Bakeneko

"The Bakeneko of the Sasakibara Family" (榊原家の化け猫) from the Buson Yōkai Emaki by Yosa Buson. It depicts a cat in Nagoya that would wear a napkin on its head and dance. In this book, it states that "every night, nekomata (猫また) would go out and dance," and unlike the nekomata which has two tails, this cat has only one tail.[1]

The bakeneko (化け猫, "changed cat") is a type of Japanese yōkai, or supernatural creature. According to its name, it is a cat that has changed into a yōkai. It is often confused with the nekomata, another cat-like yōkai,[2] and the distinction between the two can often be quite ambiguous.

There are legends of bakeneko in various parts of Japan, but the tale of the Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance in Saga Prefecture is especially famous.

Origin

The reason that cats are seen as yōkai in Japanese mythology is attributed to many of the characteristics that they possess: for example, the way the irises of their eyes change shape depending on the time of day, the way their fur seems to cause sparks due to static electricity when they are petted (especially in winter), the way they sometimes lick blood, the way they can walk without making a sound, their wild nature that remains despite the gentleness they can show at times, the way they are difficult to control (unlike dogs), the sharpness of their claws and teeth, their nocturnal habits, and their speed and agility.[3][4]

There are many yōkai animals other than cats in old tales that have similar attributes: the deep tenacity of snakes, the ability of foxes (kitsune) to shapeshift into women, and the brutality of tanuki in eating humans depicted in the Kachi-kachi Yama folktale from the Edo period. Cats in particular, however, have acquired a great number of tales and superstitions surrounding them, due to the unique position they occupy between nature and civilization. As cities and towns were established and humans began living farther apart from nature, cats came with them. Since cats live close to humans yet retain their wild essence and air of mystery, stories grew up around them, and gradually the image of the bakeneko was formed.[4]

One folk belief concerning the bakeneko is that they would lick the oil of oriental lamps,[5] and in the Edo period encyclopedia, the Wakan Sansai Zue, it is said that for a cat to lick this oil is an omen of some strange event about to occur.[6] People in the early modern period used cheap oils from fish, like sardine oil, in the lamps, and that could explain why cats would want to lick them.[7][8] Also, the diet of Japanese people at that time was based mainly on grains and vegetables, and the leftovers would be fed to the cats. However, since cats are carnivores, such a diet would have been lacking in protein and fat, and therefore they would have been even more attracted to the oil in the lamps. Furthermore, the sight of a cat standing up its hind legs to reach the lamp, with its face lit up and eyes round with anticipation, could have seemed eerie and unnatural, like a yōkai.[9]

The mysterious air that cats possess was associated with the image of prostitutes who worked in the Edo period red-light districts. This was the origin of a popular character in kusazōshi (among other publications), the bakeneko yūjo.[10]

Folk legends

As with the nekomata, another cat-like yōkai which is said to derive from a cat whose tail split into two when it grew older, there are folk beliefs across Japan about how aged cats would turn into bakeneko. There are tales of cats raised for twelve years in Ibaraki Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture, and for thirteen years in Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, that became bakeneko. In Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, it is said that a cat raised for seven years or longer would kill the one that raised it. There are also many regions where when people began raising a cat, they would decide in advance for how many years they would raise it because of this superstition.[11] Also, depending on the area, there are stories in which cats that were killed by humans in a brutal manner would become bakeneko and curse that human. The stories of bakeneko are not only about aged cats, but are also sometimes stories of revenge against cruel humans.[12]

The abilities attributed to the bakeneko are various, but include shapeshifting into humans,[13][14] wearing a towel or napkin on the head and dancing,[13][15] speaking human words,[13][15] cursing humans,[11] manipulating dead people,[11] possessing humans,[11] and lurking in the mountains and taking wolves along with them to attack travelers.[4] As an unusual example, on Aji island, Oshika District, Miyagi Prefecture and in the Oki Islands, Shimane Prefecture, there is a story of a cat that shapeshifted into a human and wanted to engage in sumo.[14]

However, concerning the legend that cats could speak, it has been pointed out that it may have arisen because humans would misinterpret the cat's meowing as human language, and for this reason some would say that the cat is not a type of yōkai. In 1992 (Heisei 4), in the Yomiuri newspaper, there was an article that argued that when people thought they had heard a cat speak, upon listening a second time, they realized that it was simply the cat's meowing and that it was only coincidence that it resembled a word in human language.[3]

In the Edo period (1603-1867), there was a folk belief that cats with long tails like snakes could bewitch people. Cats with long tails were disliked and there was a custom of cutting their tails. It is speculated that this is the reason that there are so many cats in Japan with short tails nowadays, because natural selection has favored those with short tails.[16]

Folk beliefs that cats can cause strange phenomena are not limited to Japan. For example, in Jinhua, Zhejiang, in China, it is said that a cat, after having been raised for three years by humans, would then start bewitching them. Because it is said that cats with white tails are especially good at this, there arose the custom of refraining from raising white cats. Since it is said that their ability to bewitch humans comes from taking in the spiritual energy of the moon, it is said that when a cat looks up at the moon, whether its tail has been cut or not, it should be killed on the spot.[17]

Writings and literature

Nabeshima bakeneko disturbance

There is a legend that takes place in the time of Nabeshima Mitsushige, the second daimyo of the Saga Domain, Hizen Province, concerning the bakeneko. Mitsushige's retainer Ryūzōji Matashichirō served as the daimyo's opponent in the game of go. Ryūzōji displeased Mitsushige and was put to the sword. Ryūzōji's mother, while telling of the sorrows in her heart to the cat that she raised, committed suicide. The cat licked the mother's blood and became a bakeneko. It would go into the castle and torment Mitsushige every night. Mitsushige's loyal retainer Komori Hanzaemon finally killed it and saved the Nabeshima family.[18]

Historically, the Ryūzōji clan was older than the Nabeshima clan in Hizen. After Ryūzōji Takanobu's death, his assistant Nabeshima Naoshige held the real power, and after the sudden death of Takanobu's grandchild Takafusa, his father Masaie also committed suicide. Afterwards, since the remnants of the Ryūzōji clan created disturbances in the public order near the Saga castle, Naoshige, in order to pacify the spirits of the Ryūzōji, built Tenyū-ji (now in Tafuse, Saga). This has been considered the origin of the disturbance and it is thought that the bakeneko was an expression of the Ryūzōji's grudge in the form of a cat.[18][19] Also, the inheritance of power from the Ryūzōji clan to the Nabeshima clan was not an issue, but because of Takanobu's death, and Nabeshima Katsushige's son's sudden death, some point out that this kaidan (ghost story) arose from a dramatization of this series of events.[20]

This legend was also turned into a shibai (play) afterwards. In the Kaei period (1848–1854), it was first performed in Nakamura-za as "Hana Sagano Nekoma Ishibumi Shi" (花嵯峨野猫魔碑史). The "Sagano" in the title is a place in Tokyo Prefecture, but it was actually a pun on the word saga. This work earned great popularity throughout the whole country, but due to a complaint from the Saga domain, the performances were quickly stopped. However, since the machi-bugyō(a samurai official of the shogunate) who filed the complaint for the performances to be stopped was Nabeshima Naotaka of the Nabeshima clan, the gossip about the bakeneko disturbance spread even more.[20][21]

After that, the tale was widely circulated in society in the kōdan "Saga no Yozakura" (佐賀の夜桜』) and the historical record book "Saga Kaibyōden" (佐賀怪猫伝). In the kōdan (a style of traditional oral Japanese storytelling), because Ryūzōji's widow told of her sorrow to the cat, it became a bakeneko, and killed and ate Komori Hanzaemon's mother and wife. It then shapeshifted and appeared in their forms, and cast a curse upon the family. In the historical record book, this was completely unrelated to the Ryūzōji event, however, and a foreign type of cat, which had been abused by Nabeshima's feudal lord Komori Handayū, sought revenge and killed and ate the lord's favorite concubine, shapeshifted into her form, and caused harm to the family. It was Itō Sōda who exterminated it.[22]

In the beginning of the Shōwa period (1926–1989), there were kaidan films such as the "Saga Kaibyōden" (佐賀怪猫伝) and the "Kaidan Saga Yashiki" (怪談佐賀屋敷) that became quite popular. Female actors like Takako Irie and Sumiko Suzuki who played the part of the bakeneko became well known as the "bakeneko actresses."[17]

Other

"Ume no Haru Gojūsantsugi" (梅初春五十三駅) by Utagawa Kuniyoshi. A kabuki that was performed in 1835 (Tenpo 6) in Ichimura-za. It depicts a cat that has shapeshifted into an old woman, a cat wearing a napkin and dancing, and the shadow of a cat licking a lamp.[5]
"Shōzan Chomon Kishū" by Miyoshi Shōzan. Here, a man who has become suspicious of a cat attempts to kill it because it speaks in human language.

Cats as yōkai in literature date back to the Kamakura period (1185–1333). In the collection of setsuwa (oral tradition of folktales before the 14th century), the Kokon Chomonjū, from this period, there can be seen statements pointing out cats that do strange and suspicious things, noting that "these are perhaps ones that have turned into demons."[23] Old stories about bakeneko from that time period are often associated with temples, but it is thought that the reason for this is that when Buddhism came to Japan, in order to protect the sutras (sacred texts) from being chewed on by rats, cats were brought along too.[16]

During the Edo period (1603–1867), tales about bakeneko began to appear in essays and kaidan collections in various areas. Tales of cats transforming into humans and talking can be seen in publications like the "Tōen Shosetsu" (兎園小説),[17] the "Mimibukuro" (耳嚢),[24][25] the "Shin Chomonjū" (新著聞集),[26] and the "Seiban Kaidan Jikki" (西播怪談実記).[27] Similarly, tales of dancing cats can be seen in the "Kasshi Yawa" (甲子夜話),[28] and the "Owari Ryōiki" (尾張霊異記).[29] In the fourth volume of "Mimibukuro," it is stated that any cat anywhere that lives for ten years would begin to speak as a human,[30] and that cats born from the union of a fox and a cat would begin speaking even before ten years had passed.[31] According to tales of cats that transform, aged cats would very often shapeshift into old women.[3] The Edo period was the golden age for kaidan about bakeneko, and with shibai like the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance" being performed, these became even more famous.[23]

In Makidani, Yamasaki, Shisō District, Harima Province (now within Shisō, Hyōgo Prefecture), a tale was passed down about a person in Karakawa who was a bakeneko. The same kind of tale was also found in Taniguchi, Fukusaki village, Jinsai District, of the same province, where it is said that in Kongōjō-ji, a bakeneko who troubled a villager was killed by someone from the temple. This bakeneko was protected from arrows and bullets by a chagama's lid and an iron pot. These, like the legend of Susanoo's extermination of Yamata no Orochi, have a commonality in that the local old families of the area played a role.[4]

In 1909, articles about cats that broke into dance in tenement houses in the Honjo neighbourhood of Tokyo were published in newspapers such as the Sports Hochi, the Yorozu Chōhō, and the Yamato Shimbun.[32]

Landmarks

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omatsugongen.
Myōtaratennyo - Yahiko-jinja, Niigata Prefecture
The origin of this landmark is in the Bunka period (1804-1818) essay "Kidan Hokkoku Junjōki" (北国奇談巡杖記), which contains passages about strange events concerning cats. In this book, giving the character "猫" the reading "myō," it was written as "猫多羅天女.".[33] According to another tale in the setsuwa of the Hokuriku region, the tale of the yasaburo-baba or mountain witch, a cat killed and ate an old woman and then became that old woman in her place, but later had a change of heart and became worshipped as a deity, the Myōtaraten. In Hokkaido and the northern Ōu region among other places, similar tales are passed down throughout the country.[4][34]
A stone monument Odoriba Station, Yokohama Municipal Subway engraving the origin of the station's name
A monument in the entry passageway 4 of Odoriba station
Neko no Odoriba - Izumi-ku, Yokohamai, Kanagawa Prefecture
It is said that in a soy sauce shop long ago, in Totsuka-juku of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō (now Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture), it sometimes happened that napkins would disappear in the night one by one. One night, when the proprietor of the soy sauce shop went out on a job, he heard some bustling music from a place where there should have been no people around. When he looked, there were several cats gathered, and there in the center was a strange sight: the shopkeeper's pet cat, wearing a napkin on its head and dancing. That explained why his napkins had been going missing.
The place where this cat is said to have danced is called Odoriba (踊場, meaning "dancing place"), and it left behind its name afterwards in places like the Odoriba intersection, as well as the Odoriba Station in the Yokohama Municipal Subway. In 1737 (Genbun 2), at the Odoriba intersection, a memorial tower was built in order to pacify the spirit of the cat,[35] and the Odoriba station was decorated all over with the motif of a cat.
Omatsu Daigongen - Kamo Town, Anan, Tokushima Prefecture
This landmark derives from the following legend: In the early part of the Edo period, the village headman of Kamo Village (now Kamo Town) borrowed money from a wealthy man in order to save the village when their crops failed. Although he repaid the debt, the wealthy man plotted against him and falsely accused him of not paying. In despair, the village headman died of an illness. The land which had been collateral for the debt was then confiscated by the wealthy man. When the village headman's wife, Omatsu, attempted to complain to the bugyō (magistrate)'s office, the bugyō gave an unfair judgement because the wealthy person bribed him. Then, when Omatsu tried to complain directly to the daimyo, she failed again and was executed. The calico cat that Omatsu had raised became a bakeneko, and caused the wealthy person and the bugyō's families to come to ruin.
At Omatsu Daigongen lies the grave of Omatsu, where the loyal wife who put her life on the line for justice is deified. The calico cat that destroyed Omatsu's foes is also deified, as the "Neko-tsuka" ("cat mound"), and on the grounds there is a komainu (guardian statue) of a cat which is very unusual.[36] Because the legend says that the cat sought revenge for an unfair judgement, it is supposed to grant favors in matters of competition or chance, and in testing season, many test-takers would pray for success in school here.[37]
Neko Daimyōjin Shi - Shiroishi, Kishima District, Saga Prefecture
This is a landmark that comes from a tale concerning the Nabeshima clan, similar to the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance." In this story, the bakeneko took the shape of Nabeshima Katsushige's wife and sought Katsushige's life, but his retainer, Chibu Honuemon, slew it. However, after that the Chibu family was unable to produce a male heir because of the cat's curse. It is said that the bakeneko was deified at the shrine of Shūrinji (now Shiroishi Town) as a daimyōjin. At this shrine, a seven-tailed cat with its fangs bared has been engraved.[36]
Historically, Hide Isemori of the Hide clan who once ruled Shiroishi, despite having befriended the Nabeshima clan, was suspected of being Christian, and was brought to ruin. Since the remnants of the Hide clan resented and fought against the Nabeshima clan at the Shūrinji, the secret maneuvers of one party of the Hide clan were compared to those of a bakeneko, and it is theorized that this became the prototype for the story of the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance."[21]


See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 湯本豪一編著 (2003). 妖怪百物語絵巻. 国書刊行会. p. 105. ISBN 978-4-336-04547-8.
  2. ↑ 京極夏彦 (2010). "妖怪の宴 妖怪の匣 第6回". In 郡司聡他編. 怪. カドカワムック. vol.0029. 書店. p. 122. ISBN 978-4-04-885055-1.
  3. 1 2 3 笹間1994年、125-127頁。
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 古山他2005年、156-161頁。
  5. 1 2 悳他1999年、100頁。
  6. ↑ 寺島良安 (1987). 島田勇雄・竹島純夫・樋口元巳訳注, ed. 和漢三才図会. 東洋文庫. 6. 平凡社. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-4-582-80466-9.
  7. ↑ 多田克己 (2008). "狂歌百物語の妖怪たち". In 京極夏彦編. 妖怪画本 狂歌百物語. 国書刊行会. p. 277. ISBN 978-4-3360-5055-7.
  8. ↑ 妖怪ドットコム (2008). 図説 妖怪辞典. 幻冬舎コミックス. p. 95. ISBN 978-4-344-81486-8.
  9. ↑ 石毛直道 (1993). 食卓の文化誌. 同時代ライブラリー. 岩波書店. pp. 180–187. ISBN 978-4-00-260136-6.
  10. ↑ アダム・カバット (2006). ももんがあ対見越入道 江戸の化物たち. 講談社. p. 139. ISBN 978-4-06-212873-5.
  11. 1 2 3 4 鈴木1982年、446-457頁。
  12. ↑ 松谷1994年、252-271頁。
  13. 1 2 3 松谷1994、171-174頁。
  14. 1 2 松谷1994、194-207頁。
  15. 1 2 松谷1994、214-241頁。
  16. 1 2 多田2000年、170-171頁。
  17. 1 2 3 村上他2008年、82-97頁。
  18. 1 2 原田他1986年、670頁。
  19. ↑ 原田他1986年、694頁。
  20. 1 2 斉藤他2006年、116-117頁。
  21. 1 2 多田他2008年、22-24頁。
  22. ↑ 坪内逍遥鑑選 (1917). 近世実録全書. 第2巻. 早稲田大学出版部. pp. 6–7.
  23. 1 2 日野2006年、156-168頁。
  24. ↑ 根岸鎮衛 (1991). 長谷川強校注, ed. 耳嚢. 岩波文庫. 上. 岩波書店. p. 221. ISBN 978-4-00-302611-3.
  25. ↑ 根岸1991年、359-360頁。
  26. ↑ 神谷養勇軒 (1974). "新著聞集". In 早川純三郎編輯代表. 日本随筆大成 第2期. 5. 吉川弘文館. pp. 350–353. ISBN 978-4-642-08550-2.
  27. ↑ 古山他2005年、145-146頁。
  28. ↑ 松浦清 (1977). 中村幸彦・中野三敏校訂, ed. 甲子夜話. 東洋文庫. 1. 平凡社. p. 36. ISBN 978-4-582-80306-8.
  29. ↑ 富永莘陽 (1964). "尾張霊異記". In 市橋鐸他編. 名古屋叢書. 第25巻. 名古屋市教育委員会. pp. 68–69.
  30. ↑ 現代と違い、江戸当時の飼いネコは餌の栄養面があまり考慮されていなかったことなどから、10年以上生きることは少なかった（参考：『日本未確認生物事典』）。
  31. ↑ 根岸1991年、35-36頁。
  32. ↑ 湯本豪一 (2007). 図説 江戸東京怪異百物語. ふくろうの本. 河出書房新社. p. 92. ISBN 978-4-3097-6096-4.
  33. ↑ 鳥翠台北坙 (1961). "北国奇談巡杖記". In 柴田宵曲編. 随筆辞典. 第4巻. 東京堂. pp. 332–333頁.
  34. ↑ 阿部敏夫 (1985). 宮田登編纂, ed. 日本伝説大系. 第1巻. みずうみ書房. pp. 299頁. ISBN 978-4-8380-1401-9.
  35. ↑ 村上健司 (2008). 日本妖怪散歩. 角川文庫. 角川書店. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-4-04-391001-4.
  36. 1 2 村上2002年、150-161頁。
  37. ↑ 村上健司 (2011). 日本全国妖怪スポット. 3. 汐文社. p. 124. ISBN 978-4-8113-8805-2.

References

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External links

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