Alström syndrome

Alstrom syndrome

Transaxial image of the chest at the level of the heart illustrating the typical degree of subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue (shown in white) in a patient with Alström syndrome; hence the difficulty in imaging by echocardiography.
Classification and external resources
Specialty medical genetics
ICD-10 Q87.8
OMIM 203800
DiseasesDB 465
MedlinePlus 001665

Alström syndrome, also called Alstrom-Halgren Syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene ALMS1. It is among the rarest genetic disorders in the world, as currently it has only 266 reported cases in medical literature and over 501 known cases in 47 countries. It was first described by Carl-Henry Alström in Sweden in 1959. Alstrom syndrome is sometimes confused with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which has similar symptoms. Bardet-Biedl syndrome tends to have later onset in its symptoms. The likelihood of two carrier parents both passing the gene and therefore having a child affected by the syndrome is 25% with each pregnancy. The likelihood of having a child who is only a carrier of the gene is 50% with each pregnancy. The likelihood of a child receiving normal genes from both parents and being considered to be "genetically" normal is 25%.[1] The risk for carrying the gene is equivalent for both males and females.

According to a 2007 article by Joy et al. published in the Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases:

"Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiorgan dysfunction. The key features are childhood obesity, blindness due to congenital retinal dystrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss. Associated endocrinologic features include hyperinsulinemia, early-onset type 2 diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Thus, AS shares several features with the common metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been found to be causative for AS with a total of 79 disease-causing mutations having been described."[2] Prevalence estimates have ranged from 1 in 10,000 to fewer than 1 in 1,000,000 individuals in the general population.

Symptoms

Symptoms for Alström syndrome generally appear during infancy with great great variability in age. Some of the symptoms include:[3]

Mechanisms

This disease occurs when mutations on the ALMS1 gene have occurred and is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. The ALMS1 gene encodes instructions for making a protein with an unknown function.[5] Researches now believe that the protein might play a role in normal sight, hearing, weight regulation, and functioning of the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, and the heart. In addition, the protein is present in almost all of the tissues within the body, which may explain why almost all of the system within the body is affected by the Alström syndrome.[5][6] The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be considered to be normal for the trait is 25%. Risks are the same in both males and females.

The gene is located on Chromosome 2, at position 2p13. The ALMS1 gene contains instructions to encode a specific protein known as ALMS1. The protein then is involved in ciliary function, cell cycle control, and intracellular transport. In addition, the protein is expressed in all organ tissues of the body. It has a role in the proper function, maintenance, and formation of cilia which are found in all types of cells in the body. Research has been shown that more than 80 mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been identified in individuals that have Alström syndrome. Most of these mutations have led to the production of a dysfunctional version of the ALSM1 protein which are present in tissues, but at low levels.[5]

Diagnosis

The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the University of Southampton, UK isolated the single gene (ALMS1) responsible for Alström Syndrome.[7]

It is possible to clinically detect Alström syndrome in infancy, but more frequently, it is detected much later, as doctors tend to detect symptoms as separate problems. Currently, Alström syndrome is often diagnosed clinically, since genetic testing is costly and only available on a limited basis.[7]

A physical examination would be needed to properly diagnose the patient. Certain physical characteristics can determine if the patient has some type of genetic disorder. Usually, a geneticist would perform the physical examination by measuring the distance around the head, distance between the eyes, and the length of arms and legs. In addition, examinations for the nervous system or the eyes may be performed. Various imaging studies like computerized tomography scans (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or X-rays are used to see the structures within the body.[7]

Family and personal medical history are required. Information about the health of an individual is crucial because it provides traces to a genetic diagnosis.

Laboratory tests, particularly genetic testing, are performed to diagnose genetic disorders. Some of the types of genetic testing are molecular, biochemical, and chromosomal. Other laboratory tests performed may measure levels of certain substances in urine and blood that can also help suggest a diagnosis.

Diagnostic criteria

Marshall JD et al. provided a comprehensive guidance for diagnostic criteria in their 2007 publication.

Birth – 2 years:

Minimum diagnosis requires 2 major criteria or 1 major and 2 minor criteria.

Major criteria are:

  1. ALMS1 mutation in 1 allele and/or family history of Alström Syndrome
  2. Vision pathology (nystagmus, photophobia).

Minor criteria are:

  1. Obesity
  2. Dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure.

Other variable supportive evidence: Recurrent pulmonary infections, normal digits, delayed developmental milestones.

At 3–14 years of age:

2 major criteria or 1 major and 3 minor criteria.

Major criteria are:

  1. ALMS1 mutation in 1 allele and/or family history of Alström Syndrome,
  2. Vision pathology (nystagmus, photophobia, diminished acuity). If old enough for testing: cone dystrophy by ERG.

Minor Criteria:

  1. Obesity and/or insulin resistance and/or Type 2 Diabetes
  2. History of dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure
  3. Hearing loss
  4. Hepatic dysfunction
  5. Renal failure
  6. Advanced bone age

Variable supportive evidence: Recurrent pulmonary infections, normal digits, delayed developmental milestones, hyperlipidemia, scoliosis, flat wide feet hypothyroidism, hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infection, growth hormone deficiency.

Presentation 15 years – adulthood:

2 major and 2 minor criteria or 1 major and 4 minor criteria.

Major criteria are: 1) ALMS1 mutation in 1 allele and/or family history of Alström Syndrome. 2) Vision pathology (history of nystagmus in infancy/childhood, legal blindness, cone and rod dystrophy by ERG).

Minor criteria: 1) Obesity and/or insulin resistance and/or Type 2 Diabetes 2) History of dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure. 3) Hearing loss 4) Hepatic dysfunction 5) Renal failure 6) Short stature 7) Males: hypogonadism, Females: irregular menses and/or hyperandrogenism

Other supportive features: Recurrent pulmonary infections, normal digits, history of developmental delay, hyperlipidemia, scoliosis, flat wide feet, hypothyroidism, hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infections/urinary dysfunction, growth hormone deficiency, alopecia.

Causes and Prevention

Alström Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems of the body. This genetic disorder is caused by a mutation of the ALMS1 gene. The gene mutation is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. This means both parents have to pass a copy of the ALMS1 gene in order for their child to have the syndrome even though the parents may not show signs or symptoms of the condition. It is still considered to be unknown on how the defective gene causes the disorder.[8][9]

Prevention for Alström Syndrome is considered to be harder compared to other diseases/syndromes because it is an inherited condition. However, there are other options that are available for parents with a family history of Alström Syndrome. Genetic testing and counseling are available where individuals are able to meet with a genetic counselor to discuss risks of having the children with the disease. The genetic counselor may also help determine whether individuals carry the defective ALSM1 gene before the individuals conceive a child. Some of the tests the genetic counselors perform include chorionic villus sampling (CVS), Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and amniocentesis. With PGD, the embryos are tested for the ALSM1 gene and only the embryos that are not affected may be chosen for implantation via in vitro fertilization.[10]

Treatment and Prognosis

There is no cure for Alström syndrome; however, there are treatment aims to reduce the symptoms and prevent further complications. Some of these treatment aims include:[9][10][11]

Medicinal Treatments[5][10]

Prognosis

A prognosis for Alström syndrome is complicated because it widely varies. Any person that has the syndrome have different set of disorders. Permanent blindness, deafness, and Type 2 diabetes may occur. Liver and kidney failure can progressively get worse. The life expectancy is usually reduced and the patients barely live past 50 years old.[9][11][13]

Relation to other rare genetic disorders

Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously identified in the medical literature as related, may be, in fact, highly related in the genetypical root cause of the widely varying, phenotypically-observed disorders. Thus, Alstrom syndrome is a ciliopathy. Other known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Meckel-Gruber syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.[14]

Research

Research was conducted in 2014 on Alström syndrome patients regarding degeneration and plasticity of the optic pathway. The functional and structural changes have been investigated on the optic pathway in Alström syndrome by using magnetic resonance imaging to provide better insight on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Eleven patients with the syndrome (mean age of 23 years, 5 females, 6 males) underwent a brain MRI. The protocol also included conventional sequences, resting-state functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging. Results found that patients with Alström syndrome had occipital regions with decreased white matter volume as well as decreased gray matter volume sparing the occipital poles. The diffused fractional anisotropy decreased and the radial diffusivity increased while mean and axial diffusivities were normal. Lastly, the reduced connectivity in the medial visual network was strikingly sparing the occipital poles. The conclusion of the research was that the protean occipital brain changes in patients with Alström syndrome. They are likely to reflect coexistence of diffuse primary myelin derangement, anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration, and complex cortical reorganization that affect the posterior and anterior visual cortex.[15]

References

  1. ↑ "Alström Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  2. ↑ Joy T, Cao H, Black G, Malik R, Charlton-Menys V, Hegele RA, Durrington PN (2007). "Alstrom syndrome (OMIM 203800): a case report and literature review." (PDF). Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-49. PMC 2266715Freely accessible. PMID 18154657.
  3. ↑ "Alstrom Syndrome". Healthline. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  4. 1 2 3 Alström Syndrome
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Alstrom syndrome - New Bridge Organic Market Jacksonville". www.newbridgeorganicmarket.com. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  6. ↑ "Alström Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  7. 1 2 3 "Alström syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  8. ↑ "Alstrom Syndrome". Healthline. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  9. 1 2 3 "Alström Syndrome - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Alström Syndrome - NY Times Health Information". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  10. 1 2 3 "Alstrom syndrome - Nature's Corner". www.naturescornermkt.com. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  11. 1 2 "Alstrom Syndrome". Healthline. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  12. 1 2 "Alstrom syndrome - Clark's Nutrition". www.clarksnutrition.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  13. ↑ "About Alström Syndrome". www.deafblindinternational.org. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  14. ↑ Badano, Jose L.; Norimasa Mitsuma; Phil L. Beales; Nicholas Katsanis (September 2006). "The Ciliopathies : An Emerging Class of Human Genetic Disorders". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 7: 125–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610. PMID 16722803. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  15. ↑ Manara, R.; Citton, V.; Maffei, P.; Marshall, J. D.; Naggert, J. K.; Milan, G.; Vettor, R.; Baglione, A.; Vitale, A. (2015-01-01). "Degeneration and plasticity of the optic pathway in Alström syndrome". AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. 36 (1): 160–165. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4115. ISSN 1936-959X. PMID 25355816.

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