Government of the Grand National Assembly
| Government of the Grand National Assembly | ||||||||||
| Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti | ||||||||||
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| Motto Ya istiklâl ya ölüm! "Liberty or death!" | ||||||||||
| Anthem İstiklâl Marşı "Independence March" | ||||||||||
.PNG) Situation in Turkey following the Treaty of Sèvres. | ||||||||||
| Capital | Ankara | |||||||||
| Languages | Turkish | |||||||||
| Government | Provisional government | |||||||||
| Speaker | ||||||||||
| • | 1920–1923 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürkab | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||||||
| • | 1920–1921 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | ||||||||
| • | 1921–1922 | Fevzi Çakmak | ||||||||
| • | 1922–1923 | Rauf Orbay | ||||||||
| • | 1923 | Ali Fethi Okyar | ||||||||
| Legislature | Grand National Assembly | |||||||||
| Historical era | War of Independence | |||||||||
| • | Proclamation | 23 April 1920 | ||||||||
| • | Constitution adopted | 20 January 1921 | ||||||||
| • | Armistice signed | 11 October 1922 | ||||||||
| • | Sultanate abolished | 1 November 1922 | ||||||||
| • | Treaty of Lausanne | 24 July 1923 | ||||||||
| • | Republic proclaimed | 29 October 1923 | ||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||
| • | est. | 6-7 million[1] | ||||||||
| Currency | Turkish Lira | |||||||||
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| Today part of |  Turkey | |||||||||
| ^a As "Speaker of the Grand National Assembly" ^b As "Commander-in-chief of Army of the Grand National Assembly" after 1921. | ||||||||||
The Government of the Grand National Assembly (Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti), commonly known as the Ankara Government (Turkish: Ankara Hükûmeti[2][3][4][5][6][7]), was the name given to the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) and during the final years of the Ottoman Empire. It was led by the Turkish National Movement, as opposed to the crumbling Constantinople Government, which was led by the Ottoman Sultan.
During the War of Independence, the Government of the Grand National Assembly commanded the army known as Kuva-yi Milliye ("National Forces"). After the war and victory over the monarchist Constantinople Government, the republican Ankara Government declared the end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the Republic of Turkey from its ashes in 1923. The Grand National Assembly is today the parliamentary body of Turkey.
Background
At the time the Ankara Government was proclaimed, there existed another Turkish government in the Allied-occupied Constantinople, namely the Imperial Ottoman Government, often known as the "Constantinople Government" (as opposed to the nationalist Ankara Government). Once the Grand National Assembly was established, on 23 April 1920, without rejecting at first the legitimacy of the Ottoman Sultanate, the new parliament in Ankara formed its own government within the Assembly. The Ministers were called "Vekil" (Acting) instead of the conventional "Nazır", to keep with the provisional nature of the government.
The Ankara Government was founded to represent Turkey because of the fact that the de jure capital, Constantinople, was under occupation. President of the GNA (renamed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey after 8 February 1921) and later of the Republic of Turkey, was Mustafa Kemal. Once the Armistice of Mudanya was signed, replacing the Armistice of Mundros (signed by the Ottoman Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I) and ending the Turkish War of Independence, the GNA abolished the imperial Sultanate, which was accused of collaborating with the Allies during the occupation of Turkey.
The Constantinople Government, representing the Ottoman sultanate and the old imperial and monarchical order, initially refused to recognize the Turkish national movement and the Government of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, holding that it alone was the legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire. It attempted to militarily defeat the Ankara Government using its Kuva-yi Inzibatiye, commonly known as the "Army of the Caliphate" (as opposed to the GNA's forces, the Kuva-yi Milliye, "Army of the Nation"), but failed to do so. In 1921, diplomatic teams from both the monarchist Constantinople Government and the republican Ankara Government appeared at the Conference of London. In a surprising move, however, the Ottoman diplomatic team led by Ahmet Tevfik Pasha gave in and allowed the Turkish diplomatic team led by Bekir Sami Kunduh to be the sole representatives of the country at the conference. The Treaty of Lausanne was signed on 24 July 1923, between the representatives of the Allies and of Ankara, thus officially recognizing the government of Ankara as the legitimate Turkish government.
On 29 October, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the Grand National National Assembly of Turkey.
See also
References
- ↑ Belgelerle Türk tarihi dergisi, Edition 18, Menteş Kitabevi, 1986, page 72. (Turkish)
- ↑ Esra Yakut: Şeyhülislâmlık: yenileşme döneminde devlet ve din, Kitap Yayinevi Ltd., 2005, ISBN 9789758704941, page 198,199. (Turkish)
- ↑ Pars Tuğlacı: Çağdaş Türkiye, Cem Yayınevi, 1987,Turkey page 358. (Turkish)
- ↑ Hakan Alan, Avni Alan: Istanbul Şehir Rehberi, ASBOOK, 2007, ISBN 9750114701, page 12. (Turkish)
- ↑ Yahya Kemal: Eğil Dağlar, Kubbealti Publishing, 1966, ISBN 9757618519, pages 13, 92-93, 138, 155, 170, 188, 204-205, 232, 302, 338. (Turkish)
- ↑ William Hale: Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000, Routledge, 2012, ISBN 0415599865, pages 36, 37, 38, 50, 265.
- ↑ Kemal Kirişci, Gareth M. Winrow: The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0714647462, pages 71-75, 77-79, 80, 82-84.