Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis

A page of the Libellus illustrating the tlahçolteoçacatl, tlayapaloni, axocotl and chicomacatl plants, used to make a remedy for lęsum & male tractatum corpus, "injured and badly treated body"

The Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Latin for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians") is an Aztec herbal manuscript, describing the medicinal properties of various plants used by the Aztecs. It was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano, from a Nahuatl original composed in the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1552 by Martín de la Cruz that is no longer extant. The Libellus is also known as the Badianus Manuscript, after the translator; the Codex de la Cruz-Badiano, after both the original author and translator; and the Codex Barberini, after Cardinal Francesco Barberini, who had possession of the manuscript in the early 17th century.

The Badianus Manuscript of 1552 is the first illustrated and descriptive scientific text of Nahua medicine and botany produced in the Americas. The original text was produced in Nahuatl and translated to Latin for European readers. It is a significant text in the history of botany and the history of medicine.

History

In 1552 Jacobo de Grado, the friar in charge of the Convent of Tlatelolco and the College of Santa Cruz, had the herbal created and translated for Don Francisco de Mendoza, son of Don Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of New Spain. Mendoza sent the Latin manuscript to Spain, where it was deposited into the royal library. There it presumably remained until the early 17th century, when it somehow came into the possession of Diego de Cortavila y Sanabria, pharmacist to King Philip IV. From Cortavila it travelled to the Italian Cardinal Francesco Barberini, possibly via intermediate owners. The manuscript remained in the Barberini library until 1902, when the Barberini library became part of the Vatican Library, and the manuscript along with it. Finally, in 1990 — over four centuries after it was sent to Spain — Pope John Paul II returned the Libellus to Mexico, and it is now in the library of the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Mexico City.[1]:iii

A copy was made in the 17th century by Cassiano dal Pozzo, the secretary of Cardinal Barberini. Dal Pozzo's collection, called his Museo Cartaceo ("Papers Museum"), was sold by his heirs to Pope Clement XI, who sold it to his nephew, Cardinal Alessandro Albani, who himself sold it to King George III in 1762. Dal Pozzo's copy is now part of the Royal Library, Windsor. Another copy may have been made by Francesco de' Stelluti, but is now lost. Dal Pozzo and de' Stelluti were both members of the Accademia dei Lincei.

There are several published editions of the manuscript, beginning with the one by William E. Gates in 1939, now reissued in an inexpensive edition by Dover Books.[2][3] Gates acquired photographs of the manuscript in Latin and water color renderings of the botanical drawings. He published both the original Latin manuscript as well as his translation to English. The reissued edition of Gates's manuscript has a very useful introduction by Bruce Byland, recounting the publication history of the manuscript and subsequent scholarship.[1]:iii–xiii

At the same time Gates was working on this publication, another was being prepared for publication by Emily Walcott Emmart. This resulted in a full-color facsimile publication, transcription, and translation to English, with notes and commentary.[4] In 1964, an edition of the manuscript was published in full-color facsimile, with a translation of the Latin to Spanish.[5]

The manuscript has been mainly studied by scholars interested in history of medicine and history of botany. In history of medicine, there has been some focus on the extent to which the manuscript might be incorporating aspects of European humoral theories of medicine or whether text is purely from the Nahua viewpoint.[6] According to a study by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, the Badianus herbal was prepared for the king of Spain to demonstrate the intellectual sophistication of the Nahuas which might have skewed the manuscript to emulating aspects of European culture.[7]

The botanical aspects of the manuscript are significant, showing that the Nahuas had a classification system that was indeed highly sophisticated.[8][9] As with Book 11, "The Earthly Things" of the Florentine Codex by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún, the Badianus manuscript gives the Nahuatl names of plants, an illustration of the example, and the uses for the plant. However, unlike the Florentine Codex, there is little emphasis on supernatural healing characteristics of the plants. The examples in the Badinus manuscript deal solely with the medical conditions and curative aspects of the plants. For example, in the Gates translation, subject headings for plants' curative powers include "Against stupidity of the mind," [against] "Goaty armpits of sick people," "Against lassitude," "Medicine to take away foul and fetid breath."[3] For scholars interested in gendered medical conditions, the Badinus manuscript has a whole chapter on "remedies for recent parturition, the menses, lotion of the internal parts, childbirth, tubercules of the breasts, [and] medicine for increasing milk flow."[3]:105 Various plants listed in the Badinus manuscript have psychoactive properties, examined by anthropologist Peter Furst.[10]

Connection with the Voynich Manuscript

In 2014, Arthur O. Tucker and Rexford H. Talbert published a paper claiming a positive identification of 37 plants, 6 animals, and 1 mineral referenced in the manuscript.[11] They argue that these were from Colonial New Spain and represented the Nahuatl language, and date the manuscript to between 1521 (the date of the Conquest) to ca. 1576, in contradiction to radiocarbon dating evidence of the vellum, which dates it to ca. 1420, and many other elements of the manuscript. The analysis has been criticized by noted Voynich Manuscript researchers,[12] pointing out that—among other things—a skilled forger could construct plants that have a passing resemblance to existing plants that were heretofore undiscovered.[13]

Translations

Year Language Title Translator Publisher
1939 English The De la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552 William Gates The Maya Society
1940 English The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini Latin 241): An Aztec Herbal of 1552 Emily Walcott Emmart The Johns Hopkins Press
1952 Spanish Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis: El manuscrito pictórico mexicano-latino de Martín de la Cruz y Juan Badiano de 1552 Francisco Guerra Editorial Vargas Rea y El Diario Español
1964, 1991 Spanish Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis: Manuscrito Azteca de 1552: versión Española con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores (ISBN 968-16-3607-4) Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
2000 English An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552 (ISBN 0-486-41130-3) William Gates Dover (republication of 1939 edition)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Bruce Byland, "Introduction," An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552, Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2000.
  2. ↑ William Gates, The de la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552. Baltimore: The Maya Society, Publication No. 22, 1939.
  3. 1 2 3 William Gates, An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. Mineola, NY: Dover Books 2000.
  4. ↑ Emily Walcott Emmart, The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini Latin 241): An Aztec Herbal of 1552. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1940.
  5. ↑ Martín de la Cruz, Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis: Manuscrito Azteca de 1552: versión española con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores. Mexico: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 1964.
  6. ↑ Debra Hassig, "Transplanted medicine: Colonial Mexican Herbals of the sixteenth century." RES: The journal of anthropology and aesthetics 17/18. Spring/Autumn 1989, pp. 30-53.
  7. ↑ Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec Medicine, health, and nutrition, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press 1990.
  8. ↑ Faustino Miranda and Javier Valdés, "Comentarios botánicos," in Libellus de Medicnialibus Indorum by Martin de la Cruz. Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 1964, pp. 243-284.
  9. ↑ Blas P. Reko, "Nombres botaánicos del Manuscrito Badiano," Sociedad Botánico de México, Vol. V: 23-43.
  10. ↑ Peter Furst, "This Little Books of Herbs: Psychoactive planst as therapeutic agents in the Badianus Manuscript of 1552." In R. Schultes and S. von Reis, eds. Ethnobotany: Evolution of the Discipline. Portland, OR: Discorides Press 1995, pp. 108-130.
  11. ↑ Tucker, Arthur O.; Talbert, Rexford H. (Winter 2013). "A Preliminary Analysis of the Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy of the Voynich Manuscript". HerbalGram (100): 70–75.
  12. ↑ Pelling, Nick (14 January 2014). "A Brand New New World / Nahuatl Voynich Manuscript Theory…". Cipher Mysteries. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  13. ↑ Grossman, Lisa (February 3, 2014). "Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript". New Scientist. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
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