Agriculture in Australia

Climate map of Australia, based on Köppen classification.
  Equatorial   Tropical   Subtropical
  Desert   Grassland   Temperate
Adults employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries as a percentage of the adult population in Australia based upon the 2011 census, divided geographically by statistical local area

Australia is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with over 325,300 employed in Agriculture, forestry and fishing as of February 2015.[1] Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $155 billion-a-year for a 12% share of GDP. Australian farmers and graziers own 135,997 farms, covering 61% of Australia's landmass.[2] Across the country there is a mix of irrigation and dry-land farming. The CSIRO, the federal government agency for scientific research in Australia, has forecast that climate change will cause decreased precipitation over much of Australia and that this will exacerbate existing challenges to water availability and quality for agriculture.[3]

Murray Grey beef cows and calves

There are three main zones: the high rainfall zone of Tasmania and a narrow coastal zone (used principally for dairying and beef production); wheat, sheep zone (cropping (principally winter crops), and the grazing of sheep (for wool, lamb and mutton) plus beef cattle) and the pastoral zone (characterised by low rainfall, less fertile soils, and large scale pastoral activities involving the grazing of beef cattle and sheep for wool and mutton).[4] An indicator of viability of agriculture in the state of South Australia is whether land is within Goyder's Line.

Major agricultural products

Australia produces a large variety of primary products for export and domestic consumption. The forecast top ten agricultural products by value are listed for year 2006-07, with production figures from previous years.[5]

Commodity (in millions of AUD$) 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Cattle and calves 6,617 5,849 6,345 7,331 7,082 6,517
Wheat 6,356 2,692 5,636 4,320 5,905 6,026
Milk 3,717 2,795 2,808 3,194 3,268 3,245
Fruit and nuts 2,333 2,408 2,350 2,640 2,795 2,915
Vegetables 2,269 2,126 2,356 2,490 2,601 2,715
Wool 2,713 3,318 2,397 2,196 2,187 2,138
Barley 1,725 984 1,750 1,240 1,744 1,624
Poultry 1,175 1,273 1,264 1,358 1,416 1,461
Lambs 1,181 1,161 1,318 1,327 1,425 1,348
Sugar cane 989 1,019 854 968 1,037 1,208

Crops

Sunflower crop on the Darling Downs, Queensland.
Australian cereals quarterly exports ($Millions) since 1969.

Cereals, oilseeds and grain legumes are produced on a large scale in Australia for human consumption and livestock feed. Wheat is the cereal with the greatest production in terms of area and value to the Australian economy. Sugarcane, grown in tropical Australia, is also an important crop; however, the unsubsidised industry (while lower-cost than heavily subsidised European and American sugar producers) is struggling to compete with the huge and much more efficient Brazilian sugarcane industry. Listed below is crop production by kilotonnes (five year average) for the largest crops:

Crop (kilotonnes) New South Wales Victoria Queensland Western Australia South Australia Tasmania Total
Wheat 6714 2173 1301 6959 3382 23 20552
Barley 1070 1173 202 1511 20 25 5981
Sorghum 739 3 1140 3 0 0 1885
Cottonseed 663 0 1140 3 0 0 1806
Canola 637 312 1 530 225 1 1706
Oats 360 420 7 588 137 8 1520
Lupins 140 30 0 1050 103 0 1323
Field peas 20 166 0 47 190 1 424
Maize 190 8 171 6 0 0 375
Chickpeas 86 20 56 29 5 0 196
Lentils 2 68 0 2 56 0 128
Broad beans 42 68 1 0 14 0 125
Sunflower seed 46 0 65 0 0 1 112

Horticulture

Potato farming in rural Victoria.

Australia produces a wide variety of fruit, nuts and vegetables. The largest crops (>300 kilo tonnes, in 2001-2001) include oranges, apples, bananas, chestnuts, potatoes, carrots and tomatoes.

Tropical fruits, including bananas, mangoes and pineapples, fare well in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Australia is one of the few countries that produces licit opium for pharmaceuticals. This industry, centred in Tasmania, is subject to strict controls.

The horticulture industry has traditionally provided Australians with all their fresh fruit and vegetables needs, with a smaller export industry. However, loosened border controls and increasing importers have threatened local industries. Consumer research has repeatedly shown that Australians prefer local produce. However, there is no effective country-of-origin labelling and consumers frequently assume all fresh vegetables and fruit must be Australian.

In 2005 McDonald's Australia Ltd announced it would no longer source all its potatoes for fries from Tasmanian producers and announced a new deal with New Zealand suppliers. Subsequently, Vegetable and Potato Growers Australia (Ltd.) launched a political campaign advocating protectionism.[6] This campaign included a tractor convoy moving from Tasmania to the mainland (by barge) and then a road trip throughout country Victoria and New South Wales culminating at Canberra, the national capital.

Viticulture

See also: Australian wine
Grape vines in Mildura, Victoria during December 2006.

Australia has a large wine industry, and the value of wine exports surpassed A$2.3 billion in 2002-2003. Wine regions include the Barossa Valley in South Australia, Sunraysia in Victoria, Margaret River in Western Australia and the Hunter Valley in New South Wales. The key wine varieties grown in Australia (by area in 2001-2002) are Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Although the Australian wine industry enjoyed a large period of growth during the 1990s, over planting and over supply have led to a large drop in the value of wine, forcing some wine makers, especially those on contracts to large wine producing companies, out of business. The future for some Australian wine producers is now uncertain.

Australian meat quarterly exports ($Millions) since 1969.

Animal products

Beef industry

The beef industry is the largest agricultural enterprise in Australia, and it is the second largest beef exporter, behind Brazil, in the world. All states and territories of Australia support cattle breeding in a wide range of climates. Cattle production is a major industry that covers an area in excess of 200 million hectares. The Australian beef industry is dependent on export markets, with over 60% of Australian beef production exported, primarily to the United States, Korea and Japan.[7] The industry gained an advantage after the discovery of BSE (also known as mad cow disease) in Canada, Japan and the United States, as Australia is free of the disease.

Grass-fed cattle offered for sale at an auction.

In contrast to breeding systems in other parts of the world, Australian cattle are reared on pasture as the principal source of feed. In southern Australia (NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and south-western Western Australia) beef cattle are often reared on smaller properties as part of a mixed farming or grazing operation, but some properties do specialise in producing cattle. The southern calves are typically reared on pasture and sold as weaners, yearlings or as steers at about two years old or older.[8] Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are more commonly used in stud cattle breeding in Australia, but may be used in other herds.[9]

In the Top End, sub-tropical areas and in arid inland regions cattle are bred on native pastures on expansive cattle stations. Anna Creek Station in South Australia, Australia is the world's largest working cattle station.[10] The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in Queensland and the Northern Territory.[11] The Australian Agricultural Company (AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 head.[12] Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 head of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, Victoria River and Barkly Tablelands regions in Northern Australia.[13] Most cattle from these regions are exported as manufacturing beef or as live animals under 350 kilograms live weight to South-East Asia for fattening in feedlots there.

Prior to European settlement there were no cattle in Australia. The present herd consists principally of British and European breeds (Bos taurus), in the southern regions with Aberdeen Angus and Herefords being the most common. In northern Australia Bos indicus breeds predominate along with their crosses. They were introduced to combine the resistance to cattle ticks and greater tolerance of hot weather.[14]

Despite strong public opposition (a petition carrying 200,000 signatures of people opposed to live export was tabled in parliament[15])and opposition from the RSPCA because of cruelty, the export of live cattle continues.[16]

Prime lamb competition, New South Wales

Lamb meat industry

Lamb has become an increasingly important product as the sheep industry has moved its focus from wool production to the production of prime lamb. The beef meat industry and the lamb industry are represented by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA). Live export of cattle and sheep from Australia to Asia and the Middle East is a large part of Australian meat export. Live export practises came under scrutiny after the carrier Cormo Express carrying 52 000 animals was turned away from Saudi Arabia in 2003 due to suspected cases of scabby mouth. The sheep were eventually given to Eritrea. Media coverage has led to calls from animal rights activists for the live export trade to cease.

Pork industry

The number of pigs slaughtered (thousands) monthly in Australia since 1972

There are currently an estimated 2,000 pig producers in Australia, producing 5 million pigs annually (Productivity Commission). Although relatively small on the world stage (0.4% world production), the industry provides a significant positive impact on local, regional, state, and national economies through income generation and employment. The pork industry contributes approximately $970m to Australia's GDP and the supply chain contributes $2.6billion to the GDP. The industry generates over $1.2b of household income, directly employing 6,500 full-time positions, and the supply chain employs 29,000 people. The Australian pork industry is represented by Australian Pork Limited, a producer-run company created by legislation.

Dairy

An 80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production.

Dairy products are Australia's fourth most valuable agricultural export.

Domestic milk markets were heavily regulated until the 1980s, particularly for milk used for domestic fresh milk sales. This protected smaller producers in the northern states who produced exclusively for their local markets. The Kerin plan began the process of deregulation in 1986, with the final price supports being removed in 2000.[17]

Growth in the Australian dairy industry is dependent on expanding export markets. Exports are expected to continue to grow over time, particularly to Asia and the Middle East.

As the Australian dairy industry grows feedlot systems are becoming more popular.[18] Feedlot dairy cows may be housed indoors for their entire lives, directing energy that would have been used walking on pasture into milk production.[19]

Fisheries

Australian wool and sheepskin quarterly exports ($Millions) since 1969.

The gross value of production of Australia's fisheries and aquaculture products was $2.3 billion in 2002-03. The Australian aquaculture industry's share of this value has been steadily rising and now represents around 32 per cent. The value of exports of fisheries products in 2002-03 was $1.84 billion. Australia's main seafood export earners include rock lobsters, prawns, tuna and abalone.

Wool

A sheep being shorn in Western Australia

Wool is still quite an important product of Australian agriculture. The Australian wool industry is widely recognised as producing the finest quality Merino wool. This is largely attributable to selective breeding and a superior genetic line.

In 2001 Australian wool production accounted for 9% of world production (Australian Bureau of Statistics Data). However, it dominates the fine quality wool sector, producing 50% of the world's Merino wool. Although sheep are farmed Australia-wide, 36% of the flock is in New South Wales.

Research and development for the industry is led by Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI), a producer owned company. Australian wool is marketed by the Woolmark company. Both companies are held by Australian Wool Services, a company created by legislation.

The industry is export-oriented. Historically, up to 90% of Australian wool was exported. The industry has suffered from a lowering demand for natural fibres, and a decrease in wool prices worldwide.

Animal rights organisations including PETA are currently promoting a boycott of Australian, and all Merino wool, as a protest against the practice of mulesing, a procedure used to prevent the animals from becoming fly blown with maggots.[20] In 2004, due to the worldwide attention, AWI proposed to phase out the practice by the end of year 2010; this promise was retracted in 2009.[21]

Cotton

Australia also produces considerable amounts of cotton. The majority of the cotton produced is genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate or to actively kill pests through the production of Bt toxin (Bt-cotton). Cotton is generally grown by irrigation.

Seaweeds

The shorelines, especially the Great Barrier Reef, are providing motivation to help the continent by using seaweed (algae) to absorb nutrients.[22] Because of the giant number of natural Australian seaweeds,[23] not only could seaweed cultivation be used to help absorb nutrients around the GBR and other Australian shores, cultivation could also help feed a large part of the world.[24][25][26] Even the Chinese, who could be considered far more advanced in seaweed cultivation, are interested in the future of Australian seaweeds.[27] Lastly, the GBR itself, because of the delicate corals,[28] has lent itself to utilizing seaweed/algae purposely as a nutrient reduction tool in the form of algae.[29] This has occurred in the form of algae scrubbers, and seaweed cultivators, which are now available for domestic use worldwide.

Importance of irrigation

Because of Australia's large deserts and irregular rainfall, irrigation is necessary for agriculture in some parts of the country. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in 2004-05 was A$9,076 million compared to A$9,618 million in 2000-01. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production represents around a quarter (23%) of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Australia in 2004-05, on less than 1% of agricultural land.[30]

Of the 12,191 GL of water consumed by agriculture in 2004-05, dairy farming accounted for 18% (2,276 GL), pasture 16% (1,928 GL), cotton 15% (1,822 GL) and sugar 10% (1,269 GL).[30]

Issues facing Australian agriculture

Political values

Historian F.K. Crowley finds that:

Australian farmers and their spokesman have always considered that life on the land is inherently more virtuous, as well as more healthy, more important and more productive, then life in the towns and cities....The farmers complained that something was wrong with an electoral system which produced parliamentarians who spent money beautifying vampire-cities instead of developing the interior.[31]

The Country Party, from the 1920s to the 1970s, promulgated its version of agrarianism, which it called "countrymindedness". The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers (operators of big sheep ranches) and small farmers and justified subsidies for them.[32]

The decline in total employment in the agricultural sector (thousands of persons) since 1984

Technical, environmental and economic issues

The major issues facing agriculture in Australia are drought, water security, low soil fertility, weeds, climate change caused by global warming, biosecurity (biological threats from imported foods and livestock), tariffs on Australian exports in the importing country (particularly in Europe and Japan), subsidies to farmers in other countries (see Doha Development Round), currency fluctuations and price volatility. The wheat industry has also faced the end of the "single desk" marketing system after the Australian Wheat Board was found during the Cole Inquiry to have illegally paid bribes to officials in Iraq.

The agricultural industry is one of the most trade-exposed sectors of the Australian economy.[33] According to Charles McElhorn from the National Farmers Federation a 1% change in the value of Australian dollar is equivalent to a change of $220 million in export earnings.

Genetic modification

GM (Genetically modified) grains are not allowed in South Australia, where some grain producers have called for the moratorium to be lifted. They argue the GM technology would help them tackle weeds and other pests, and that farmers should be able to choose how they run their enterprises and whether or not they wanted to grow the 'premium products' described by Leon Bignell, the South Australian (SA) Agriculture Minister. Producers have also said their GM-free grain is not translating to higher profits. Bignell conceded more work needed to be done to market produce as GM-free but said he was confident producers would see higher financial returns in the near future. In March 2015, Bignell told farmers they should not use GM but should instead rely upon what he called 'God's gifts'.[34] He said the "amazing" results of the Government's 'New Horizons' soil improvement program "prove," in his view, that grain producers "do not need genetic modification technology." He said that "Instead of using the top five centimetres of the soil, you go down to 50cm or even deeper. You put clay in it when it's needed, you put organic matter where it's needed as well." Bignell said the trials had strengthened his view that South Australia should maintain a moratorium on GM technology, which he said gave the state's produce a "market edge". Bignell also said he believed results of the New Horizons program could be replicated in all grain growing areas of the state. Bignell added that "If you look at GM and the promises around increases of about seven per cent in yields, why would you go for seven per cent when you can get 50 to 100 per cent increases in yield without having to use genetically modified seeds?"[35]

Organic agriculture

World map of organic agriculture[36] (hectares)

Australia is a world leader in organic agriculture with 17,150,000 hectares of certified organic agriculture, which is 39.3% of the world total.[36] Australia has been a pioneer in organic farming practices since the introduction of biodynamics in Western Australia and Victoria in 1928.[37] With the growth in biological farming practices becoming more common throughout the Australia, traditional synthetic based fertilisers are replaced by the use of organic fertilisers in the form of compost and soil conditioners. Compost can improve overall soil health when incorporated into the soil or surface-applied as a soil conditioner. Despite differing in nutrient requirements, crops such as wheat, barley, oats, maize, canola, lucerne, fruit trees, grapes, sugar cane and many more can all benefit from the addition of pasteurised and composted organic materials.Compost can improve the soil’s physical, biological and chemical properties and positively enhance actively growing crops. Australian farmers are leading the way in the application methods of organic materials both above and below the soil surface. This continued used of composted organics completes the law of return cycle in the soil food chain, where nutrients removed through the plants, are returned to the soil. [38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ finder.com.au Careers in Australia Report 2015
  2. ↑ New reference reveals facts about Australian farming Retrieved 30 January 2011
  3. ↑ Preston, B.L.; Jones, R.N. (February 2006). "Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF). CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  4. ↑ Shaw, John H., "Collins Australian Encyclopedia", William Collins Pty Ltd., Sydney, 1984, ISBN 0-00-217315-8
  5. ↑ "Gross value of farm and fisheries production". Australian Commodities. ABARE economics. 13 (2): 438 and 439. June 2006.
  6. ↑ Fair dinkum! Hinch calls 'pointy-head Tasmanian' campaign doomed 1 August 2005, ABC Tasmania, Louise Saunders. Accessed 9 August 2011
  7. ↑ Country Leader, 31 January 2011, Farm Facts: Beef is bullish, Rural Press
  8. ↑ "Agriculture - Beef Industry - Australia". Australian Natural Resources Atlas. Australian Government. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  9. ↑ Beattie, William A., Beef Cattle Breeding & Management, Popular Books, 1990, ISBN 0-7301-0040-5
  10. ↑ Mercer, Phil (9 June 2008). "Cattle farms lure Australian women". BBC. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  11. ↑ "North Australian Pastoral Company". napco.com.au.
  12. ↑ "AACo". aaco.com.au. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007.
  13. ↑ "Heytesbury Cattle Company". heytesburycattle.com.au.
  14. ↑ Austin, Nigel (1986). Kings of the Cattle Country. Sydney: Bay Books. ISBN 1-86256-066-8.
  15. ↑ http://www.animalsaustralia.org/features/live_export_petition_tally_exceeds_200000.php
  16. ↑ http://www.rspca.org.au/campaigns/live-export
  17. ↑ Pip Courtney (25 June 2000). Dairy deregulation rolls on despite protests. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  18. ↑ Deanna Lush (24 April 2003). "SA develops a taste for feedlot systems". stockjournal.com.au.
  19. ↑ http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/~/media/Documents/Animal%20management/Feed%20and%20nutrition/Feeding%20Systems%20latest/Aus%20five%20main%20feeding%20systems.pdf
  20. ↑ "Pink angers Australian government". BBC News. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  21. ↑ Peter Wilkinson (8 November 2004). "In the News". Australian Wool Growers Association. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  22. ↑ "Nutrient Absorbers". 2000. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  23. ↑ "Australian Seaweeds". 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  24. ↑ "Ideas bloom for seaweed cultivation on the South Coast". 24 June 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Seaweed as Human Food". 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  26. ↑ "Could seaweed farming be Australia's next aquaculture industry?". 13 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Chinese company invests in Aus seaweed, hopes to start farming". 8 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "The Implications of Climate Change for Australia's Great Barrier Reef". 1988. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium". 1988. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  30. 1 2 "Drought drives down water consumption". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  31. ↑ F.K. Crowley, Modern Australia in Documents: 1901 – 1939 (1973) pp 77-78.
  32. ↑ Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited," (Australian Political Science Association, 1990) online edition
  33. ↑ "Dollar's decline a mixed blessing". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  34. ↑ Grindlay, Danielle. SA Agriculture Minister says soil program proves utilising 'God's gifts' can boost yields better than GM technology (March 2015), Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  35. ↑ Grindlay, Danielle. SA Agriculture Minister says soil program proves utilising 'God's gifts' can boost yields better than GM technology (March 2015), Australian Broadcasting Corporation
  36. 1 2 Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2016) Atlas of Organics: Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture, Journal of Organics. 3(1): 25-32.
  37. ↑ Paull, John (2014) "Ernesto Genoni: Australia’s pioneer of biodynamic agriculture", Journal of Organics, 1(1):57-81.
  38. ↑ Compost Matters (2016)

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