Bâsca
| Bâsca | |
| Bâsca Roziliei | |
| River | |
 The Bâsca River near confluence with Buzău River | |
| Countries |  Romania |
|---|---|
| Region | Transylvania, Wallachia |
| Counties | Covasna, Buzău |
| Commune | Comandău, Gura Teghii |
| Tributaries | |
| - left | Bâsculița, Bâsca Mică |
| Source | Lăcăuți Peak |
| - location | Vrancea Mountains |
| - elevation | 1,500 m (4,921 ft) |
| - coordinates | RO 45°51′32″N 26°22′14″E / 45.85889°N 26.37056°E |
| Mouth | Buzău |
| - location | Upstream of Lunca Priporului |
| - elevation | 385 m (1,263 ft) |
| - coordinates | RO 45°26′21″N 26°18′44″E / 45.43917°N 26.31222°ECoordinates: RO 45°26′21″N 26°18′44″E / 45.43917°N 26.31222°E |
| Length | 81 km (50 mi) |
| Basin | 785.1 km2 (303 sq mi) |
| Discharge | for Bâsca Roziliei hydrometryc station,[1][2] |
| - average | 11.7 m3/s (413 cu ft/s) |
| - max | 960 m3/s (33,902 cu ft/s) |
| - min | 1.72 m3/s (61 cu ft/s) |
| Progression | Buzău→ Siret→ Danube→ Black Sea |
The Bâsca[3] (Romanian: Bɨs'ca), also called Bâsca Mare in its upper course, and Bâsca Roziliei in its lower course,[4][5] is a left tributary of the river Buzău, in Romania. It discharges into the Buzău near Nehoiu.
Geographic position
Positioned in the external region of the curvature of Carpathians (subunit of Eastern Carpathians),[6] the Bâsca River Catchment has a surface of 785.1 km² (data obtained using the Topographic Maps of Romania at scale 1:25,000).[7] It lies at an average altitude of 1,081 m between the Lăcăuți Peak (1,777 m altitude) and the confluence with the Buzău River (385 m altitude).
Geology
From the geological point of view, the Bâsca River Catchment overlaps the orogenic unit of the Eastern Carpathians, where the external Paleogene flysch is predominant, including: sandstones (Tarcău sandstones Facies), marl, conglomerates. This area is characterised by tectonic uplift and by severe seismicity related to the Vrancea Epicentral Area, being affected by deep-seated landslides (Ielenicz, 1984). Lithology is dominated by the presence of the hardest and hard rocks, covering 96.7% of the catchment surface.
Climate
The climate of the Bâsca Catchment is temperate-continental. Föhn phenomena moderate the characteristics parameters of climatic elements, e.g. average multiannual atmospheric temperature between 1.2 °C at the Lăcăuți meteorological station between 1961 and 2000, see Table, and 2.4 °C at the Penteleu station (1988–2007), combined with precipitations of 664.3 mm at Penteleu and 830.1 mm at Lăcăuți.[8]
| Climate data for Lăcăuți Peak meteorological station (1961–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.8 (18) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10 (50) |
6.6 (43.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−2 (28) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37.9 (1.492) |
39.9 (1.571) |
42.1 (1.657) |
56.6 (2.228) |
102.2 (4.024) |
130.2 (5.126) |
124.3 (4.894) |
109.1 (4.295) |
68.0 (2.677) |
40.9 (1.61) |
37.8 (1.488) |
41.1 (1.618) |
830.1 (32.681) |
| Source: Clima României, 2008[9] | |||||||||||||
Hydrography
- Major river tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Bâsca:
- – left: Țiganu, Cuțan (Holom), Ghiurca Mare, Slobod, Patacu, Bâsculița, Cernat, Milea, Bâsca Mică (with Giurgiu, Fagul Alb, Ciulianoș, Bălescuțu, Șapte Izvoare, Secuiul, Brebu and Boul), Varlaam, Tigva, Fulgeriș, Tainiță, Gotiș, Hânsaru, Valea Largă, Aniniș;
- – right: Râșdaș, Reghin, Toplița, Șaroș, Dârnăul Mic, Dârnăul Mare, Cireș, Ioviz, Surducul Mare, Cocean, Piciorul Milei, Bratu, Tega, Păltiniș, Vinețișu.
- Reservoirs
On the Bâsca River the project "Hydropower Siriu – Surduc Development”, has been developed (being now in construction stage). This project includes a permanent water reservoir "Cireșu" on the upper part of the Bâsca River and an underground derivation "Surduc – Nehoiașu", from Cireșu Accumulation and Bâsca River towards the "CHE Nehoiașu II” hydroelectric power station.[10]
- Morphometrical features of the Bâsca River Catchment and its main sub-catchments[11]
| River | Catchment surface (km²) | River length (km) | |
| Bâsculița | 40,0 | 11 | |
| Toplița | 35 | 9 | |
| Cireș | 33 | 9 | |
| Păltiniș | 25 | 10 | |
| Ghiurca Mare | 24 | 8 | |
| Dârnăul Mare | 22 | 10 | |
| Delușor | 21 | 7 | |
| Pătac | 18 | 10 | |
| Giurgiu | 16 | 6 | |
| Șapte Izvoare | 16 | 6 | |
| Milei | 16 | 6 | |
| Saroș | 16 | 7 | |
| Corongoș | 13 | 5 | |
| Brebu | 13 | 6 | |
| Ruginosul | 11 | 5 | |
| Cernat | 11 | 6 | |
| Slobod | 10 | 6 | |
| Bâsca Mică | 238 | 45 |
Hydrology
The most common risk hydric phenomena affecting the catchment area are floods and flooding. Associated to these are processes of river channel dynamics, landslides and falls. The frequency analysis of the maximum monthly discharge indicates that the month with the highest flood potential is July, followed by June. In July were recorded the highest floods. Among them, remarkable for their socio-economic consequences where those from 1969, 1975, 2002. The annual maximum flow of the Bâsca River varied between 39.4 m³/s (year 1986) and 960 m³/s (year 1975, 2 Jul). Exceptionally floods were recorded in the years: 1975 (960 m³/s), 1969 (697 m³/s), 1991 (530 m³/s) and 1985 (515 m³/s).[12][13] Multiannual average flow at this station is about 12 m³/s. Damaging effects caused by floods and flooding have determined property damage, such as flooded homes (e.g. on 20 July 2002, Păltiniș River inundated homes in the area of the confluence with the Bâsca River), landslides and slope destabilization of versants; destruction of undermining and hydrotechnical works, affecting sections of the roads and humans casualties.
Demographic and socio-economic features
- from a demographic point of view, the Bâsca River Catchment is situated in a human area with low density (8.35 inhabitants/km²). In this catchment they are two communes: Comandău (1,042 inhabitants) and Gura Teghii (3,884 inhabitants) and two villages appartaining to the town of Nehoiu: Bâsca Roziliei (1,428 inhabitants) and Vinețișu (206 inhabitants);[14]
- localities situated in the upper part: Comandău commune and lower part of the Bâsca River Catchment: Vadu Oii (on the Bâsca Mică), Varlaam (at confluence of the Bâsca or Bâsca Mare with the Bâsca Mică), Gura Teghii, Nemertea, Furtunești, Păltiniș and Bâsca Roziliei;
- the economical areas of activities of local it is focused on tree cutting from the forest and primary processed seasonal activity of pastoral and harvest of therapeutical herbs.
References
- ↑ “Romanian Waters” National Administration, Buzău – Ialomița Water Bazin Administration.
- ↑ National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management.
- ↑ Anexe 7 PlanNationalManagement - vol.III Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine., p 884
- ↑
- (1992), Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România, Partea I, II, Ministerul Mediului, Aquaproiect S.A., București, page 432.
- ↑ Ujvári, I. (1972), Geografia apelor României, Editura Științifică, București, page 512.
- ↑ Ielenicz, M. (1984), Munții Ciucaș – Buzău, Studiu geomorfologic. Editura Academiei Române, București.
- ↑
- (1982), Harta topografică a României, ediția II, scara 1:25000, Direcția Topografică Militară, MApN, București
- ↑
- (2009), C.M.R. Muntenia, Serviciul Meteo Buzău, Buzău.
- ↑
- (2008),Clima Romaniei, Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2008.
- ↑ HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT OF BUZAU RIVER ON NEHOIASU – BUZAU CITY STRETCH|
- ↑
- (1992), Atlasul cadastrului apelor din România, Partea I, II, Ministerul Mediului, Aquaproiect S.A., București.
- ↑ “Romanian Waters” National Administration, Buzău – Ialomița Water Bazin Administration.
- ↑ National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management
- ↑ The inhabitants number are according to The National Institute of Statistic, Romanian census data, 2002.