Amazonas (Brazilian state)

Amazonas (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐmɐˈzõnɐs]) is a state of Brazil, located in the northwestern corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian State by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world, being greater than the areas of France, Spain, Sweden and Greece combined. It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area, slightly higher than Mongolia. It is larger than the northeast region of Brazil with its nine states, and is equivalent to 2.25 times the area of the US state of Texas.^[2]

Neighbouring states are (from the north clockwise) Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. It also borders Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas State, Venezuela, and the Loreto Region in Peru.

Amazonas is named after the Amazon River, and was formerly part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, a region called Spanish Guyana. It was settled by the Portuguese in the early 18th century and incorporated into the Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. It became a state of the Brazilian Republic in 1889.

Most of the state is tropical jungle; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane. The capital and largest city is Manaus, a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearly half the state's population lives in the city; the other large cities, Parintins, Manacapuru, Itacoatiara, Tefé, and Coari are also along the Amazon River in the eastern half of the state.

Etymology

The name was originally given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard Francisco de Orellana in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Indians, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, giving them the same name of Río de las Amazonas. ^[3]^[4]^[5]

History

Administrative evolution

Amazonas State


Adopted	Jan. 14, 1982
Design	25 stars for municipalities of August 4, 1897, the larger one for the capital Manaus. Two white bars for hope, red bar for struggles overcome.

Amazonas was originally the captaincy of São Jose do Rio Negro, then a District of Grão-Pará, which became a province and finally a state of Brazil. 1616 Captaincy of Maranhao begins westward expansion 1751 Maranhão reconstituted as state of Grão-Pará e Maranhão 1755 Captaincy of Rio Negro split off 1757 Captaincy of Rio Negro rejoined 1772 Grão-Pará e Rio Negro split from Grão-Pará e Maranhão. 1775 Captaincy of Grão-Pará of state of Brazil. 1821 Province of Pará 1822 Pará province of independent Brazil. 1832 Creation of Judicial District of the Upper Amazonas, under Pará. 1850 Province of Amazonas split from Pará 1889 State of Amazonas Capital 1755 village of São José do Javari; it became the vila Maryua 1758, Maryua is elevated to a town and called Barcelos 1788–1799, capital moved to Barra do Rio Negro; 1799–1808 The capital was again in Barcelos 1808 Barra do Rio Negro the capital, renamed Manaus in 1832

Rise of the rainforest

See Also History of South America#Amazon and Amazon Rainforest#History

At one time Amazon River flowed westward, perhaps as part of a proto-Congo (Zaïre) river system from the interior of present-day Africa when the continents were joined as part of western Gondwana. Fifteen million years ago, the Andes were formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Nazca Plate (eastern Pacific oceanic) plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields, blocked the river and caused the Amazon to become a vast inland sea. Gradually this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. For example, over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the fresh waters of the Amazon.

About ten million years ago, waters worked through the sandstone to the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward. At this time the Amazon rainforest was born. During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river. Three million years later, the ocean level receded enough to expose the Central American isthmus and allow mass migration of mammal species between the Americas.

The Ice Ages caused tropical rainforest around the world to retreat. Although debated, it is believed that much of the Amazon reverted to savanna and montane forest. Savanna divided patches of rainforest into "islands" and separated existing species for periods long enough to allow genetic differentiation (a similar rainforest retreat took place in Africa. Delta core samples suggest that even the mighty Congo watershed was void of rainforest at this time). When the ice ages ended, the forest was again joined and the species that were once one had diverged significantly enough to be constitute designation as separate species, adding to the tremendous diversity of the region. About 6,000 years ago, sea levels rose about 130 meters, once again causing the river to be inundated like a long, giant freshwater lake.

Natives

Main article: Indigenous peoples in Brazil

The pre-Columbian Amazonas was inhabited by seminomadic peoples whose livelihood mixed occasional agriculture with a fishing and hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Because of Christopher Columbus' misunderstanding of the continent at which he had arrived, the native population were and are denominated "índios" by the Portuguese. Approximately two thousand Indian tribes lived in the region in the sixteenth century, perhaps amounting to some millions of people, but phenomena such as disease and assimilation to Brazilian culture caused their numbers to fall to approximately three hundred thousand, and two hundred tribes, by the end of the twentieth century. Certain uncontacted tribes still exist in the region.

Political domination

In the colonial time, the territory which today belongs to the State of Amazonas, was a combination of treaties, expeditions, evangelism and military occupations, scarce but in account claims and indigenous uprisings in the region, was initially of the Spanish Empire through the Treaty of Tordesillas and after Portuguese Empire by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, and through failures attempts at colonization of European powers as England and the Dutch empire.

Spanish expeditions until the Treaty of Madrid (1750)

First Spanish expeditions of Francisco de Orellana in conjunction with Catholic priest Gaspar de Carvajal, who documented the expedition, where reported a conflict against indigenous women and led to the current name of the river and as a result the current name of the region and the state (Amazonas in English: Amazons), and of Pedro de Ursúa, intending to prove the previous expedition, resulted in the Spanish Kingdom dropout attempt to colonize the region. After the unification of the Iberian kingdoms, Portugal launched an expedition on the river but in reverse from de Francisco de Orellana, from the mouth of the river to the place on the present-day city of Quito, capital of Ecuador, with the intention of attaching Spanish lands to the Portuguese Kingdom composing the current territory comprising the Brazilian Amazon, after the dissolution of the Iberian Union, Portuguese and Spanish possessions in the region they were undefined resulting in internal conflicts in the region between Portugal and Spain, the Portuguese Crown later asserted the principle of uti possidetis, with respect to the region, during this time was first asserted the principle from Roman law of uti possidetis, ita possideatis, (Latin, "who has possession, has dominion"), analogous to English common law "Squatters rights" Due account may have been taken of John Locke's labour theory of property.

Border in the ancient Gran Colombia in 1824 with the current territory of the Amazonas State, before the Treaty of Vásquez Cobo–Martins.

The issues originated from the conflict between what was granted by law in the Treaty of Torsedillas (1494), and the subsequent reality of colonial expansion Spanish, eastward the expansion from the Pacific coastal plains had been restrained by the rise of the Andes, while Portuguese westward expansion had aided by the waterways and lowlands of the mighty Amazon. The Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750), finished the border between the Spanish possessions and southern Portuguese Brazil, had first enunciation the principle that new states, at the time of their creation shall have dominion over the lands that were settled as colonies. It implicitly opened the door to claims by prior possession in the vast lands of the north.

Border Brazil with Gran Colombia

After the independence of Brazil in 1822, the current borders of the Amazonas State have become undefined at the time with the Gran Colombia, with conflicts internal that neighbour country which have resulted in the emergence of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama, did Brazil sign the Treaty Vásquez Cobo–Martins (1908) entitling finally the possessions Brazilian in the north of the State, through the line geodesic Apóporis-Tabatinga and possession of the municipal area of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, border Brazil-Colombia.

Spanish conquistadors and Jesuits

Bust of Francisco de Orellana, explorer who discovered the Amazon River

By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the whole Amazon basin was in the area of the Spanish Crown. The mouth of a great river was discovered by Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, who reached it in February 1500, followed by his cousin Diego de Lepe, in April of that year. He called the river Río Santa María de la Mar Dulce (River of Saint Mary of the Sweet Sea) on account of the large freshwater estuary extending into the sea at its mouth.

In 1541, Spanish conquistadores Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana, from Quito, Ecuador, crossed the Andes Mountains and explored the course of the river to the Atlantic Ocean. The indigenous people called this river the Conoris.^{[Note 1]} The myth of women warriors on the river has spread in the accounts and books, without any popular scope,^[6] still making those regions to receive names of warriors of Greek mythology, the Amazons — among them the largest river in the region that became known as the Amazon River. Early publications, as was the style of the day, called the river after its European explorer, the Orellana.

Also in the 16th century, there were the expeditions of conquistadores Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre in search of the legendary El Dorado, the Lost City of Gold (1559–1561)

Spanish Jesuit missions were the first settlements upstream on the Amazon. As many as 30 missions were founded in Amazon territory, seven in Brazil, between 1638 and 1727.^{[Note 2]} The municipality of Silves on an island of Lake Saracá is one of the oldest in the Amazon, originating in a Mercedarian Indian mission founded in 1663. By the early 18th century, they were destroyed by the Portuguese, depopulated by smallpox, or their indigenous residents taken away as slaves by Portuguese Bandeirantes. A few were taken over by Portuguese Carmelites. The destruction of the missions was the end of Spanish claims in western Amazonia. Only one is a populated place today, San Pablo, now the municipality of São Paulo de Olivença.

English, Dutch and French outposts

Starting about 1580, without effective occupation, English, Dutch, Irish (and even some French) searching for so-called Drogas do Sertão (spices of the backlands^{[Note 3]}) had established some outposts upstream of the mouth of the Amazon.

Portuguese usurpation

For prior history of Amazonian Brazil, see Pará#History.

From at least the time of the Tordesillas Treaty in 1494^{[Note 4]} until the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, the region of the upper Amazon was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru (Viceroyalty of New Granada after 1717). Everything north of the Amazon (Solimões) and west of the Nhamundá River (Yamundá, in Spanish), an affluent of the left bank of the Amazon that forms the boundary of Amazonas with Pará, was known as Spanish Guyana.

Portuguese expansion westward and northward of the Torsedillas Line began from the frontier of the northern-most captaincy of Maranhão with the expulsion of the French from São Luis in 1615, and the founding of Belém at the mouth of the Amazon in 1616. Exploration and colonization thence followed the waterway upstream.

There are accounts of Portuguese Carmelite missionaries active in the Solimões area, upstream of the Rio Negro, as early as the 1620s, but permanent settlements weren't established for another 80 years, so the records are nebulous. The first documented Portuguese foray into upper Amazonia was the expedition of Portuguese explorer and military officer Pedro Teixeira, who followed the great river from the Atlantic Ocean to Quito, Equador with 70 soldiers and 1,200 Indians in forty-seven great canoes (1637–1639). He returned by the same route, arriving back in Belem in 1639. According to the Portuguese, Pedro Teixeira placed a possession marker at the upper Japurá River in 1639. Soon after that the Portuguese bandeirante António Raposo Tavares, whose bandeira, leaving the captaincy of São Vicente travelling overland, reached the Andes, and following the Amazon River, returned to Belém, visiting a total of about 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi), between 1648 and 1651.

Tropical jungle is hostile and impenetrable. Aboriginal as well as European settlements were exclusively along the waterways. Portuguese expansion generally was east to west, and from the main channel, the Solimões, north and south along the tributaries. The character of the settlements was of three kinds: defense and occupation (fortes), economic (feitorias), and evangelical (missãos). The first permanent Portuguese settlements in the region were Itacoatiara 176 km east of Manaus, founded in 1655 by Portuguese Jesuit Padre António Vieira as Mission of Aroaquis on the island of Aibi near the mouth of Lake Arauató, followed by São Gabriel, founded in 1668 as < > by Franciscan Friar Theodósio[Teodózio or Teodósio] da Veiga and Captain Pedro da Costa Favela on the Rio Negro, near the mouth of the Rio Aruím. In 1761, a fort was built on the location, and the settlement became the town of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. The first missionary aldea of the Portuguese in the Negro was that known as Santo Elias dos Tarumas (originally aldeia of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, and later called Airão), dating from 1692.

The capital Manaus, was founded in 1693–94 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro (later called Lugar da Barra do Rio Negro or "place on the shore of Rio Negro") on the confluence of the Rio Negro and Solimões Rivers.

The Royal Charter of 1693 divided Amazonia among the Jesuits, Carmelites, Capuchines and Franciscans: the Jesuits restricted their activities to the south bank of the Amazon upstream to the mouth of the Madeira; the north shore of the Amazon as far as the Trombetas fell to the Franciscans, to the mouth of the Rio Negro to the Mercedarians, and the Negro itself and the Solimoes to the Carmelites. The Portuguese Carmelites got a later start than the Spanish Jesuits, but their impact was more durable. Between 1697 and 1757, they established eight missions on the Solimões and nine on the Rio Negro.^{[Note 5]} In addition, there were a few Portuguese Jesuit missions in the Solimões. In 1731, Portuguese Jesuits received orders from the Governor Luiz de Vasconcellos Lobo to establish two aldeias above the mouth of the Rio Negro, one on the right bank of the Orellana [Solimões], between the eastern mouth of the Javari and the Carmelite aldeia of São Pedro; the other at the western mouth of the great river Japurá. This was the beginning of what came to be called the Jesuit–Carmelite War.

Antidote to settlement was disease: fierce smallpox epidemics in 1661, 1695, 1724, and 1743/49 left the region nearly depopulated. A Carmelite Friar had notable success with the method of variolation in 1729, but the technique was not propagated. The Jenner cowpox vaccine was not introduced in Brazil until 1808. Variolation was prohibited in 1840, and vaccination was mandated in 1854. But epidemics got worse until finally petering out around the turn of the century.

Within the project of occupying the Amazon hinterland, was formed the royal captaincy of São José do Rio Negro subordinate to Para, in Mar. 1755, with headquarters in the village of Mariuá, (now Barcelos).

The borders of Brazil

The boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish domination of the Amazon was eventually fixed at the Rio Javari (river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru) by the Treaty of Madrid in 1750.

By the mid-18th century, the effective boundary between the two empires, the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and Portuguese Brazil, had shifted to the area of the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, in upper Amazonia. While the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 implicitly recognized the principle of <uti possiditis>, it did not actually specify the northern borders of the country. At that time, the border of contention between Spanish and Portuguese domains was in the upper Solimões, at the junction of the Rio Negro. In the upper Salomoes, Spanish missionary influence was being displaced, and the Viceroy was indifferent to colonization, but Portuguese settlements were not yet established. Part of the northern boundary between Brazil and what was then British Guyana, was set by the Spanish Boundary-line Commission of Yturriaga and Solano (1757–1763). After two indecisive wars between Portuguese and Spanish colonial forces 1761–1763 and 1776–1777, the border between the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, the Viceroyalty of Peru (and successor states) and Grão-Pará region of Brazil, was set between 1781 and 1791 by negotiation.

Age of rebellion

In 1821, Grão-Pará and Rio Negro provinces became the unified Grão-Para. The following year, Brazil proclaimed its independence and Grao-Para became the Province of Para of state of Brazil.

At the time of the independence in Brazil in 1822, residents of the village proclaimed themselves independent, establishing a provisional government.

When Emperor Pedro I declared independence from Portugal, in 1822, he had to fight also the provinces of Grão-Pará and Maranhão. In 1823, a ship commanded by British officer John Pascoe Grenfell arrived at the port of Belém, to combat rebels. Only in August 1824 did the new governor swore loyalty to the Brazilian Emperor. The Province of Pará, including the comarca of Rio Negro, the upper Amazon region, was incorporated into the Empire of Brazil in 1824.

A revolt in 1832 demanded the autonomy of the Amazon as a separate province of Pará. The rebellion was suppressed, but the Amazons were able to send a representative to the Imperial Court, Friar José dos Santos Inocentes, who got up the creation of the District of the Upper Amazon. During Cabanagem in 1835–40, the Amazon remained loyal to the imperial government and not joined the revolt.

As a sort of reward for loyalty, the Province of Amazonas was officially created by Emperor Pedro II in 1850.

Rubber and economic exploitation

From the mid 19th century, the territory began to receive migrants from the northeast seeking a better life. Attracted by the rubber boom, they settled in important Amazonian cities such as Manaus, Tabatinga, Parintins, Itacoatiara and Barcelos, the first capital of Amazonas.

The state had an era of splendor in the 1850s, at the peak of the rubber boom. However, the economic gains were largely the result of great human suffering: untold thousands of enslaved Amerindian seringueiros (rubber tappers) died through disease and overwork.

By the late 19th century, the Brazilian rubber monopoly was slowly dying, as British and Dutch plantations in South-East Asia were producing cheaper, superior quality rubber, and by 1900 the Amazonas state had fallen into serious economic decline.

The state capital of Manaus had once been a rich city (it received street lighting and streetcars before London) but had largely fallen into disrepair after the end of the rubber boom.^[7]^[8]

Development and deforestation

Main articles: Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest and Deforestation in Brazil

It was not until the 1950s that federal government policy rescued the state from complete financial ruin. In 1967, the federal government implemented a plan to revive the city of Manaus, and today the city is the financial centre of the region.

Twenty percent of South America's rain forest has been lost in the last 40 years.

Tapajos gold rush

In 1958, a prospector found gold in one tributary of the Tapajos River. This discovery triggered the largest gold rush in Brazil’s history, which lasted until the mid-1990s.

Geography

The state is home to the highest mountain in Brazil, Pico da Neblina, a tepui which stands at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft) above sea level.

Climate

The average temperature varies very little by season, between 26–28 °C. The rainfall varies from 50 to 250 mm per month, averaging 2100 mm per year.

Most of the state is in the tropical rainforest climate zone, a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season—all months have mean precipitation values of at least 60 mm. Its latitude is within five degrees of the equator—which is dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The equatorial climate is denoted Af in the Köppen climate classification.

Vitória Régia, in Amazonas River.

Vegetation

Aerial view of the Amazon Rainforest, near Manaus.

Amazonas is almost entirely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, 98% according to officials,^[9] and it is divided into three types of habitat, viz:

igapos – permanently flooded land, roots of vegetation always submerged
varzeas – higher than igapos, land is only submerged when rivers are at their highest during the wet season
low plateau – higher still, never submerged

The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.^[10] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than ¹⁄₃ of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.^[11] and species are discovered on an almost daily basis. The largest biodiversity of the planet is present across the State of Amazonas, generating great surprise in its visitors.

The Amazon rainforest at Manaus

Demographics

Largest cities

Main article: List of municipalities in Amazonas

Largest cities or towns in Amazonas (2016 census of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística)^[16]
	Rank		Mesoregion	Pop.	Rank		Mesoregion	Pop.
Manaus Parintins	1	Manaus	Centro	2,094,391	11	Iranduba	Centro	46,703	Itacoatiara
	2	Parintins	Centro	112,716	12	Lábrea	Sul	44,071
	3	Itacoatiara	Centro	98,503	13	São Gabriel da Cachoeira	Norte	43,831
	4	Manacapuru	Centro	95,330	14	Benjamin Constant	Sudoeste	40,417
	5	Coari	Centro	83,929	15	Borba	Sul	39,885
	6	Tabatinga	Sudoeste	62,346	16	Autazes	Centro	37,752
	7	Tefé	Centro	62,230	17	São Paulo de Olivença	Sudoeste	37,300
	8	Maués	Centro	61,110	18	Careiro	Centro	36,922
	9	Manicoré	Sul	53,890	19	Nova Olinda do Norte	Centro	35,800
	10	Humaitá	Sul	52,354	20	Eirunepé	Sudoeste	34,461

Statistics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1872	57,610	—
1890	147,915	+156.8%
1900	249,756	+68.9%
1920	363,166	+45.4%
1940	438,008	+20.6%
1950	514,099	+17.4%
1960	708,459	+37.8%
1970	955,235	+34.8%
1980	1,430,089	+49.7%
1991	2,103,243	+47.1%
2000	2,813,085	+33.7%
2010	3,480,917	+23.7%
sources: IBGE

Vehicles: 651,536 (March/2007);
Mobile phones: 4.4 million (April/2007)
Telephones: 998 thousand (April/2007)
Cities: 62 (2007).^[17]

Economy

The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 69.9%, followed by the service sector at 23.93% (2012). Agriculture represents 3.6% of GDP (2004). Amazonas exports: mobile phones 48.7%, others electronics 19.5%, motorcycles 7.7% (2002).

Share of the Brazilian economy: 1.5% (IBGE: 2015).

Amazonas economy was once reliant almost entirely upon rubber; today it has wide and varied industries, including the farming of cassava, oranges, and other agricultural products.

Recently the Brazilian government is pursuing the development of industries whose main focus will be the exporting of consumer goods. Due to its geographical proximity to the markets in the northern hemisphere and Amazon countries, like Venezuela, they believe this move will have a great economic impact not only in the north region of Brazil but in the entire country.

Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives have turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus). The mobile phone companies and games consoles Flextronics, LG and Sony run mobiles phones and games consoles manufacturing plants in Manaus. Also, many other major electronics and motorcycles manufacturer such as Samsung Electronics, Honda and Yamaha plants there.

Tourism

Tourism is now focused on ecotourism, centered in the cities of Manaus, Presidente Figueredo, Parintins, Barcelos and Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira.

Ecotourism

Sunset in the hill of the Six Lakes, Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil.

Amazon Rainforest.
Amazon River
Meeting of the Waters (Rio Negro river and Solimões river, in Brazilian Portuguese the river Solimões is the local name of an extension of the Amazon River).
Rio Negro
Anavilhanas Archipelago - The world’s largest fresh water archipelago of river islands, Anavilhanas is located on the Rio Negro in the Brazilian Amazon - 100 km upstream from Manaus.

Anavilhanas Park, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.

Lago Janauari Ecological Park
Pico da Neblina National Park, Pico 31 de Março (Pico Phelps in Venezuela).
State Park Ecological Serra do Acará.
State Reserve Ecological of Nhamundá.
Amazon Jungle Hikes & Canopy Tours
Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve

Amazon River, Amazonas, the largest river in Brazil

Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve
Jaú National Park
Abufari Biological Reserve
Pompadour fish.
Cardinal tetra
Pterophyllum scalare (freshwater angelfish).
Açutuba Beach
Tupe Beach

Adolpho Lisboa Municipal Market in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Heritage and Culture sites

City of Manaus (Rio Negro Palace, Amazon Theater, Justice Palace, Pied Tamarin Ecological Reserves, Municipal Park of Mindú, CIGS Zoo and Police Museum ).
City of Parintins (folklore festival occurs in June each year, included the carnival what occurs in February).
City of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (culture of indigenous tribes: Baniwa, Yanomami and Tukano, the hill of the Six Lakes and Pico da Neblina - is the highest mountain in Brazil).
Ponta Negra Beach
Presidente Figueiredo (natural waterfalls).
Balbina Lake (where is the piranha fishing and other amazonian fish).
The Science Grove.
Boi-Bumbas of Parintins Festival.
Adolpho Lisboa Municipal Market.

Education

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Nheengatu, an indigenous Tupian language, has also official status in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and has a few thousand speakers in that region.

Educational institutions

Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Amazonas);
University of the State of Amazonas (UEA) (Portuguese: Universidade do Estado do Amazonas);
Federal Institute of Amazonas (IFAM) (Portuguese: Instituto Federal do Amazonas).
National Institute of Amazonian Research (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia).

Private Universities

Paulista University (Unip-AM) (Universidade Paulista ).
University Nilton Lins.
Lutheran University of Brazil (Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA)).
University Center of Amazon Higher Education (Portuguese: Centro Universitário de Educação Superior de Amazonas (CIESA)).
Instituto de Ensino Superior Materdei.
University Literatus (Uni-Cel).
Metropolitan College (FAMETRO) (Portuguese: Faculdade Metropolitana).
Amazon Baptist Graduate School (ESBAM) (Portuguese: Escola Superior Batista do Amazonas).
Laureate International University Uninorte (Laureate Uninorte).
DeVry Martha Falcao.
Unilasalle.

Culture

Amazon Theater, the location of the opera festival.

The state also holds one of the greatest folkloric festivals of the country: Parintins Folklore Festival, which combines music, dance and all the cultural roots of the state, and the Amazonas Opera Festival.

Main theaters of the Amazonas

Manauara Theater
Chaminé Theater
LaSalle Theater
Amazon Theater (The most famous)
Cultural Center Peoples of Amazonian

Main museums of the Amazonas

MUSA - Amazonia Museum
Indians Museum (Museu do Índio)
Casa Eduardo Ribeiro Museum
Paço da Liberdade Museum
Museum of Natural Sciences
Caucho Museum or Seringal Museum (Official name: Museu do Seringal)
Tiradentes Museum Manaus

Shopping centers in the Amazonas

Manauara Shopping Center
Amazonas Shopping Center
ViaNorte Mall
Ponta Negra Mall
Millennium Shopping
Sumauna Park and Shopping Center
Cidade Leste Mall
Grande Circular Shopping
UAI São José Mall
Parintins Mall

Infrastructure

International airport

Eduardo Gomes International Airport(MAO) in Manaus employs roughly 3,300 people, among employees of Infraero, public agencies, concession holders, airlines and auxiliary services. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals: Terminal I was opened in 1976, Terminal II in 1980 and Terminal III in 2004. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling the import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex.

Highways

BR-174, BR-210, BR-230, BR-307, BR-317, BR-319, BR-411, BR-413.

Sports

Manaus was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the host nation. There are other small soccer stadiums in the Amazonas, they are:

Stadium Carlos Zamith
Stadium Roberto Simonsen

The Amazonia Arena hosted games during the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Stadium of Colina
Stadium Gilberto Mestrinho
Stadium Tupy Cantahede
Stadium Floro de Mendonça
Stadium Francisco Garcia
Among other stadiums in the Amazonas

The Amazonia Arena is the largest stadium in the Amazonas, it was built to host some matches of the FIFA World Cup of 2014 and was host some soccer matches of the 2016 Olympic Games.^[18]^[19]

Notes

↑ The river the Elglish language calls the Amazon has three names in Spanish and Portuguese: the Amazonas applies only from the estuary to the junction with the Rio Negro Thereafter the river becomes the Solimões until it enters Peru, where it is called the Maranon
↑ Including San Ignacio
↑ including cacao, sarsaparilla, urucu(annalto), cloves, cinnamon, anil, seeds, puxuri, vanilla
↑ the treaty line passed north-south through the coastal border of Maranhão/Pará in the north to a little south of São Paulo in the south.
↑ On the Solimões, they were Coari, Tefe, Manerua, Paraguari, Turucuatuba, São Paulo, and Sao Pedro; on the Rio Negro, they were Jau, Caragai, Aracari, Comaru, Mariua, Sao Caetano, Cabuquena, Baratua, and Dari

References

↑ Amazonas - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
↑ Governo do Estado do Amazonas. "Dados". Retrieved 23 November 2012.
↑ https://ia601505.us.archive.org/11/items/dellenauigationi03ramu/dellenauigationi03ramu.pdf
↑ http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-8396.html
↑ Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras
↑ Cascudo, Luís da Câmara (1998). Dicionário do Folclore Brasileiro: 10^a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro. ISBN 85-00-80007-0.
↑ Veríssimo, José (2010-02-22). Pará E Amazonas: Questão De Limites (reproduction). Nabu Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-144-88368-1.
↑ Temple, C.L. (1900). The State of Amazonas. London.
↑ The New York Times article on 2005 drought in Amazonas
↑ Turner, I. M. (2001). The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80183-4.
↑ Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals
↑ "SEPLAN" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2010-09-21.
↑ "Eleitorado do Amazonas" (in Portuguese). TRE-AM.
↑ Source: PNAD.
↑ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2007 (PDF) (in Portuguese). State of Amazonas, Brazil: IBGE. 2007. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
↑ "Censo Populacional 2016" (PDF). Censo Populacional 2016 (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
↑ Source: IBGE.
↑ The New York Times - "In the Brazilian Rain Forest, ‘a White Elephant, a Big One’", Page accessed at day 19 of October 2016
↑ The Wall Street Jornal Retrieved 19 October 2016

Amazon The Flooded Forest by Michael Goulding 1990

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazonas (Brazilian state).

Municipalities of Amazonas

Capital: Manaus

Mesoregion
Centro Amazonense

Coari	Anamã Anori Beruri Caapiranga Coari Codajás

Itacoatiara	Itacoatiara Itapiranga Nova Olinda do Norte Silves Urucurituba

Manaus	Autazes Careiro Careiro da Várzea Iranduba Manacapuru Manaquiri Manaus

Parintins	Barreirinha Boa Vista do Ramos Maués Nhamundá Parintins São Sebastião do Uatumã Urucará

Rio Preto da Eva	Presidente Figueiredo Rio Preto da Eva

Tefe	Alvarães Tefé Uarini

Mesoregion
Norte Amazonense

Japura	Japurá Maraã

Rio Negro	Barcelos Novo Airão Santa Isabel do Rio Negro São Gabriel da Cachoeira

Mesoregion
Sudoeste Amazonense

Alto Solimoes	Amaturá Atalaia do Norte Benjamin Constant Fonte Boa Jutaí Santo Antônio do Içá São Paulo de Olivença Tabatinga Tonantins

Jurua	Carauari Eirunepé Envira Guajará Ipixuna Itamarati Juruá

Mesoregion
Sul Amazonense

Boca do Acre	Boca do Acre Pauini

Madeira	Apuí Borba Humaitá Manicoré Novo Aripuanã

Purus	Canutama Lábrea Tapauá

Regions and States of Brazil

North	Acre Amapá Amazonas Pará Rondônia Roraima Tocantins

Northeast	Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí Rio Grande do Norte Sergipe

Center-West	Distrito Federal Goiás Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul

Southeast	Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro São Paulo

South	Paraná Rio Grande do Sul Santa Catarina

Fernando de Noronha Rocas Atoll Saint Peter and Saint Paul Trindade and Martim Vaz

Brazil

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Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth

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This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/19/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.

Amazonas (Brazilian state)

Etymology

History

Administrative evolution

Rise of the rainforest

Natives

Political domination

Spanish expeditions until the Treaty of Madrid (1750)

Border Brazil with Gran Colombia

Spanish conquistadors and Jesuits

English, Dutch and French outposts

Portuguese usurpation

The borders of Brazil

Age of rebellion

Rubber and economic exploitation

Development and deforestation

Tapajos gold rush

Geography

Climate

Vegetation

Demographics

Largest cities

Statistics

Economy

Tourism

Ecotourism

Heritage and Culture sites

Education

Educational institutions

Private Universities

Culture

Main theaters of the Amazonas

Main museums of the Amazonas

Shopping centers in the Amazonas

Infrastructure

International airport

Highways

Sports

See also

Further reading

Notes

References

External links