August 1900

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August 4, 1900: Troops of the Eight Nation Alliance march toward Beijing

August 14, 1900: Corporal Titus begins the rescue of diplomats trapped in Beijing

The following events occurred in August 1900:

August 1, 1900 (Wednesday)

• Hugh Marshall Hole, colonial administrator of Matabeleland and Bulawayo in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) solved the problem of a shortage of coins and bills by issuing his own money, now known by collectors as "Marshall Hole Currency".
• The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, was published for national distribution.^[1]
• Race rioting broke out in the predominantly African-American town of Keystone, West Virginia, after a white policeman shot a black arrest subject who lunged at him with a knife. An angry crowd threatened to lynch policeman Harry Messer, who was then taken into the custody of the McDowell County sheriff.^[2]

August 2, 1900 (Thursday)

• By a margin of 187,217 to 128,285,^[3] voters in North Carolina approved an amendment to Article VI of the state constitution, worded specifically to disenfranchise African-American voters. Under section 4, all persons registering to vote were required to pass a literacy test, "But no male person who was on January 1, 1867, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote ... and no lineal descendant of any such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote ... by reason of his failure to possess the educational qualifications herein proscribed ..." ^[4]

The Shah of Persia

• Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, the Shah of Persia (now Iran) survived an assassination attempt while visiting Paris. The Shah hit the assailant on the head with a cane, and the Grand Vizier twisted the assassin's wrist until he dropped the weapon.^[5] The gunman, identified as Francois Salson, said that he had also tried to assassinate former French President Jean Casimir-Perier but that the gun had misfired.^[6]

August 3, 1900 (Friday)

• Harvey Firestone established the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company as an automobile tire supply store in Akron, Ohio. Three years later, he began manufacturing tires.,^[7]
• Born: Ernie Pyle, American wartime journalist; near Dana, Indiana; killed in World War II, 1945

August 4, 1900 (Saturday)

• In China, a force of 20,000 soldiers of the Eight-Nation Alliance began their march from Tianjin to Beijing, to relieve the besieged envoys in the Chinese capital. The group was composed of 9,000 Japanese, 4,800 Russians, 2,900 Britons, 2,500 Americans, 1,200 French, and a few hundred Austrian, German and Italian troops. At the same time, Chinese imperial troops were on their way from Beijing to resist the Allied troops.^[8]
• Born: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Consort during reign of her husband, King George VI of the United Kingdom and mother of Queen Elizabeth II; (d. 2002)

August 5, 1900 (Sunday)

• In a seven-hour-long battle at Peit-sang, Chinese imperial troops fought against the advancing allied troops. The Allies had an estimated 1,200 killed and wounded, while the Chinese lost 4,000 killed and wounded.^[9]
• Died: James Augustine Healy, 70, the first African-American Roman Catholic Bishop, and Bishop of Portland (Maine) since his appointment in 1875 by Pope Pius X. Healy's father was a white Irish immigrant and plantation owner, while his mother had been an African-American slave of mixed race, and Healy was born in Macon, Georgia. Under the laws of that state, he was regarded as a Negro.

August 6, 1900 (Monday)

• Gustav Mahler completed his Symphony No. 4.^[10]
• Born: Cecil H. Green, co-founder of Texas Instruments, at Bury, Lancashire; (d. 2003)

August 7, 1900 (Tuesday)

• The Allies captured Yang-tsun after losing 700 men.^[9]

August 8, 1900 (Wednesday)

• The Allied troops routed Chinese defenders at Tsi-nin, clearing the way for the liberation of foreign envoys at Beijing.^[9]

August 9, 1900 (Thursday)

• In Boston, the first Davis Cup competition was won by the United States, as Dwight F. Davis (who donated the cup) and Holcombe Ward defeated the British team of Ernest Black and Herbert Barrett in straight sets, winning the third of five scheduled matches.^[11]
• From Constantinople came word of the massacre of 200 men, women and children in the village of Saganik (also called) Spagbank in the Sassun district of Anatolia.^[12] Two weeks later, the Ottoman Sultan ordered a committee to investigate the reports.^[13]

August 10, 1900 (Friday)

• Milton S. Hershey got out of the business of making caramel candy, selling his Lancaster Caramel Company to investor Daniel F. Lafean for one million dollars in cash. Hershey and his attorney, John Snyder, turned down initial offers for a merger, then for $500,000 and finally for $900,000 cash and $100,000 stock before sealing the deal in Providence, Rhode Island, at 11:00 in the morning.^[14] With the infusion of capital, The Hershey Company built a factory in Derry Church, Pennsylvania and created the largest chocolate manufacturer in America, with sales of five billion dollars a year by 2007.
• A plot to kidnap Lord Roberts was foiled as the ringleaders were arrested in Pretoria.^[15] Hans Cordua was the only one of the perpretrators to be executed, dying before a firing squad on August 24.
• Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, the Lord Chief Justice of England, died at the age 67, following surgery the day before for "gastric catarrh".^[16]
• Born: Norma Shearer, film actress, born Edith Norma Shearer in Montreal (d. 1983); and Arthur Espie Porritt, Governor General of New Zealand 1967–72, Olympic medalist 1924; in Wanganui; (d. 1994)

August 11, 1900 (Saturday)

• Violence broke out on Laysan Island in the Territory of Hawaii, after the 41 Japanese miners on the small (1.5 by 1 mile) isle confronted the four white American managers of Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Company. In response, manager Joseph Spencer pulled two pistols and announced that the first person to step forward would die. When the group charged en masse, Spencer fired away, killing two of the Japanese and wounding three others. The next day, the 39 survivors were arrested and imprisoned on the ship Ceylon, and on August 16, everyone sailed back to Honolulu. Spencer was acquitted after a ten-day trial, and the other men were fired.^[17]
• Born: Philip Phillips, American archaeologist (d. 1994)

August 12, 1900 (Sunday)

• The Allies captured Tung-chau, placing them within 13 miles (21 km) of Beijing.^[18]
• The French destroyer Framee sank after a collision with the battleship Brennus, during maneuvers off the coast of Portugal, at Cape St. Vincent. The accident occurred when the Framee turned to the right as the French fleet was ordered to turn left. Forty-six of the 60 men the Framee died, including Captain du Plessix.^[19]
• Died: Wilhelm Steinitz, who reigned as the world's chess champion for 20 years until losing in 1894 to Emanuel Lasker, died, penniless and insane, at the Manhattan State Hospital in New York.^[20]

August 13, 1900 (Monday)

• As troops from the Eight-Nation Alliance neared Beijing, the Chinese army set up a Krupp cannon to fire down on the foreign legations, in the heaviest attack to that time. A counterattack by guns within the embassy compound killed the Chinese gun crew and halted the attack. The allied force was within 14 miles (23 km), in Tungchow (Tongzhou).^[21]
• Thomas C. Lawler, who verified the identity of the corpse of John Wilkes Booth, died in Lynn, Massachusetts. Lawler, a barber at the National Hotel in Washington, had given Booth a haircut the day before the assassination of Lincoln.^[22]

August 14, 1900 (Tuesday)

• The 20,000 member multinational force arrived at Beijing. The Russian forces attacked the Tung Pien gate. The 9th and 14th American infantries reached the 30-foot (9.1 m) high Tartar Wall and Colonel Daggett asked for a volunteer to scale the structure. Corporal Calvin P. Titus, a 20-year-old bugler from Company E climbed footholds on the wall, found it undefended, and the rest of the force followed, planting thee flag at 11:03 a.m. With Japanese and American attackers drawing the Chinese army away from the walled city, a group of Sikh soldiers from the British force were the first to enter Beijing, at 2:45 pm. By 4:00, the 55-day siege of the foreign legations was over, and the next phase was to take the Imperial City and the Forbidden City.^[23]
• The Hamburg-American liner Deutschland broke the record for the fastest transatlantic crossing, arriving in Plymouth, England, at 8:20 a.m., five days, 11 hours and 45 minutes after passing the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, the point where New York departures were considered to be underway.^[24]
• The world's first six-masted ship, the George W. Wells, was launched from Camden, Maine. ^[25] At 342 feet in length and 48 feet wide, the Wells was the largest wooden ship in the world at that time.
• Died: Collis Huntington, 78, American railroad magnate and multimillionaire who built the Central Pacific, the Southern Pacific and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroads

August 15, 1900 (Wednesday)

• China's Empress Cixi fled from Beijing as the troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance raised the siege of the foreign legations. Prior to her departure, she ordered that Zhen Fei, the favorite wife of her predecessor, the Emperor Guangzu, be thrown down into a well.^[26]
• Rioting broke out on New York's Eighth Avenue, between 30th and 42nd Streets, following the August 12 stabbing death of Robert Thorpe of the NYPD. When a black man caused an altercation outside of the home where Thorpe's body lay, fighting broke out and mobs of white men were soon pulling black people off of streetcars and beating them. By 10:30, the violence seemed under control, and then a revolver was fired from inside a house on 41st street. "This seemed a signal for the riot to begin again," noted the Times, "for crowds began to appear as if by magic." ^[27]

August 16, 1900 (Thursday)

• A German excavation at the Tel Amran ibn Ali, near the Babylonian temple at Etemenanki (near modern Al Hillah, Iraq), German excavators unearthed a glazed amphora with 10,000 coins dating from the 7th century BC.^[28]

August 17, 1900 (Friday)

• The allied troops entered the "Forbidden City", the section of Beijing that housed the Imperial quarters and was off limits even to most Chinese citizens. The Empress Cixi had fled the city to the Shensi province, 600 miles (970 km) to the south.^[29]
• Lt.Gen. Gribsky, Military Governor of the Amur province, had published the annexation of Manchurian territory to Russia, by decree of August 12. "All the region of Manchuria occupied by our troops is henceforth withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the Chinese authorities and subordinated entirely to our authority and laws," the proclamation began, adding that the Tranz-Zeya territory and the Aigun and Sakhalian settlements would be Russian territory.^[30]
• José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, one of Portugal's greatest authors, died of tuberculosis in Paris at age 54.
• Grasshopper infestation of Kalamazoo, Michigan, closed businesses, stopped trains^[31]

August 18, 1900 (Saturday)

• At the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris, David Hilbert presented a list of ten mathematical problems that remained unsolved and would present a challenge to mathematicians in the coming century. The list was later expanded to 23.^[32]
• Yi Haeung elevated posthumously to King of Korea^[33]
• Bolivian troops crushed a secession attempt in the "Republic of Acre". Bolivian ambassador Fernando e Guachalla confirmed rumors on November 29; revolution started in December 1899 under "a Spaniard named Galvez" who returned to Madrid after three or four months, and was replaced by Rodriguez Arles of Brazil; rebellion crushed August 18^[34]
• Born: Vijayalakshmi Pandit, first woman president of the U.N. General Assembly (d. 1990); and Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist, in Indianapolis (d. 1964)

August 19, 1900 (Sunday)

• Prempeh I, the King of the Asante of the Gold Coast (now Ghana), had been exiled by the British to Sierra Leone in 1897. After concluding that he was still directing his subjects from exile, the British moved the Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh I several thousand miles away, to the Seychelles, where he remained until 1924.^[35]
• Li Hung Chang proposed cease fire and peace negotiations, five days
• Abe Attell first professional bout^[36]
• Born: Colleen Moore, silent film actress, as Kathleen Morrison in Port Huron, Michigan (d. 1988); and Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher, in Brighton (d. 1976)

August 20, 1900 (Monday)

• The Dowager Empress of China, CiXi, issued a decree blaming herself for the abortive Boxer Rebellion.^[37]
• General John C. Bates, representing the United States, signed a treaty with the Sultan Jamalul Kiram of the Jolo provinces of Mindanao^[38]

August 21, 1900 (Tuesday)

• Annexation of the Austral Islands by the Governor of Tahiti^[39]
• Amnesty proclamation by Arcadio Maxilom on Cebu (8/21–9/24). See also 3/14, 6/22^[40]
• Signing of treaty between U.S. and Spain to restore relations ended by Spanish–American War.^[31]

August 22, 1900 (Wednesday)

• Parachute accident in Delphos, Ohio, killed stuntman Harry Davis. Davis had jumped from a balloon as part of the attractions of the fair.^[41]
• Born: Sergei Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964)

August 23, 1900 (Thursday)

• The Union Jack was hoisted over Choiseul Island, an 1,147-square-mile (2,970 km²) island in the Solomon Islands, and a British protectorate was declared. Shortland Island had been claimed the day before.^[42]
• The National Negro Business League (NNBL), organized by Booker T. Washington and J.H. Lewis, was founded in Boston in a meeting of 300 businessmen.^[43] Known since 1966 as the National Business League continues to operate in Atlanta.^[44]
• The sarcophagus of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (1027–1039) was opened and his body photographed, confirming that he was long-bearded and exceptionally tall—6 feet 6 inches.^[45]

August 24, 1900 (Friday)

• (Transvaal Army Lieutenant Hans Cordua was executed by firing squad, three days after having been found guilty of a conspiracy to kidnap the British commander, Lord Roberts.^[46]

August 25, 1900 (Saturday)

• The word "television" appeared for the first time, as part of a paper presented at the International Electricity Congress in Paris.^[47] M. Constantin Perskyi of France delivered the paper "Télévision au moyen de l'électricité".^[48][49] The term was first used in the American press in 1907.^[50]
• The Chicago Coliseum, a state of the art arena with seats for 10,000 people, was dedicated in conjunction with the opening of the convention of the Grand Army of the Republic. U.S. President William McKinley had been scheduled to address the assembled veterans, but cancelled because of crises in Asia.^[51] The Coliseum, which hosted conventions, rock concerts and sports, closed in 1971 and was demolished in 1982. The same day, millions of white butterflies fluttered into downtown Chicago. The New York Times headline the next day was "Chicago Pretty at Last".^[52]
• Friedrich Nietzsche died in Weimar, Germany, eleven years after going insane. The "Father of Modern Atheism" was buried at a graveyard at his family church.^[53]
• Born: Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, British physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1953; in Hildesheim, Germany (d. 1981)

August 26, 1900 (Sunday)

• The "unidentified French coxswain" became the youngest Olympic medalist in history, helping the team of Francois Brandt and Roelof Klein win the first gold medal ever for the Netherlands. After the original coxswain, Hermanus Brockmann, proved to be so heavy that he was slowing the pair down, the Dutchmen located a boy who could serve as the third person on the team. The identity of the young man, estimated to be 10 years old, has remained a mystery, but a photograph of him was published by Brandt in a 1926 book.^[54][55]
• Born: Hellmuth Walter, German rocket engineer, in Wedel, Germany (d. 1980)

August 27, 1900 (Monday)

• In the Battle of Dalmanutha, British troops under the command of Lord Roberts defeated the South African troops led by General Louis Botha, forcing South African Republic President Paul Kruger to flee the country.^[56]
• A group of thunderstorms passed over the Cape Verde Islands and then began the process of coalescence and a westward drift along the trade winds. By September 5, the storms had become a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico, and on September 8, struck Galveston, Texas, for the worst natural disaster in American history.^[57]

August 28, 1900 (Tuesday)

• Celebrating their victory in the Boxer War the armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance staged a parade at Beijing's Tiananmen Square.^[58]

August 29, 1900 (Wednesday)

• Robert Leroy Parker (aka Butch Cassidy), Harry Longabaugh (aka The Sundance Kid and other members of "The Wild Bunch" staged their third train robbery, taking control of Union Pacific train No. 3 at Tipton, Wyoming, robbing the express car of $45,000 and successfully escaping.^[59]
• Gaetano Bresci, who had assassinated Italy's King Umberto a month earlier, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment after a one-day-long trial. Bresci was found dead in his cell on May 22, 1901, an apparent suicide.^[60]

August 30, 1900 (Thursday)

• Former world heavyweight boxing champion "Gentleman Jim" Corbett had his final prizefight, knocking out Kid McCoy in the fifth round of a bout at Madison Square Garden.^[61] McCoy admitted later that he had been paid $5,000 to throw the fight, although Corbett said later that he had been paid to throw the fight as well.^[62]
• Harness racing legend Dan Patch, the fastest horse of his time, made his debut in a race at the Benton County Fair in Indiana.^[63]

August 31, 1900 (Friday)

• The Government of Mexico called an end to an eight-month-long war against the Yaqui Indians, after exterminating most of the rebels.^[64]

Births

• August 3 – Ernie Pyle, American wartime journalist; near Dana, Indiana; killed in World War II, 1945
• August 4 – Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Consort during reign of her husband, King George VI of the United Kingdom and mother of Queen Elizabeth II; (d. 2002)
• August 6 – Cecil H. Green, co-founder of Texas Instruments, at Bury, Lancashire; (d. 2003)
• August 10 – Norma Shearer, film actress, born Edith Norma Shearer in Montreal (d. 1983)
• August 10 – Arthur Espie Porritt, Governor General of New Zealand 1967–72, Olympic medalist 1924; in Wanganui; (d. 1994)
• August 11 – Philip Phillips, American archaeologist (d. 1994)
• August 18 – Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist, in Indianapolis (d. 1964); and
• August 18 – Vijayalakshmi Pandit, first woman president of the U.N. General Assembly (d. 1990).
• August 19 – Colleen Moore, silent film actress; born Kathleen Morrison in Port Huron, Michigan; d. 1988
• August 19 – Gilbert Ryle, British philosopher, in Brighton; (d. 1976)
• August 22 – Sergei Ozhegov, Russian lexicographer (d. 1964)
• August 25 – Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, British physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1953; in Hildesheim, Germany (d. 1981)
• August 26 – Hellmuth Walter, German rocket engineer, in Wedel, Germany; (d. 1980)

References

1. The Wizard of Oz: Celebrating the Hundredth Anniversary (Macmillan, 2000), p219
2. "Race War in West Virginia", New York Times, August 3, 1900, p1
3. Gene Stowe, Inherit the Land: Jim Crow Meets Miss Maggie's Will (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2006), pp26–27
4. Charles Waddell Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition (Macmillan, 2002), pp362–363
5. "Tries to Kill the Shah", New York Times, August 3, 1900, p1
6. "The Shah's Assailant", New York Times, August 5, 1900, p1
7. Anthony Hallett, Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs (John Wiley and Sons, 1997), p199
8. Boot, Max (2003). The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. New York: Basic Books. p. 90. ISBN 046500721X. LCCN 2004695066.
9. Library of World History (Western Press Association, 1914), v.10, p4690
10. http://theoperacritic.com/tocreviews.php?review=msszbmattila0805.htm
11. "Tennis Cup Stays Here", New York Times, August 10, 1900
12. Annual Register of World Events 1901, p26
13. "Sultan Orders Investigation", New York Times, August 22, 1900
14. Michael D'Antonio, Hershey: Milton S. Hershey's Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams (Simon & Schuster, 2007), pp. 88–91
15. "Diary For August", The Review of Reviews (September 15, 1900), p222
16. "England's Lord Chief Justice Dead", Winnipeg Free Press, August 11, 1900, p1
17. Tom E. Unger, Max Schlemmer, Hawaii's King of Laysan Island: Hawaii's King of Laysan Island (iUniverse, 2004), pp34–35
18. Justin McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, p133
19. "Torpedo Boat Goes Down", New York Times, August 13, 1900, p1
20. "William Steinitz Dead", New York Times, August 14, 1900, p5
21. Boot, op.cit., p92
22. "Booth's Identifier Dead", New York Times, August 13, 1900, p1
23. Boot, op.cit., pp93–94
24. "Ocean Record Broken", New York Times, August 15, 1900, p1
25. Barbara F. Dyer, Remembering Camden: Stories from an Old Maine Harbor (The History Press, 2008) p128
26. Bruce A. Elleman, Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989 (Routledge, 2001), p135
27. "Race Riot on West Side", New York Times, August 16, 1900, p1
28. T. Boiy, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta (Peeters Publishers, 2004), p46
29. "Allies Capture Forbidden City", New York Times, August 22, 1900, p1
30. Further Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances in China (British Foreign Office, 1901) pp14–15
31. The Statistician and Economist (1901–1902) (L.P. McCarty, 1902), p379
32. Konrad Jacobs, Invitation to Mathematics (Princeton University Press, 1992), p86
33. William Elliot Griffis, Corea, the Hermit Nation (C. Scribner's sons, 1907), p482
34. "A Short-Lived Republic", New York Times, November 30, 1900, p1
35. Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p304
36. F. Daniel Somrack, Boxing in San Francisco (Arcadia Publishing, 2004), p38
37. Edwin Pak-Wah Leung, Essentials of Modern Chinese History: 1800 to the Present (Research & Education Assoc., 2005), p43; Ng Lun Ngai-Ha Interactions of East and West: Development of Public Education in Early Hong Kong (Chinese University Press, 1984) p117
38. Rebecca Ramilo Ongsotto and Reena R. Ongsotto, Philippine History Module-based Learning (Rex Bookstore, Inc.), p160
39. The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research (C.A. Nichols Publishing, 1922) p632
40. Resil B. Mojares, The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu, 1899–1906 (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999), p81
41. Derek Nelson, The American State Fair (MBI Publishing Company, 2004)
42. U.S. Hydrographic Office, Pacific Islands Pilot (GPO 1916), pp427, 433
43. Virginia Lantz Denton, Booker T. Washington and the Adult Education Movement (University Press of Florida, 1993), p120
44. http://www.nationalbusinessleague.com/
45. Stefan Weinfurter, The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p44
46. Graham Jooste, Innocent Blood: Executions During the Anglo-Boer War (New Africa Books, 2002), pp179–180
47. Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1880 to 1941 (McFarland & Company, 1987) p23; quoted in Patrick Parsons, Blue Skies: A History of Cable Television (Temple University Press, 2008), p23
48. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwATAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA317&dq=perskyi&lr=&as_brr=3#PRA1-PA54,M1
49. Edwin D. Reilly, Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), pp252–53
50. "Sending Photographs By Telegraph", New York Times, February 24, 1907, III:7
51. "The G.A.R. Encampment"; "McKinley Cancels Trip"; New York Times, August 26, 1900, p4
52. "Chicago Pretty at Last", New York Times, August 26, 1900, p4
53. F. F. Centore, Theism Or Atheism: The Eternal Debate (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004), p15
54. http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv9n1/johv9n1i.pdf
55. Floyd Conner, The Olympics' Most Wanted (Brassey's, 2002),
56. Dorothea Fairbridge, A History of South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1918), p295
57. Jeffery Rosenfeld, Eye of the Storm: Inside the World's Deadliest Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Blizzards (Basic Books, 2003), p232
58. Xiaomei Chen, Acting the Right Part: Political Theater and Popular Drama in Contemporary China (University of Hawaii Press, 2002), p52
59. R. Michael Wilson, Great Train Robberies of the Old West (Globe Pequot, 2006) pp125–127
60. "Bresci, Gaetano", Encyclopedia of New Jersey (Rutgers University Press, 2004), p97
61. W. W. Naughton, Kings of the Queensberry Realm (Continental Publishing Co., 1902) p101
62. Fred D. Cavinder, More Amazing Tales from Indiana (Indiana University Press, 2003), p78
63. Charles Leerhsen, Crazy Good: The True Story of Dan Patch, the Most Famous Horse in America (Simon & Schuster, 2008), pp75–76
64. Robert L. Scheina, Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (Brassey's, 2003), p373