Andrew Pritchard

Andrew Pritchard (1804 –1882) was an English naturalist and natural history dealer who made significant improvements to microscopy and studied microscopic organisms. His belief that God and nature were one led him to the Unitarians, a religious movement to which he and his family devoted much energy. He became a leading member of Newington Green Unitarian Church in north London, and worked to build a school there.

Apprenticeship

Pritchard was apprenticed to his cousin Cornelius Varley, an artist deeply interested in science. For his improvements in the camera lucida, the camera obscura and the microscope, he received the Isis Gold Medal of the Society of Arts and later, at the Great Exhibition, he gained a medal for his invention of the graphic telescope.[1] Cornelius's brother was the painter John Varley, but Pritchard would have seen more of Cornelius's son Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, an engineer who pioneered the transatlantic telegraph cable.

Microscopy

Pritchard set up as an optician, and also sold microscopes and microslide preparations. These slides he prepared by studying the microscopic organisms that he saw, and identifying and labelling them. Starting in 1830, he collaborated with C.R. Goring to produce beautifully illustrated books showing the "animalcules" visible through the microscope. His shops were in central London, more towards The City than the West End, variously at 162 Fleet Street, Pickett Street and 312 & 263 The Strand. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says his List of 2000 Microscopic Objects (1835) "is very important in the history of microscopy... his History of the Infusoria (1841) was long a standard work, and the impetus it gave to the study of biological science cannot be overestimated." ("Infusoria" is a term then current for aquatic micro-organisms.) This latter book was enlarged and revised by John Ralfs and other botanists; Pritchard in turn condensed Ralfs's contribution on the diatomaceæ (diatoms, a type of phytoplankton), and wrote many books and articles on "natural history as seen through the microscope, on optical instruments, and on patents"[2]

Religious ties

Pritchard held various Dissenting religious views over his lifetime, holding that science and religion were one.[3] Through the Varleys he attended a Sandemanian church, where he became acquainted with Michael Faraday.[4] In the end he joined a Unitarian congregation, because religious freedom and self-improvement were the watchwords of the movement, which still struggled against civil disabilities. Money aside, Pritchard would not have been able to attend an English university as a young man, for example, because the only two, Oxford and Cambridge, restricted entry to members of the Church of England. "No-one exists divorced from immediate and larger social environments. Dissenters led educational reform, especially in giving "lower orders" scientific knowledge and skill."[5]

Pritchard joined the congregation of Newington Green Unitarian Church, an establishment long connected with scientific enquiry (Joseph Priestley), education (Mary Wollstonecraft), and political dissent (Richard Price). He is described in the church's history as "the leading member of the congregation". From 1850 to 1873 he was its treasurer, during which time donations doubled. Before the passage of the Elementary Education Act 1870, compulsory schooling did not exist, so the church started a school to offer education to the village children. He led the Newington Green Conversation Society, membership restricted to 16, a successor to the Mutual Instruction Society.[6] Faraday was a frequent visitor.[7]

Family

He married Caroline Isabella Straker in 1829 and they had several children. His wife was chair of the chapel organisation,[8] and after a few decades there were 20 Pritchards involved in the chapel.[9] Their son Henry Baden Pritchard (1841–1884) was a chemist, traveller, and photographer. Their son Andrew Goring Pritchard, a solicitor, was a leading light of the Association of Municipal Corporations; his son, Clive Fleetwood Pritchard, a barrister, became mayor of Hampstead;[10] his son Jack Pritchard (1899-1992) co-founded the Isokon design company, famous for the Lawn Road Flats.

Andrew and Caroline's son Ion (died 1929) and daughter Marian Pritchard (died 1908) continued the work of their parents at the Newington Green Unitarian Church.[11] The cause of liberal religion in general, and the development of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, were overarching themes. Ion was President of the Sunday School Association,[12] one of the precursors to the General Assembly. Marian in particular is described as an unsung heroine, and "one of the leaders of modern Unitarianism". She set up Oxford Summer Schools for the training of Sunday School teachers, and Winifred House Invalid Children's Convalescent Home.[13]

Works

References

  1. ↑ Chisholm 1911, pp. 921,922.
  2. ↑ ONDB article
  3. ↑ "He considered that scientific research must result in deeper awareness of religious truth, whilst the pursuit of religious truth can only be undertaken in the open minded spirit of scientific enquiry." From Thorncroft, Michael (1958). Trust in Freedom: The Story of Newington Green Unitarian Church 1708 – 1958. London: Private publication for the trustees of the church. p. 35.
  4. ↑ ONDB entry
  5. ↑ "CHARLES HENRY VANCE SMITH – MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE" by Peter B. Paisley in Microscopy Magazine", September 2010.
  6. ↑ p23-24. Thorncroft, Michael (1958). Trust in Freedom: The Story of Newington Green Unitarian Church 1708 – 1958. London: Private publication for the trustees of the church. p. 35.
  7. ↑ "CHARLES HENRY VANCE SMITH – MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE" by Peter B. Paisley in Microscopy Magazine", September 2010.
  8. ↑ "CHARLES HENRY VANCE SMITH – MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE" by Peter B. Paisley in Microscopy Magazine", September 2010.
  9. ↑ chapter 7 Thorncroft, Michael (1958). Trust in Freedom: The Story of Newington Green Unitarian Church 1708 – 1958. London: Private publication for the trustees of the church. p. 35.
  10. ↑ List of library archives
  11. ↑ See, for example, the Essex Hall Yearbook of 1903
  12. ↑ RELIGION AND LIBERTY. ADDRESSES AND PAPERS AT THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF UNITARIAN AND OTHER LIBERAL RELIGIOUS THINKERS AND WORKERS, HELD IN AMSTERDAM, SEPTEMBER, 1903. EDITED BY P. H. HUGENHOLTZ Jr. Leyden, 1904
  13. ↑ Thorncroft, p28, and throughout ch7 "The Lights Go Out".

Sources

Further reading

External links

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