Bell Pottinger

BPP Communications Ltd.
(trading as Bell Pottinger Private)
Private limited company
Industry Communications
Founded 1998 (London)
Key people
 Lord Bell (Chairman)
David Beck and David Wilson
(Joint Managing Directors)[1][2]
Services Public relations
Revenue £137.7 million (2010)[3]
Number of employees
 300 (2015)
Subsidiaries Pelham Bell Pottinger
Website bell-pottinger.co.uk

Bell Pottinger Private (legally BPP Communications Ltd.; informally Bell Pottinger) is a British multinational public relations and marketing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the largest UK-based public relations consultancy measured by 2010 fee income.[3]

Bell Pottinger offers services such as lobbying, speech writing, search engine optimisation to clients including companies, governments and rich individuals.[4]

In 2010 Pelham Public Relations, a financial public relations business, merged with Bell Pottinger Corporate and Financial.[5]

In December 2011, it came under public scrutiny after managers were secretly recorded talking to fake representatives of the Uzbek government[6] and violating Wikipedia rules by removing negative information and replacing it with positive spin.[7][8]

The firm has been described as having "the most controversial client list" in the PR industry.[9]

Bell Pottinger was, until July 2012, a wholly owned subsidiary of Chime Communications plc. Lord Bell, who advised Margaret Thatcher on media matters when she was UK Prime Minister, is a co-founder of Bell Pottinger.[10]

In June 2012, Lord Bell and Bell Pottinger CEO James Henderson completed a £19.6m MBO from Chime, with Chime retaining a 25% stake in the business.[11]

Bell Pottinger Private acquired Centreground Political Communications Limited, founded by former Tony Blair adviser Darren Murphy, in June 2014.[12] In September that year, the company launched a new service aimed at the luxury sector.[13]

History

Bell Pottinger's origins go back to 1985, when Bell and Frank Lowe founded Lowe Bell as a subsidiary of Lowe Howard-Spink. Bell and Piers Pottinger bought out Lowe Bell in 1989, and it was subsequently floated in 1994 as Chime Communications plc but retained the name Lowe Bell on some of its subsidiary companies. In 1998, the subsidiaries were renamed as Bell Pottinger after Frank Lowe demanded that his name be removed.[14] In 2000 the Bell Pottinger Group acquired Harvard Public Relations and QBO, which was renamed Bell Pottinger Public Relations.[15] In 2001 Bell Pottinger acquired MMK in Germany and also The Smart Company, which was merged into Corporate Citizenship when the Group acquired it in 2007.[16][17] In 2003 Resonate, a consumer public relations company was set up.[18] In 2004 Bell Pottinger Communications USA was launched and in 2005 Bell Pottinger Middle East was launched with offices in Bahrain in 2009.[19][20] In 2009 Bell Pottinger Change & Internal Communications was launched[21] and Ptarmigan in Leeds was acquired by the Bell Pottinger Group.

In May 2012, it was reported that Lord Bell had agreed a £20m deal to buy most of the Bell Pottinger branded PR businesses from Chime, with Chime retaining a 25% stake in the venture and a seat on the board.[22] The MBO was completed on 30 June 2012 with BPP Communications (Bell Pottinger Private) trading as an independent business from 1 July 2012.[23] Chime retained the Good Relations group of PR businesses, including Harvard, Corporate Citizenship, MMK and Ptarmigan, and some UK regional offices formerly branded as Bell Pottinger were rebranded to Good Relations.[24]

The Bell Pottinger Group had been ranked number one in the PRWeek and Marketing magazine league tables.[25][26]

Operations

Bell Pottinger has offices in London, North America, the Middle East and south-east Asia. It offers consumer, corporate and financial, healthcare, technology, industrial, public affairs, public sector, corporate social responsibility, internal communication, crisis and issues management services.[27]

The Bell Pottinger Private Group includes Pelham Bell Pottinger, Bell Pottinger Public Relations, Bell Pottinger Sans Frontières, Bell Pottinger Public Affairs, Bell Pottinger Middle East (offices in Dubai and Abu Dhabi),[28][29] and Bell Pottinger USA.[30]

Bell Pottinger donated £11,900 to the Conservative Party in the twelve months to September 2011.[31]

The company plans to enable clients to attempt to influence European Union legislative processes by organizing participation in "European Citizens' Initiatives", a mechanism intended for grassroots involvement.[32]

Notable clients

Notable Bell Pottinger clients include:

Past clients include:

Criticism

On 6 December 2011, the British national newspaper The Independent ran a front page story based on covert filming by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism which the paper claimed revealed executives from Bell Pottinger boasting of ways in which they burnished the reputations of countries accused of human rights violations.[4] Posing as representatives of a fake investment body linked to the Uzbekistan government, the journalists had filmed a presentation at which Bell Pottinger executives explained techniques used on behalf of their clients. At one point, Tim Collins of Bell Pottinger—who has close connections with Prime Minister David Cameron, Edward Llewellyn, and Steve Hilton—had referred to "dark arts".[78]

It was also reported that senior executives at Bell Pottinger told the undercover reporters that they had written a key speech given by the Sri Lankan President to the United Nations, in which he had described military action against Tamil Tiger separatists as "humanitarian".[79][80] During a meeting with reporters, David Wilson—the chairman of Bell Pottinger Public Relations—had stated: "We had a team working in the President's office. We wrote the President's speech to the UN last year which was very well received... it went a long way to taking the country where it needed to go".[79]

One of the techniques specifically mentioned by Collins was the use of search engine optimization to alter Google results.[81] He said:

And where we want to get to – and this will take time, this is where David's team are magical – is you get to the point where even if they type in "Uzbek child labour" or "Uzbek human rights violation", some of the first results that come up are sites talking about what you guys are doing to address and improve that, not just the critical voices saying how terrible this all is.[78]

In the recording, the executives claimed to have access to or relationships with numerous senior British politicians, including Prime Minister David Cameron; the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne; David Cameron's former Director of Strategy, Steve Hilton; James Arbuthnot (chair of the Defence Select Committee); and MP Rory Stewart.[78]

Collins also claimed that Bell Pottinger had been involved in David Cameron raising a matter with the Chinese government on behalf of a Bell Pottinger client, saying:

…Just as a final example just for you... I'm not saying we can always do this but just as an example of what we can sometimes do. Three weeks ago, we were rung up at 2.30 on a Friday afternoon by one of our clients, Dyson... They rang up and they said look, we've got a huge issue, and that is that a lot of our products are being completely ripped off in China, to the point where they're not just completely duplicating the product... (The) Chinese government won't take it seriously, it's half past two on a Friday afternoon. On Saturday, the Chinese Prime Minister is coming in for a UK visit – can you please get the UK to raise it?...And I'm pleased to say that on the Saturday, David Cameron raised it with the Chinese Prime Minister and showed him the photos of the products. I'm not saying we can do that all the time but that is an illustration of what, if you have the right message – David Cameron, yes he was doing it for Dyson, yes he was doing it because we asked him to do it, he was doing this also because he thought this was also in the UK wider national interest. This was something where there would be a UK proper interest. But in terms of very fast turnaround and getting things done right at the top of government, if you've got the right message, yes, we can do it.[78]

The allegations of Bell Pottinger directly influencing the British Prime Minister and other senior Government figures on behalf of private sector clients led to calls from the opposition Labour Party for the Cabinet secretary Sir Gus O'Donnell to launch an investigation, and from the Alliance for Lobbying Transparency for the immediate introduction of a statutory register of lobbyists.[82][83]

On 8 December 2011, the UK national newspaper The Daily Telegraph reported that some Wikipedia user accounts allegedly linked to Bell Pottinger had been suspended. Its report stated that "Further claims published in the Independent today suggested that the company made hundreds of alterations to Wikipedia entries about its clients in the last year, some of them adding favourable comments and others removing negative comments. Alterations were said to have been made by a user – traced to a Bell Pottinger computer – who used the pseudonym 'Biggleswiki'."[84] Among the articles edited by "Biggleswiki" was the Wikipedia entry for Dahabshiil,[85] a funds transfer firm. On the same day, The Independent reported that Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales had described Bell Pottinger as "ethically blind", after it had admitted altering Wikipedia pages relating to its clients.[86]

On 9 December 2011, The Independent published further allegations, including that Bell Pottinger had targeted the Wikipedia entry of Gordon Brown's sister-in-law, the environmental campaigner Clare Rewcastle Brown, and the South African arms manufacturer the Paramount Group.[87] On the same day, it was reported that a parliamentary investigation into lobbying firms, including Bell Pottinger, and their links with ministers, would be launched, and that an internal investigation had begun at Bell Pottinger.[88][89]

In response to the articles published on 6 to 9 December 2011, Bell Pottinger lodged a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) against the Independent, claiming that the information about its activities published by the newspaper had been obtained through subterfuge and was not of sufficient public interest to merit the Bureau of Investigative Journalism's undercover investigation.[90] However, in its ruling, the PCC agreed with the Bureau that there was a "broad public interest in exploring the relationship between lobbying and politics" and that it would not have been possible to obtain details of the techniques used by the lobbying company through other means.[90] The Bureau of Investigative Journalism's editor, Iain Overton, welcomed the PCC's ruling, saying: "During our undercover filming Bell Pottinger executives explained to us that one of the PR tools they used to attack news stories was to make an official complaint to the PCC. True to its word, Bell Pottinger went on the offensive following our exposé claiming foul".[91]

In June 2014, Bell Pottinger was a notable absentee from a group of major agencies which publicly pledged to abide by Wikipedia's rules[92] and end the practice of amending their clients' Wikipedia pages.[93]

Propaganda

It was revealed on October 2, 2016 that the Pentagon paid British PR firm Bell Pottinger $540 million to create fake terrorist videos, fake news articles for Arab news channels and propaganda videos.[94][95]

An investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism revealed the details of the multimillion-pound operation. Bell Pottinger is understood to have been funded some $540 million from the US Department of Defence (DoD) for five contracts from May 2007 to December 2011, according to The Times and the Bureau of Investigative Journalism.[96][97] Lord Bell confirmed Bell Pottinger reported to the Pentagon, the CIA and the National Security Council on its work in Iraq.[98]

References

  1. ↑ "Ceros 3.4.1". Cde.cerosmedia.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  2. ↑ "Introducing the Group". Bell Pottinger Private. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  3. 1 2 "Top 150 PR consultancies". PR Week. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  4. 1 2 Newman, Melanie; Wright, Oliver (6 December 2011). "Caught on camera: top lobbyists boasting how they influence the PM Special undercover investigation: Executives from Bell Pottinger reveal 'dark arts' they use to burnish reputations of countries accused of human rights violations". The Independent.
  5. ↑ "Chime Communications PLC ("Chime" or the "Company") A Vendor Placing and Cash Placing to Facilitate the Merger of Bell Pottinger" (Press release). London: Chime PLC. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  6. ↑ Morris, Nigel; Sherwin, Adam (8 December 2011). "Reaction: Lobbying company faces investigation by its own industry". The Independent.
  7. ↑ Pegg, David; Wright, Oliver (8 December 2011). "Wikipedia founder attacks Bell Pottinger for 'ethical blindness'". The Independent.
  8. ↑ Pegg, David; Newman, Melanie (8 December 2011). "Bell Pottinger targeted environmental campaigner on Wikipedia". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
  9. ↑ Pace, Richard, "Bell Pottinger Wins: Bail Extended for Atlaf Hussain's Money Laundering Charges", Everything PR, 7 October 2015. Retrieved: 9 October 2015.
  10. ↑ Black, Alex (28 March 2007). "THE POWER BOOK: Britain's most powerful". PR Week UK.
  11. ↑ Sweney, Mark (31 May 2012). "Chime agrees £20m Bell Pottinger sell-off". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  12. ↑ Nias, Simon (12 June 2014). "Bell Pottinger plots further acquisitions after Centreground deal". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  13. ↑ "Bell Pottinger launches luxury offer". Gorkana. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  14. ↑ Garside, Juliette (20 February 1998). "Pottinger in the frame as Lowe reclaims name". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  15. ↑ Quainton, David (16 March 2006). "QBO brand axed in Chime revamp". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  16. ↑ "Chime acquires ethical PR firm". PR Week UK. 17 January 2002. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  17. ↑ "ReportingPartners Profile - Corporate Citizenship". Corporateregister.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Resonate Communications Ltd". Prweekshowcase.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  19. ↑ Cann, Richard (6 February 2004). "Chime opens Bell Pottinger USA to boost PA offer". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  20. ↑ "PR of the Realm: Lord Bell on the art of communication". The Independent. London. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  21. ↑ Mattinson, Alec (24 November 2009). "Liam FitzPatrick rejoins Bell Pottinger to boost internal comms practice". PR Week. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  22. ↑ Sweney, Mark (31 May 2012). "Chime agrees £20m Bell Pottinger sell-off". guardian.co.uk, Thursday 31 May 2012. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  23. ↑ "Completion of Disposal". Market Announcements Monday, 2 July 2012. Chime Communications. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  24. ↑ Barry, Chris. "Bell Pottinger North reborn as Good Relations". TheBusinessDesk.com. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  25. ↑ "2008 TOP 150 PR CONSULTANCIES -- TOP 150 TABLE". PR Week. 24 April 2008.
  26. ↑ "Marketing League Table: PR leagues". Marketing magazine. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  27. ↑ "Bell Pottinger Group Ltd.". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  28. ↑ Mattinson, Alec (14 January 2009). "Bahrain passes brief on to Bell Pottinger". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "Chime Shareholders Support Bell Pottinger Management Buyout (MBO)". news release. Bell Pottinger Private. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  30. ↑ "Bell Pottinger USA website". Bell Pottinger Private Group. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  31. ↑ "The biggest Conservative donors from beyond the Square Mile". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. London. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  32. ↑ Kevin Rawlinson, "Revealed: lobbyists' plans to hijack 'people's petitions'", The Independent, 10 April 2012
  33. ↑ "Mid-East unrest: Arab states seek London PR facelift". BBC News. 1 March 2011.
  34. ↑ Magee, Kate (17 July 2008). "Bell Pottinger wins FX brief". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  35. ↑ "STOP PRESS: Milk Link hires Bell Pottinger". PR Week UK. 28 March 2003. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  36. 1 2 Singleton, David (22 April 2009). "Bell Pottinger beats rivals to EADS brief". Campaignlive.co.uk. PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  37. ↑ Brownsell, Alex (4 November 2009). "RSA Group hires Fallon to 300th anniversary ad task". Marketing magazine. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  38. ↑ Leigh, David (17 September 2009). "How UK oil company Trafigura tried to cover up African pollution disaster". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  39. ↑ Rusbridger, Alan (14 October 2009). "The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  40. ↑ Houghton, Alistair (5 March 2010). "DWF appoints Bell Pottinger". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  41. ↑ Lee, Jaimy (4 January 2010). "Qorvis to provide PR support for Sri Lanka". PRWeek US. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  42. ↑ "Conservatives under pressure to explain links to lobbying firms". The Telegraph. 6 December 2011.
  43. ↑ 'Cuadrilla PR man admits George Osborne's shale gas revolution won’t cut energy bills' by Tom Bawden in the Independent, 12 June 2013
  44. ↑ 'Compensation claims could wipe out Rolf Harris fortune' by Peter Walker in the The Guardian, 2 July 2014
  45. ↑ Barber, Lynsey (20 January 2014). "Bell Pottinger Wired to boost South Africa tourism with digital PR drive". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  46. ↑ "Centrica has appointed Bell Pottinger as Group communications adviser". Gorkana. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  47. ↑ Owens, John (4 November 2013). "Friends Life moves UK PR to former Chime bedfellows". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  48. ↑ Barber, Lynsey (28 October 2013). "Friends Life moves UK PR to former Chime bedfellows". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  49. ↑ Mattinson, Alec (9 September 2013). "Bell Pottinger Pelham picks up FTSE 250 recruitment firm Hays". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  50. ↑ Owens, John (12 September 2014). "Bell Pottinger shifts Mulberry work to newly launched luxury division". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  51. ↑ "Birds Eye Iglo Group hires Pelham Bell Pottinger". The Drum. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  52. ↑ "AT&T Williams appoints Pelham Bell Pottinger to advise on IPO". Gorkana. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  53. ↑ "Family dynamics drive Syrian President Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  54. ↑ 'Europe's last dictatorship' gets Western PR makeover
  55. ↑ "Leveson Inquiry: as it happened November 23". Telegraph.co.uk. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  56. ↑ Weaver, Matthew (28 July 2011). "Libya, Syria and Middle East unrest - Thursday 28 July 2011". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  57. ↑ Barnett, Neil (5 June 2008). "Can Lord Bell's PR skills combat the aroma of communism and cabbage?". The Spectator.
  58. ↑ "Templeton Foundation Hires Bell Pottinger Business & Brand". Chime Communications. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  59. ↑ Reus, Alejandro (8 July 1999). "'Peddling Miracles and Amnesia'". New Internationalist.
  60. ↑ Robinson, Stephen (8 December 2011). "'Of course I regret it, I need it like a hole in the head, all this s**t'". London Evening Standard Magazine.
  61. ↑ Barber, Lynsey (25 July 2013). "Bell Pottinger Wired creates digital publishing tool for Press Association". The Drum. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  62. ↑ Mattinson, Alec (1 September 2011). "TalkTalk shifts £500k brief to Good Relations and Pelham Bell Pottinger". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  63. ↑ Quainton, David (8 May 2008). "Madrid 2016 hires Bell Pottinger". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  64. ↑ Johnson, Mark (25 June 2004). "Bell Pottinger wins PR for Wembley regeneration". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  65. ↑ Mattinson, Alec (18 November 2009). "Coca-Cola Enterprises looks to Bell Pottinger for corporate responsibility drive". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  66. ↑ Luker, Sara (22 July 2011). "Bell Pottinger's tech brand Harvard loses Adobe to The Red Consultancy". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  67. ↑ Singleton, David (13 August 2009). "O2 reconsiders Bell Pottinger alliance". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  68. ↑ Singleton, David (12 June 2008). "HSBC puts Bell Pottinger account out to tender". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  69. ↑ O’Connor, Clare (29 May 2008). "Bell Pottinger loses eBay to Blue Rubicon". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  70. ↑ Singleton, David (27 March 2008). "Asda ditches Bell Pottinger for start-up agency Ledbury Group". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  71. ↑ O’Reilly, Gemma (25 October 2007). "Bell Pottinger North wins key NHS trust accounts". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  72. ↑ Edwards, Richard (2 April 1999). "Bell Pottinger to take on Sega PR". PR Week. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  73. ↑ McCormack, David (17 March 2000). "Emirates hands global account to Bell Pottinger". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  74. ↑ Shelton, Ed (31 March 2000). "STOP PRESS: Bell Pottinger hires Wilson for Emirates". PR Week UK. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  75. ↑ "STOP PRESS: Bell Pottinger lands Chelsea/Emirates deal". PR Week UK. 2 February 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  76. ↑ "Fortnum & Mason enlists QBO". PR Week UK. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  77. ↑ "David Hill: Blair's straight-talking PR man is back in business". The Independent. London. 5 November 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  78. 1 2 3 4 "The Transcript: 'David Cameron raised it with the Chinese Prime Minister'". The Independent. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  79. 1 2 Newman, Melanie; Wright, Oliver (6 December 2011). "We wrote Sri Lankan President's civil war speech, say lobbyists". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  80. ↑ "Sri Lanka under fire over PR firm Bell Pottinger speech". BBC News. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  81. ↑ "(2011) Covert video recording, ''The Independent'', 05 December 2011 (Accessed 5 December 2011)". Link.brightcove.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  82. ↑ Hope, Christopher (6 December 2011). "Bell Pottinger: pressure on David Cameron to curb secret links with lobbyists". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  83. ↑ Martin, Daniel; Cooper, Rob (6 December 2011). "Cameron forced to deny lobbying firm has influence on Government policy after executives are filmed boasting of access to PM". Daily Mail. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  84. ↑ "Wikipedia suspends accounts over Bell Pottinger claims". Daily Telegraph. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  85. ↑ "Revealed: The Wikipedia pages changed by Bell Pottinger". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  86. ↑ Pegg, David; Wright, Oliver (8 December 2011). "Wikipedia founder attacks Bell Pottinger for 'ethical blindness'". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  87. ↑ Pegg, David; Newman, Melanie; Wright, Oliver (9 December 2011). "The arms company, the oligarch and the ex-PM's sister-in-law: lobby firm's Wikipedia hit list". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  88. ↑ Morris, Nigel (9 December 2011). "Parliamentary inquiry into lobbying to call Bell Pottinger executives as witnesses". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  89. ↑ Milmo, Cahal (9 December 2011). "The fightback begins: boss vows to take action against miscreant staff". The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  90. 1 2 Press Complaints Commission (July 2012). "PCC rejects complaint from Bell Pottinger following undercover Independent articles", Press Complaints Commission, 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  91. ↑ Oldroyd, Rachel (July 2012). "PCC rejects Bell Pottinger's complaint against Bureau investigation", Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2014
  92. ↑ BBC News (12 June 2014) "PR firms pledge 'ethical' use of Wikipedia" Accessed 25 June 2014
  93. ↑ Private Eye, Issue 1369, 27 June - 10 July 2014, pg. 13.
  94. ↑ Crofton Black, Abigail Fielding-Smith, Jon Ungoed-Thomas (2 October 2016). "Lord Bell ran $540m covert PR ops in Iraq for Pentagon". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  95. ↑ Crofton Black, Abigail Fielding-Smith (2 October 2016). "Pentagon Paid for Fake 'Al Qaeda' Videos". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  96. ↑ Fielding-Smith, Abigail; Black, Crofton; Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (2 October 2016). "Soap operas and fakery: selling peace in Iraq". The Times.
  97. ↑ http://labs.thebureauinvestigates.com/fake-news-and-false-flags
  98. ↑ Gordon, Amie (2 October 2016). "PR firm set up by Margaret Thatcher's spin doctor ran a 'top-secret' £416m propaganda operation during Iraq war writing soap operas and tracking al-Qaeda terrorists using fake jihad films". The Daily Mail.

External links

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