan Dahir Aweys was also sanctioned under Executive Order No. 13224 in November of that year.[14] In June 2004, Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki, who had become leader of the organization, was also sanctioned for his connections to bin Laden.[15] Al-Qaeda operatives were reported to have used the AIAI base on the island of Ras Kiyemboni, south of Kismayu near the border with Kenya.[16] Other sources indicate that al-Qaeda formed a training camp on Kiyemboni, while al-Itihaad set up its own training camp at Las Quoay near the northeast port of Boosaaso. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, these camps were dismantled and the hundreds of trained militants sailed for the safety of tribal areas in Yemen.[5]

Shortly thereafter it was claimed that al-Itihaad had dissolved as an organization. Sheikh Aweys went on to become one of the leaders of the Courts of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which seized control of Mogadishu in June 2006 after several months of fighting.[17] Hassan Al-Turki went on to lead Hizbul Shabaab, the Youth Movement wing of the ICU before ceding the organisation to Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow".

Members of Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI)

The following individuals were considered to be members of AIAI:

References

  1. ↑ "Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups" (PDF). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  2. ↑ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" (PDF). Home Office. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  3. ↑ "Designated individuals and organisations" (PDF). New Zealand Police. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  4. ↑ Hammer, Joshua (2007-12-23). "The African Front". NY Times. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  5. 1 2 3 Simon Reeve (December 16, 2001). "U.S. returning to a nightmare called Somalia". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  6. ↑ Report on Mission to Haud Area, Region 5, UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated 15 November 1994 (accessed 20 December 2008)
  7. ↑ Peace and Unity Conference of the Somali Nation of Region 5, UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated 15 November 1994 (accessed 20 December 2008)
  8. ↑ Dr. J. Peter Pham, "Regional dimensions of the human rights and Humanitarian situation in the 'Ogaden', Somalia, and beyond": Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, October 2, 2007 (accessed 5 June 2009)
  9. ↑ Report on the Peace and Development Conference Jigjiga, 10-13 March 1996 UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, April 1996 (accessed 26 December 2008)
  10. ↑ "US ends Somali banking blacklist". BBC. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  11. ↑ "Counter-terrorism in Somalia: Losing hearts and minds?" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 2005-07-11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  12. ↑ Ethiopia-Somalia: "Ethiopia denies looting Somali border town" Check |url= value (help). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. March 10, 1999. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  13. ↑ Somalia - Emerging third front in the Ethiopia-Eritrea War? Stratfor
  14. ↑ William Francis Galvin Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (September 24, 2001). "Suspected Terrorist List: To Massachusetts Registered Investment Advisers". Securities Division. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  15. 1 2 Adam Ereli (June 3, 2004). "Designation of Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki under Executive Order 13224". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  16. ↑ Syed Saleem Shahzad (December 14, 2001). "Next stop Somalia?". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
  17. ↑ SOMALIA: Islamic courts set up consultative council, Integrated Regional Information Networks, 26 June 2006

External links

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