Battle of Kumsong

Battle of Kumsong Part of the Korean War Date 13–27 July 1953 Location Kumsong, Korea Result Chinese victory Belligerents  United Nations  South Korea  Colombia  United States  China Commanders and leaders Mark W. Clark Maxwell D. Taylor Reuben E. Jenkins Chung Il-kwon[1] Deng Hua Yang Yong[2] Units involved 8th Army IX Corps Capital Division 3rd Infantry Division 2nd Infantry Division II Corps 3rd Infantry Division 5th Infantry Division 6th Infantry Division 7th Infantry Division 8th Infantry Division 11th Infantry Division Colombian batallion [3] 20th Army 54th Corps 60th Corps 67th Corps 68th Corps 9th Army 24th Corps[4] Strength 187,000 combat troops numerous combat aircraft 240,000 combat troops[5] 1,360 artillery pieces Casualties and losses South Korean sources: 2,689 killed 7,548 wounded 4,136 missing[6] Chinese estimation: 78,000[7] Chinese sources: 32,253[7] South Korean estimation: 66,000[8]

The Battle of the Kumsong River, also known as the Jincheng Campaign (Chinese: 金城战役; pinyin: Jīn Chéng Zhàn Yì), was one of the last battles of the Korean War as well as the last large-scale battle of the war. In July 1953, after the Republic of Korea (ROK) refused to participate in peace negotiations between the Communist and UN forces, the Chinese forces launched an attack on the Kumsong River Salient at the south of the town of Kumsong, scoring a victory over the UNC forces.

Prelude

During the ceasefire negotiations seeking to end the Korean War, the UN and Communist forces were unable to agree on the issue of prisoner repatriation. ROK President Syngman Rhee, who refused to sign the armistice, released 27,000 North Korean prisoners. This action caused an outrage among Chinese and North Korean commands and threatened to derail the ongoing negotiations. As a result, the Chinese decided to launch an offensive aimed at the Kumsong River Salient, which was held by the ROK II Corps. This would be the last large-scale offensive the Chinese would ever commence in the war.

Battle

The battle was the only engagement of the war in which the Chinese forces had a clear superiority in firepower. After concentrating overwhelming strength in the Kumsong sector, the Chinese forces launched an offensive along a 22-kilometer front which broke the UNC defenses in the Kumsong River salient located north of the river. Responding to these developments, General Maxwell D. Taylor issued an order on July 14 for the US 3rd Infantry Division and ROK II Corps to retreat to the southern bank of the river, but the latter retreated in disarray after they lost contact and control with their respective units. Later the same day, however, the salient was completely destroyed,^[9] along with the elite "White Tiger" regiment of the ROK Capital Division, and thousands of American and South Korean soldiers were taken prisoner. Chinese advances permitting them to control an area of 192.6 square kilometers. After penetrating 30 miles (19 km) southward to the banks of the river itself, they then consolidated their positions in the river's southern bank, thus creating a gap in the lines of the 8th Army.

On July 16, the ROK II Corps consisting of 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 11th Divisions, supported by UNC air power and artillery, counter-attacked the Chinese forces but were unable to retake the area in the face of heavy losses they suffered, and by July 20, their counteroffensive have died down. However, fighting in the area did not stop until July 27 that same year when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, thus ending the battle and the war.

Notes

1. Chae, Chung & Yang 2001, p. 612.
2. Chinese Military Science Academy 2000, p. 579.
3. Chae, Chung & Yang 2001, pp. 591, 641.
4. Chinese Military Science Academy 2000, pp. 579–581.
5. "The Battle for New China"
6. Chae, Chung & Yang 2001, p. 679.
7. Xue 1990, p. 148.
8. Chae, Chung & Yang 2001, p. 680.
9. Hermes 1992, p. 476.

References

• Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R., eds., The Korean War, Volume III, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-7795-3
• Chinese Military Science Academy (2000), History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史) (in Chinese), Volume III, Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House, ISBN 7-80137-390-1
• Hermes, Walter G. (1992), Truce Tent and Fighting Front, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-035957-0
• Xue, Yan (徐焰) (1990), First Confrontation: Reviews and Reflections on the History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (第一次较量：抗美援朝战争的历史回顾与反思) (in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese Radio and Television Publishing House, ISBN 7-5043-0542-1

Further reading

• Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950–1953. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-282-2.
• Paik, Sun Yup (1992). From Pusan to Panmunjom. Riverside, NJ: Brassey Inc. ISBN 0-02-881002-3.
• Zhang, Shu Guang (1995). Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0723-4.