Autogenic training

Autogenic training
Intervention
MeSH	D001326

Alternative and pseudo-medicine
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Autogenic training is a desensitation-relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz and first published in 1932. The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes. During each session, the practitioner repeats a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (for example, lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll). The technique can be used to alleviate many stress-induced psychosomatic disorders.

Autogenic training was popularized in North America and the English-speaking world by Wolfgang Luthe, who co-authored, with Schultz, a multi-volume tome on autogenic training. In 1963 Luthe discovered the significance of "autogenic discharges", paroxysmic phenomena of motor, sensorial, visual and emotional nature related to the traumatic history of the patient, and developed the method of "autogenic abreaction". His disciple Luis de Rivera, a McGill University-trained psychiatrist, introduced psychodynamic concepts^[1] into Luthe's approach, developing "autogenic analysis"^[2] as a new method for uncovering the unconscious.

There are many parallels between autogenic training and progressive relaxation. Herbert Benson, MD, a Harvard professor, also did significant research in the area and wrote an influential book, The Relaxation Response.

Abbé Faria and Émile Coué are the forerunners of Schultz.

Like many techniques (progressive relaxation, yoga, qigong, varieties of meditation) which have been developed into advanced, sophisticated processes of intervention and learning, autogenic training, as Luthe and Schultz wrote in their master tome, took well over a year to learn to teach and over a year to learn. But some biofeedback practitioners took the most basic elements of autogenic imagery and developed "condensed" simplified versions that were used in combination with biofeedback. This was done at the Menninger Foundation by Elmer Green, Steve Fahrio, Patricia Norris, Joe Sargent, Dale Walters and others, where they took the hand warming imagery of autogenic training and used it as an aid to develop thermal biofeedback.

Effects

Autogenic training restores the balance between the activity of the sympathetic (flight or fight) and the parasympathetic (rest and digest) branches of the autonomic nervous system. This has important health benefits, as the parasympathetic activity promotes digestion and bowel movements, lowers the blood pressure, slows the heart rate, and promotes the functions of the immune system.

Contraindications

Autogenic training has been said to be contraindicated for people with heart conditions or psychotic disorders.^[3]

Clinical evidence

Autogenic training has been subject to clinical evaluation from its early days in Germany, and from the early 1980s worldwide. In 2002, a meta-analysis of 60 studies was published in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,^[4] finding significant positive effects of treatment when compared to normals over a number of diagnoses; finding these effects to be similar to best recommended rival therapies; and finding positive additional effects by patients, such as their perceived quality of life.

In Japan, four researchers from the Tokyo Psychology and Counseling Service Center have formulated a measure for reporting clinical effectiveness of autogenic training.^[5]

References

↑ Rivera, José Luis González de (1997). "Autogenic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis" (PDF). In Guimón, J. The body in psychotherapy: international congress, Geneva, February 1–3, 1996. Basel; New York: Karger. pp. 176–181. ISBN 9783805562850. OCLC 36511904.
↑ Rivera, José Luis González de (2001). Autogenic analysis: the tool Freud was looking for (PDF). International Journal of Psychotherapy. 6. pp. 67–76. doi:10.1080/13569080120042216.
↑ Rosa, Karl Robert (1976). Autogenic training. London: Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0575021004. OCLC 2615822.
↑ Stetter, Friedhelm; Kupper, Sirko (March 2002). "Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies". Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 27 (1): 45–98. doi:10.1023/A:1014576505223. PMID 12001885.
↑ Ikezuki, M; Miyauchi, Y; Yamaguchi, H; Koshikawa, F (February 2002). "自律訓練法の臨床効果測定用尺度 (ATCES) の開発 [Development of Autogenic Training Clinical Effectiveness Scale (ATCES)]". 心理学研究 (Shinrigaku Kenkyu) (in Japanese). 72 (6): 475–481. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.72.475. PMID 11977841.

External links

Psychotherapy

Schools

Psychodynamics	Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy

Cognitive and behavioral	Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy

Humanistic	Person-centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy

Other	Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Integrative psychotherapy Interpretive therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List

Approaches

Research

Techniques

Behaviour therapy	Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis (ABA) (formerly Behavior modification) Desensitization Homework

Other individual therapy	Autogenic training Biofeedback Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy

Group psychotherapy	Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling

People

Philippe Pinel (1745–1826)
Joseph Breuer (1842–1925)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Pierre Janet (1859–1947)
Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933)
Carl Jung (1875–1961)
Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)
Melanie Klein (1882–1960)
Otto Rank (1884–1939)
Karen Horney (1885–1952)
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949)
Fritz Perls (1893–1970)
Donald Winnicott (1896–1971)
Milton H. Erickson (1901–1980)
Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
Viktor Frankl (1905–1997)
George Kelly (1905–1967)
Rollo May (1909–1994)
Virginia Axline (1911–1988)
Carl Whitaker (1912–1995)
Albert Ellis (1913–2007)
James Bugental (1915–2008)
Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997)
Virginia Satir (1916–1988)
Aaron T. Beck (b. 1921)
Salvador Minuchin (b. 1921)
Hans Herrman Strupp (1921–2006)
Paul Watzlawick (1921–2007)
Haim Ginott (1922–1973)
Eugene Gendlin (b. 1926)
R. D. Laing (1927–1989)
Jean Baker Miller (1927–2006)
Irvin D. Yalom (b. 1931)
Arnold Lazarus (1932–2013)
Lorna Smith Benjamin (b. 1934)
Marsha M. Linehan (b. 1943)
Vittorio Guidano (1944–1999)
Les Greenberg (b. 1945)
William R. Miller (b. 1947)
Michael White (1948–2008)
Jeffrey Young (b. 1950)

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