Billy the Kid

For other uses, see Billy the Kid (disambiguation).
Billy the Kid

Billy the Kid c. 1880
Born Henry McCarty
September 17, 1859
New York City, New York
Died July 14, 1881(1881-07-14) (aged 21)
Fort Sumner, New Mexico
Cause of death Gunshot wound from Sheriff Pat Garrett
Resting place Old Fort Sumner Cemetery
34°24′13″N 104°11′37″W / 34.40361°N 104.19361°W / 34.40361; -104.19361 (Billy the Kid's Gravesite)
Other names William H. Bonney, Henry Antrim, Kid Antrim
Occupation
  • Horse rustler
  • ranch hand
  • cowboy
  • gambler
  • outlaw
Height 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) at age 17[1]
Weight 135 lb (61 kg) at age 17[1]
Parent(s)
  • Father: Patrick McCarty
  • Stepfather: William Antrim
  • Mother: Catherine Devine
Relatives Joseph McCarty (brother)

Billy the Kid, born Henry McCarty; also known as William H. Bonney (September 17, 1859 – July 14, 1881) was an American Old West gunfighter who participated in New Mexico's Lincoln County War. He is known to have killed eight men.[2][3]

His first arrest was for stealing food in late 1875, and five months later he was arrested for stealing clothing and firearms. His escape from jail two days later and flight from New Mexico Territory into Arizona Territory made him both an outlaw and a federal fugitive. After murdering a blacksmith during an altercation in August 1877, Bonney became a wanted man in Arizona Territory and returned to New Mexico, where he joined a group of cattle rustlers. He took part in the Lincoln County War and joined the Regulators, making him a well-known outlaw in the region. In April 1878, however, the Regulators killed three men, including Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady and one of his deputies. Bonney and two other Regulators were later charged with killing all three men.

Bonney's notoriety grew in December 1880 when the Las Vegas Gazette in Las Vegas, New Mexico, and the New York Sun carried stories about his crimes.[4] He was captured by Sheriff Pat Garrett later that same month, tried and convicted of the murder of Brady in April 1881, and was sentenced to hang in May of that year. Bonney escaped from jail on April 28, 1881, killing two sheriff's deputies in the process, and evaded capture for more than two months. Bonney was ultimately shot and killed by Garrett in Fort Sumner on July 14, 1881. Over the next several decades, legends grew that Bonney had not died that night, and a number of men claimed to be him.

Early life

Henry McCarty was born in New York City on September 17, 1859 to Catherine (née Devine) McCarty and was baptized eleven days later in the Church of St. Peter.[lower-alpha 1] There has been confusion about McCarty's birthplace and birth date among historians.[6][7][8] His younger brother, Joseph McCarty was born in 1863.[9]

Following the death of her husband, Catherine McCarty and her sons moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where she met William Henry Harrison Antrim. The McCarty family, along with Antrim, moved to Wichita, Kansas in 1870.[10] After moving again a few years later, Catherine married Antrim on March 1, 1873 at the First Presbyterian Church in Santa Fe, New Mexico; both McCarty and his brother Joseph were witnesses.[11][12] Shortly afterward, the family moved from Santa Fe to Silver City, New Mexico. Joseph McCarty took his stepfather's surname and began using the name Joseph Antrim.[9] Catherine McCarty died of tuberculosis on September 16, 1874.[13]

First crimes

McCarty was 15 years old when his mother died. Sarah Brown, the owner of a boardinghouse, gave him room and board in exchange for work. On September 16, 1875, McCarty was caught stealing food.[14][15] Ten days later, McCarty and George Schaefer robbed a Chinese laundry and stole clothing and two pistols. McCarty was charged with theft and jailed. He escaped two days later and became a fugitive,[14] as noted in the Silver City Herald the next day, the first story published about him. McCarty located his stepfather and stayed with him for a time until Antrim threw him out, but not before McCarty stole clothing and guns from him. It was the last time the two saw each other.[16]

Henry Hooker at his Sierra Bonita Ranch in southeast Arizona

After leaving Antrim, McCarty traveled to southeastern Arizona Territory, where he worked as a ranch hand, gambling his wages in nearby gaming houses.[17] In 1876, he was hired as a ranch hand by well-known rancher Henry Hooker.[18][19] During this time, he became acquainted with John R. Mackie, a Scottish-born criminal and former cavalry private who, following his discharge, remained in the vicinity of Camp Grant, a nearby U.S. Army post. The two men soon began stealing horses from local soldiers.[20][21] McCarty became known as "Kid Antrim" because of his youth, slight build, clean-shaven appearance, and personality.[22][23]

On August 17, 1877, McCarty was at Camp Grant and got into a disagreement with Francis "Windy" Cahill, a blacksmith. Cahill had reportedly bullied McCarty and called him names on more than one occasion. On this day while playing poker, Cahill called McCarty a pimp. McCarty in turn called Cahill a "son of a bitch", and Cahill threw McCarty to the floor and the two struggled for McCarty's revolver. McCarty shot and mortally wounded Cahill. A witness said, "[Billy] had no choice; he had to use his equalizer." Cahill died the following day.[24][25] McCarty was detained and held in the Camp Grant guardhouse, but escaped before law enforcement could arrive.[26]

McCarty stole a horse and fled Arizona Territory for New Mexico Territory,[27] but Apaches took the horse from him, leaving him to walk many miles to the nearest settlement. In Pecos Valley, New Mexico,[28] starving and near death, he went to the home of friend and Seven Rivers Warriors gang member John Jones, whose mother Barbara nursed McCarty back to health.[29][30] After regaining his health, McCarty went to Apache Tejo, a former army post, where he joined a band of rustlers who raided herds owned by cattle magnate John Chisum. After McCarty was spotted in Silver City by a resident, his involvement with the gang was mentioned in a local newspaper.[31]

At some point in 1877, McCarty began to refer to himself as "William H. Bonney".[30]

Lincoln County War

Main article: Lincoln County War

Prelude

John Tunstall, c. 1870

After returning to New Mexico, Bonney worked for English businessman and rancher John Tunstall as a cowboy in Lincoln County, near Rio Felix, a tributary of the Rio Grande. Tunstall, along with his business partner and lawyer Alexander McSween, was an opponent of three businessmen (and gunmen); Lawrence Murphy, James Dolan, and John Riley. The three men had wielded an economic and political hold over Lincoln County since the early 1870s, due in part to their ownership of a beef contract with nearby Fort Stanton and a well-patronized dry-goods store in Lincoln.

In February 1878, McSween owed $8,000 to Dolan, which he had not paid. Dolan obtained a court order and asked Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady to attach nearly US$40,000 of Tunstall's property and livestock. Tunstall put Bonney in charge of nine prime horses and told him to relocate them to his ranch for safekeeping. Sheriff Brady assembled a large posse to seize Tunstall's cattle.[32][33]

Lincoln County Sheriff William J. Brady, 1872

On February 18, 1878, Tunstall learned of the posse's presence on his land, and rode out to intervene. During the encounter, one member of the posse shot Tunstall in the chest, knocking him off his horse. Another posse member took Tunstall's gun and shot him in the back of the head, killing him.[33][34] Tunstall's murder was the fuel that started the conflict between the two factions that became known as the Lincoln County War.[33][35]

Build-up

After Tunstall was killed, Bonney and Dick Brewer swore affidavits against Brady and those in his posse, and obtained murder warrants from Lincoln justice of the peace John B. Wilson.[36] On February 20, 1878 while attempting to arrest Brady, the sheriff and his deputies happened on and arrested Bonney and two other men riding with him.[37] Deputy U.S. Marshal Rob Widenmann, a friend of Bonney, along with a detachment of soldiers, captured Sheriff Brady's jail guards, put them behind bars, and released Bonney and Brewer.[38]

Bonney joined the Lincoln County Regulators and on March 9, they captured Frank Baker and William Morton who had been accused of killing Tunstall. Both were killed while allegedly trying to escape.[39] On April 1, the Regulators ambushed Sheriff Brady and his deputies, and during the battle Bonney was wounded in the thigh.[40]

Dick Brewer, c. 1875

Three days later, on the morning of April 4, 1878, during a shootout at Blazer's Mill between the Regulators and buffalo hunter Buckshot Roberts, Bonney's friend Dick Brewer was killed[41] along with Roberts, Sheriff Brady, and Deputy Sheriff George W. Hindman. Warrants were issued for several participants on both sides, and Bonney and two others were charged with killing the three men.[42]

Battle of Lincoln (1878)

On the night of Sunday, July 14, McSween and the Regulators, by now a group of fifty or sixty men, went to Lincoln and stationed themselves in the town among several buildings.[43] At the McSween residence were Bonney, Florencio Chavez, Jose Chavez y Chavez, Jim French, Harvey Morris, Tom O'Folliard, and Yginio Salazar, among others. Another group led by Marin Chavez and Doc Scurlock positioned themselves on the roof of a saloon. Henry Newton Brown, Dick Smith and George Coe defended a nearby adobe bunkhouse.[44][45]

On Tuesday, July 16, the newly appointed sheriff, George Peppin, sent sharpshooters to kill the McSween defenders at the saloon. Peppin's men retreated when one of the snipers, Charles Crawford, was killed by Fernando Herrera. Peppin then sent a request for assistance to Colonel Nathan Dudley, commandant of Fort Stanton. Dudley wrote a reply to Peppin turning him down.[46]

On Friday, July 19, a shooting war broke out. All of McSween's supporters gathered inside the McSween house. When Deputy Sheriff Jack Long and Buck Powell set fire to the McSween house, the occupants opened fire. After all but one room of the home had been engulfed by flames, Bonney and the others fled the building. During the confusion, Alexander McSween was shot and killed by Robert W. Beckwith, who was then shot and killed by Bonney.[47][48]

Outlaw

Tom O'Folliard, c. 1875

Bonney and three other survivors of the Battle of Lincoln were near the Mescalero Indian Agency when the agency bookkeeper, Morris Bernstein, was murdered on August 5, 1878. All four were indicted for the murder, despite conflicting evidence that Bernstein had actually been killed by Constable Atanacio Martinez. All of these indictments were later quashed, except for Bonney's.[49][50]

On October 5, 1878, U.S. Marshal John Sherman informed newly inaugurated Governor Lew Wallace that he held warrants for several men including "William H. Antrim, alias Kid, alias Bonny [sic]" but was unable to execute them "owing to the disturbed condition of affairs in that county, resulting from the acts of a desperate class of men."[51] Wallace issued an amnesty proclamation on November 13, 1878, which pardoned anyone involved in the Lincoln County War since the Tunstall murder of February 18, 1878. It specifically did not apply to any person who had been convicted of or was under indictment for a crime, and therefore excluded Bonney.[52][53]

On February 18, 1879, Bonney and friend Tom O'Folliard were in Lincoln when attorney Huston Chapman was shot and his corpse set on fire while Bonney and O'Folliard watched. According to eyewitnesses, the pair were innocent bystanders forced at gunpoint by Jesse Evans to witness the murder.[54][55]

New Mexico Governor Lew Wallace in 1893

Bonney later wrote to Governor Lew Wallace with an offer to provide information on the Chapman murder in exchange for amnesty. Bonney met with Wallace in Lincoln on March 15, 1879, talking for over an hour. Wallace promised Bonney a complete pardon if he would offer his testimony to a grand jury regarding what he knew in regard to the Chapman murder. On March 20, Wallace wrote to Bonney, "to remove all suspicion of understanding, I think it better to put the arresting party in charge of Sheriff Kimbrell [sic] who shall be instructed to see that no violence is used."[56] On March 21, Bonney allowed himself to be "captured" by a posse led by Sheriff George Kimball of Lincoln County. As agreed, Bonney provided a statement about Chapman's murder. Still jailed, weeks passed and Bonney began to suspect he had been used by Wallace and would never be granted the promised amnesty. Bonney escaped the Lincoln County Jail on June 17, 1879.[57]

Bonney avoided further violence until January 10, 1880, when he shot and killed a newcomer to the area, Joe Grant, at Hargrove's Saloon in Fort Sumner, New Mexico.[58] The Santa Fe Weekly New Mexican reported, "Billy Bonney, more extensively known as 'the Kid,' shot and killed Joe Grant. The origin of the difficulty was not learned."[59] According to other sources, after Bonney had been advised that Grant intended to kill him, he walked up to Grant, told him he admired his revolver, and asked to examine it. Grant complied. Before handing the pistol holding only three shells back to Grant, Bonney positioned the cylinder so the next shot would fire on an empty chamber. Again in possession of his weapon, Grant stuck the pistol in Bonney's face and pulled the trigger. After the revolver failed to fire, Bonney drew his own pistol, shooting Grant in the head. A reporter for the Las Vegas Optic later quoted Bonney as saying his encounter with Grant "was a game of two and I got there first."[60][61]

Charlie Bowdre, c. 1880

Bonney formed a friendship in 1880 with rancher Jim Greathouse, who later introduced him to Dave Rudabaugh. On November 29, 1880, Bonney, Rudabaugh and Billy Wilson ran from a posse led by sheriff's deputy James Carlyle. Cornered at Greathouse's ranch, Bonney let the posse know they were holding Greathouse as a hostage. Carlyle offered to exchange places with Greathouse, and Bonney took him up on the offer. Carlyle later attempted to escape by jumping through a window but was shot three times and killed. The gunfight ended in a standoff when the posse withdrew and Bonney, Rudabaugh, and Wilson rode off.[62][63]

A few weeks after the Greathouse incident, Bonney, Rudabaugh, Wilson, Charlie Bowdre, Tom Pickett, and O'Folliard rode into Fort Sumner. Unknown to Bonney and the group, a posse led by Pat Garrett was waiting for them at the fort. As they approached, the posse opened fire, killing O'Folliard. Bonney and the rest escaped unharmed.[64][65]

Capture and escape

With a US$500 bounty posted by Governor Wallace on December 13, 1880,[66] Garrett continued his search for Bonney. On December 23, 1880, Garrett and his posse captured Bonney along with Pickett, Rudabaugh and Wilson at Stinking Springs. The capture followed a siege in which Bowdre was killed. Along with the other three captured, Bonney was taken to Santa Fe. While en route and at Las Vegas, New Mexico on December 27, a lynch mob formed. In a later interview with a reporter, Bonney indicated he was unafraid during the incident by claiming, "if I only had my Winchester I'd lick the whole crowd."[67][68] The Las Vegas (New Mexico) Gazette ran a story from a jailhouse interview conducted by one of the newspaper's reporters following Bonney's capture. During the interview, when the reporter stated he thought the prisoner appeared relaxed, Bonney replied, "What's the use of looking on the gloomy side of everything? The laugh's on me this time."[69] During his short career as an outlaw, Bonney would be the subject of numerous newspaper articles in the United States, some as far away as New York.[70]

Courthouse and jail, Lincoln, New Mexico

After arriving in Santa Fe, Bonney sent four separate letters over the next three months to Governor Wallace seeking clemency. After Wallace refused to intervene,[71] Bonney went to trial in April 1881 in Mesilla, New Mexico.[72] Following two days of testimony, Bonney was found guilty of Sheriff Brady's murder; it was the only conviction secured against any of the combatants in the Lincoln County War. On April 13, he was sentenced by Judge Warren Bristol to hang, with his execution scheduled for May 13, 1881.[72] Legend says that upon sentencing, the judge told Bonney he was going to hang until he was "dead, dead, dead," and that Bonney's response was, "you can go to hell, hell, hell."[73] The historical record, however, states he did not speak after the reading of his sentence.[74]

Following his sentencing, Bonney was moved to Lincoln, where he was held under guard on the top floor of the town courthouse. On the evening of April 28, 1881, Garrett was in White Oaks collecting taxes. Deputy Bob Olinger left the jail to take five other prisoners across the street for a meal, leaving the other deputy, James Bell, alone with Bonney. Bonney requested to be taken outside to use the outhouse located behind the courthouse. On the way back to the jail, Bonney, who was walking ahead of Bell up the stairs to his cell, hid around a blind corner, slipped out of his handcuffs, and surprised Bell, beating him with the loose end of the cuffs. During the ensuing scuffle, Bonney was able to get Bell's revolver. He fatally shot Bell in the back as the deputy made for the stairs to get away.[75]

Marker noting the site where Deputy Olinger (spelled here "Ollinger") was killed by Bonney

While Bonney's legs were still shackled, he was able to get into Garrett's office, where he took a loaded shotgun left behind by Olinger. Waiting at the upstairs window for Olinger to respond to the gunshot that killed Bell, Bonney called out to the deputy, "Look up, old boy, and see what you get". When Olinger looked up, Bonney shot and killed him.[75][76] After about an hour, Bonney was able to free himself from the leg irons with an axe.[77] He obtained a horse and rode out of town. Some stories say that he was singing as he left Lincoln.[76]

Death

While Bonney was on the run, Governor Wallace placed a new $ bounty on the fugitive's head.[78][79][80] Almost three months after his escape, Garrett acted in response to rumors that Bonney was in the vicinity of Fort Sumner. Garrett and two deputies left Lincoln on July 14, 1881, to question one of the town's residents, a friend of McCarty's named Pete Maxwell.[81] Maxwell, son of land baron Lucien Maxwell, spoke with Garrett the same day for several hours. Around midnight, the pair sat in Maxwell's darkened bedroom when Bonney unexpectedly entered the room.[82]

Sheriff Pat Garrett, c. 1903

Accounts vary as to the course of events. The canonical version states that as Bonney entered the room, he failed to recognize Garrett due to the poor lighting. Drawing his revolver and backing away, Bonney asked "¿Quién es? ¿Quién es?", Spanish for "Who is it? Who is it?". Recognizing Bonney's voice, Garrett drew his revolver, firing twice. The first bullet struck Bonney in the chest just above his heart, killing him.[82]

A few hours after the shooting, a local justice of the peace assembled a coroner's jury of six people. Maxwell and Garrett were interviewed by the jury members and Bonney's body was examined along with the place of the shooting. After the jury certified the body as belonging to Bonney, the jury foreman was put on record by a local newspaper as stating, "it was 'the Kid's' body that we examined."[83] Bonney was given a wake by candlelight. He was buried the next day and his grave was denoted with a wooden marker.[84][85]

In the weeks following Bonney's death, the New Mexico legislature unanimously agreed to grant the US$500 bounty reward to Garrett.[83] Because people had begun to claim that Garrett unfairly ambushed Bonney, Garrett felt the need to tell his side of the story. In response, Garrett called upon his friend, journalist Marshall Upson, to ghostwrite a book for him.[86] The collaboration led to the book The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid,[lower-alpha 2] which was first published in April 1882. Although only a few copies sold following its release, the book eventually became a reference for historians who later wrote about Bonney's life.[86]

Rumors of survival

Over time, legends formed and grew that claimed Bonney was not killed, rather, that Garrett staged the incident and death out of friendship so that the gunman could evade the law.[88] In the years following the shooting, men came forward to claim they were Billy the Kid. While most of the claimants were disproven to be Bonney, two have remained topics of discussion and debate.

In 1948, a Central Texas man known as Ollie P. Roberts, who went by the nickname "Brushy Bill", began to claim he was Billy the Kid. His claims were summarily dismissed, even by his own family.[89] Hico, Texas, his town of residence, capitalized on the claim by opening a Billy the Kid museum.[90]

John Miller, an Arizona man also claiming to be Bonney, had his story supported by his family beginning in 1938, some time after his death. Buried in the Arizona state-owned Pioneers' Home Cemetery in Prescott, Arizona, his bones and teeth[89] were dug up in May 2005[91] without clearance from the state.[92] DNA samples from the remains were sent to a lab in Dallas, Texas, for testing and examination. The intent was to compare Miller's DNA with blood obtained from floorboards in the old Lincoln County courthouse and a bench where it was believed Bonney's body was placed after he was shot.[93] According to a July 2015 article in the Washington Post, however, the lab results were "useless".[89]

In 2004, researchers sought to exhume the remains of Catherine Antrim, McCarty's mother, "so her DNA could be tested and compared with DNA to be taken from the body buried under the Kid's gravestone".[94] As of 2012, her body had not been exhumed.[93]

In 2007,[95] a lawsuit was filed by author and amateur historian Gale Cooper against the Lincoln County Sheriff's Office pursuant to the state Inspection of Public Records Act to produce records of the results of the 2006 DNA tests and other forensic evidence collected in the Billy the Kid investigations.[96] In April 2012, 133 pages of documents were provided which, "although they offered no conclusive evidence to prove or disprove the generally accepted story of the Kid's death at Garrett's hand",[95] they did "reveal that the records sought not only exist[ed], but that they could have been easily produced long ago".[93] In 2014, Cooper was awarded US$100,000 in punitive damages. The lawsuit ultimately cost Lincoln County a combined amount of nearly US$300,000 for the judgement and associated fees.[95]

In February 2015, historian Robert Stahl petitioned a district court in Fort Sumner, asking the state of New Mexico to posthumously issue a death certificate for Bonney.[83] Taking a step further in July 2015, Stahl filed suit in the New Mexico Supreme Court. The suit asked the court to order the state's Office of the Medical Investigator to officially certify Bonney's death under New Mexico state law.[97]

Legacy

Photographs

Dedrick ferrotype

Unretouched original Ferrotype of Billy the Kid, c. 1880

One of the few remaining artifacts of Bonney's life is an iconic 2-by-3-inch (5.1 cm × 7.6 cm) ferrotype taken of Bonney by an unknown portrait photographer sometime in late 1879 or early 1880. The image shows Bonney wearing a vest over a sweater, a slouch cowboy hat on his head and a bandanna around his neck, while holding an 1873 Winchester rifle with the weapon's butt resting on the floor. For years the photo of Bonney was the only one agreed upon by scholars and historians to be authentic.[79] The ferrotype survived due to a friend of Bonney, Dan Dedrick, keeping the image following the outlaw's death. Passed down through Dedrick's family, the image was copied several times and appeared in numerous publications during the 20th century. In June 2011, the original was bought at auction for US$2.3 million by billionaire businessman William Koch.[98] At the time of the ferrotype auction, the image became the most expensive item ever sold through Brian Lebel's Annual Old West Show & Auction.[99]

The image, which had been copied and published in various ways over the years, showed Bonney with his holstered Colt revolver on his left side. This fueled the belief that the gunman was left-handed. This belief, however, did not take into account that the method used to make the original ferrotype was to use metal plates that produced reverse images. As a result, the photo showed Bonney's pistol on his left side, leading modern historians to believe he shot with his left hand.[100] In 1954 western historians James D. Horan and Paul Sann wrote that Bonney was "right-handed and carried his pistol on his right hip".[101] The opinion was confirmed by Clyde Jeavons, a former curator of the National Film and Television Archive.[102] Several Billy the Kid historians have written that Bonney was ambidextrous.[103][104][105][106]

Playing croquet

Detail from a larger photo alleged to show Bonney (left) playing croquet in New Mexico in 1878

A tintype purchased in 2010 for US$2.00 at a memorabilia shop in Fresno, California, appears to show Bonney and members of the Regulators playing croquet. The photo was reviewed by Old West history and tin-type photo experts in order to authenticate or deny the image's authenticity.[107] Some, including collector Robert G. McCubbin and outlaw historian John Boessenecker, informed the owner as early as 2013 that it was not Bonney in the photo.[108] Others, including Jeff Aiello, executive producer at 18THIRTY Entertainment, thought it might be Bonney, and ultimately that company produced a National Geographic special, Billy The Kid: New Evidence. Aiello became convinced during preparation for the show's production that the photo was taken at John Tunstall's ranch, and stated that the schoolhouse in the photo still exists on the site. He speculated that because Tunstall was an Englishman and croquet was a popular game among the English, the croquet set belonged to Tunstall. Kent Gibson, a forensic video and still image expert from Los Angeles, offered his services to Aiello, including the use of facial recognition software, and stated that Bonney is one of the individuals in the image.[107]

In August 2015, Lincoln State Monument officials and the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs said that despite the new research done for the documentary, they were "unable to confirm authentication of the photograph in question as being a picture of Billy the Kid or other members of the Lincoln County War era", according to Monument manager Gary Cozzens. A photo curator at the Palace of the Governors photo archives, Daniel Kosharek, said that the photo was "problematic on a lot of fronts", including how small the figures are and the lack of resemblance in the background—in New Mexican eyes—to Lincoln County or the state in general.[107] This skepticism was echoed a few days prior to the October 18, 2015, premiere of Billy The Kid: New Evidence on the National Geographic Channel: the editorial staff at True West Magazine wrote an article presenting the opinions of the photo by various writers and researchers, which was summed up as "no one in our office thinks this photo is of the Kid" and the Regulators.[108]

In early October 2015, Kagin's, Inc., a California-based numismatic authentication firm, determined the image to be authentic after a number of experts, including those associated with the National Geographic special, examined it for over a year.[109] Kagin's has insured the tintype for US$5 million.[110]

Posthumous pardon

New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson announced he would not be issuing a pardon of Bonney for the murder of Sheriff William Brady. The pardon considered was to be a follow-through on a purported promise made by former Governor Lew Wallace in 1879. Richardson's decision, citing "historical ambiguity", was announced on December 31, 2010, his last day in office.[111][112]

Grave marker

Graves of Bonney, O'Folliard, and Bowdre, Fort Sumner, New Mexico

In 1931, Charles W. Foor, at the time an unofficial tour guide at the Fort Sumner Cemetery, spearheaded a drive to raise funds for a permanent marker at the graves of Bonney, O'Folliard, and Bowdre. As a result of his efforts, a stone memorial marked with the names of the three men and their death dates beneath the word "Pals" was erected in the center of the burial area.[113]

Grave marker for Billy the Kid

In 1940, stone cutter James N. Warner of Salida, Colorado, created and donated a new marker to the cemetery specifically for Bonney's grave.[114] It was stolen on February 8, 1981, but recovered days later in Huntington Beach, California. New Mexico Governor Bruce King arranged for the county sheriff to fly to California to bring it back to Fort Sumner,[115] where it was re-installed in May 1981. Although both markers are behind iron fencing, a group of vandals entered the enclosure at night in June 2012 and tipped over the stone.[116]

Selected references in popular culture


Artwork

Dick Brewer, Billy the Kid, and the Regulators by Andy Thomas

Literature

Film


Music

Stage

Television and radio

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Letter from Rev. James B. Roberts, Church of St. Peter, New York City, to Jack DeMattos, March 24, 1979.[5]
  2. ↑ The full title of the Garrett-Upson book was The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid, the Noted Desperado of the Southwest, Whose Deeds of Daring and Blood Made His Name a Terror in New Mexico, Arizona and Northern Mexico. By Pat. F. Garrett, Sheriff of Lincoln Co., N.M., By Whom He Was Finally Hunted Down and Captured by Killing Him.[87]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Utley 1989, p. 15.
  2. ↑ Rasch 1995, pp. 23–35.
  3. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 244–245.
  4. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 145–146.
  5. ↑ DeMattos 1980.
  6. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 1–6.
  7. ↑ Rasch & Mullin 1953, pp. 1–5.
  8. ↑ Rasch 1954, pp. 6–11.
  9. 1 2 Nolan 1998, pp. 15, 29.
  10. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. 15.
  11. ↑ Nolan 1998, pp. 17–19.
  12. ↑ Nolan 2009, p. 7.
  13. ↑ Nolan 2009, p. 8.
  14. 1 2 "Billy The Kid: Facts, information and articles about Billy The Kid, famous outlaw, and a prominent figure from the Wild West". HistoryNet.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  15. ↑ Grant County Herald (Silver City, New Mexico), September 26, 1875.
  16. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 94–95.
  17. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. 103.
  18. ↑ "Billy the Kid". State of New Mexico. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  19. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 10–11.
  20. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. 107.
  21. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 11–12.
  22. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 110–111.
  23. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 16.
  24. ↑ Radbourne, Allan; Rasch, Philip J. (August 1985). "The Story of 'Windy' Cahill". Real West (204): 22–27.
  25. ↑ "This Date in History – August 17, 1877 – Billy the Kid kills his first man". History Channel. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  26. ↑ Wroth, William H. "Billy the Kid". New Mexico Office of the State Historian. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  27. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. 119.
  28. ↑ Nolan 1998, p. 77.
  29. ↑ Hays, Chad (March 19, 2013). "Ma'am Jones A stitch in time". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  30. 1 2 Wallis 2007, p. 144.
  31. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 123–131.
  32. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 188–190.
  33. 1 2 3 Boardman, Mark (September 25, 2010). "The Tunstalls Return – John Tunstall's kin traveled from England to fathom death in Lincoln.". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  34. ↑ Utley 1989, p. 46.
  35. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 23–55.
  36. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 48–49.
  37. ↑ Bell, Bob Boze (April 1, 2004). "I Shot the Sheriff (and I Killed a Deputy, Too) – Billy Kid and the Regulators vs Sheriff Brady and His Deputies". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  38. ↑ Bell, Bob Boze (September 11, 2015). "Tunstall Ambushed – Regulators vs Dolan's Henchmen". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  39. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 56–60.
  40. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 233–249, 549.
  41. ↑ Rickards, Colin. The Gunfight at Blazer's Mill, 1974 – pp. 36–37.
  42. ↑ Wroth, William H. Billy the Kid. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  43. ↑ Jacobsen 1994, p. 173.
  44. ↑ Nolan 1992, pp. 312–313.
  45. ↑ Utley 1987, p. 87.
  46. ↑ Nolan 1992, p. 513.
  47. ↑ Nolan 1992, pp. 322–331.
  48. ↑ Utley 1987, pp. 96–111.
  49. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 104–105, 107, 110.
  50. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 339–340, 342, 445, 514.
  51. ↑ Utley 1987, p. 120.
  52. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 315, 515.
  53. ↑ Utley 1987, pp. 122–123, 126–128, 141, 150, 154, 156–158.
  54. ↑ Utley 1987, pp. 132–136, 139, 141, 143–144.
  55. ↑ Nolan 1992, pp. 375–376, 378, 516–517.
  56. ↑ Governor Lew Wallace to W.H. Bonney, March 20, 1879.
  57. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 111–125.
  58. ↑ Bell, Bob Boze (May 2, 2007). "The Tale of the Empty Chamber Billy the Kid vs Joe Grant". True West Magazine. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  59. ↑ Santa Fe Weekly New Mexican, January 17, 1880.
  60. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 131–133, 145, 203, 249–250.
  61. ↑ Nolan 2009, pp. 397, 518, 572.
  62. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 143–146, 179, 204.
  63. ↑ Nolan 1992, pp. 398–401.
  64. ↑ Metz 1974, pp. 74–75.
  65. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 155–157, 256–257.
  66. ↑ Utley 1989, p. 147.
  67. ↑ Metz 1974, pp. 76–85.
  68. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 157–166.
  69. ↑ Staff writers (November 29, 2012). "Book Review: Billy the Kid's Writings, Words & Wit, by Gale Cooper". HistoryNet. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  70. ↑ Utley 1989, pp. 145–147.
  71. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 240–241.
  72. 1 2 Wallis 2007, p. 242.
  73. ↑ "1881 Billy the Kid is shot to death". History.com. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  74. ↑ Nolan, Frederick (April 28, 2015). ""What if everything we know about Billy the Kid is wrong?" – Special Report". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  75. 1 2 Utley 1989, p. 181.
  76. 1 2 Wallis 2007, pp. 243–244.
  77. ↑ Jacobsen 1994, pp. 232.
  78. ↑ Utley 1989, p. 188.
  79. 1 2 Boardman, Mark (May 24, 2011). "The Holy Grail for Sale – The Billy the Kid tintype is on the auction block, and it might just clear half a million". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  80. ↑ Villagran, Lauren (December 1, 2013). "Is this Billy the Kid?". Albuquerque Journal – Las Cruces Bureau. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  81. ↑ Wallis 2007, pp. 245–246.
  82. 1 2 Wallis 2007, p. 247.
  83. 1 2 3 Klein, Christopher (February 27, 2015). "Historian Seeks Death Certificate to End Billy the Kid Rumors". History.com. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  84. ↑ Rose, Elizabeth R. (December 31, 2012), "Ft. Sumner New Mexico: Where Billy The Kid met his demise", Santa Fe Examiner
  85. ↑ Bell, Bob Boze; Gardner, Mark Lee (August 12, 2014). "A Shot in the Dark: Billy the Kid vs Pat Garrett". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  86. 1 2 Utley 1989, pp. 198–199.
  87. ↑ Utley 1989, p. 199.
  88. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. xiv.
  89. 1 2 3 Miller, Michael E. (July 21, 2015). "One man's quest to bury the Wild West mystery of Billy the Kid's death". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2015. A family Bible put his age in 1881 at just 2 years old: far too young for even a criminal nicknamed 'the Kid'.
  90. ↑ Texas Department of Transportation, Texas State Travel Guide, 2008, pp. 200–201
  91. ↑ Banks, Leo W. "A New Billy the Kid?". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  92. ↑ Associated Press (October 24, 2006) 2 won't face charges in Billy the Kid quest, Deseret News. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  93. 1 2 3 Burns, James T. (April 28, 2012). "Billy the Kid and New Mexico Open Records Law". Albuquerque Business Law. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  94. ↑ Miller, Patrick (March 18, 2004). "Shootout over Billy the Kid". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  95. 1 2 3 Villagran, Lauren (May 20, 2014). "Award ends suit over Billy the Kid records". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  96. ↑ Associated Press (August 28, 2008) Lawsuit seeks DNA evidence for 1881 death of Billy the Kid, Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
  97. ↑ Constable, Anne (July 17, 2015). "Historian asks state's high court to help set record straight on Billy the Kid's death". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  98. ↑ Tripp, Leslie (June 26, 2011). "Billy the Kid photograph fetches $2.3 million at auction". CNN. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  99. ↑ "Billy the Kid portrait fetches $2.3m at Denver auction". BBC News US & Canada. June 26, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  100. ↑ Adetunji, Jo (June 26, 2011). "Billy the Kid photograph sold at auction in Colorado for $2.3m". The Guardian. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  101. ↑ Horan, James D. and Sann, Paul. Pictorial History of the Wild West, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1954 – p. 57.
  102. ↑ Mayes, Ian (March 3, 2001). "I kid you not". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  103. ↑ Gardner, Mark Lee: To Hell on a Fast Horse: The Untold Story of Billy the Kid and Pat Garrett (2011), pp. 91, 277
  104. ↑ Nolan 1998, p. 29.
  105. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. 83.
  106. ↑ Goode, Stephen (June 10, 2007). "The fact and fiction of America's outlaw". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2015. Billy loved to sing and had a good voice, those who knew him claimed ... He was ambidextrous and wrote well with both hands.
  107. 1 2 3 Constable, Anne (August 24, 2015). "Billy the Kid: A fan of croquet?". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  108. 1 2 "Billy the Kid Experts Weigh in on the Croquet Photo". True West Magazine. October 14, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  109. ↑ Booker, Brakkton (October 15, 2015). "$2 Photo Found at Junk Store Has Billy The Kid in It, Could Be Worth $5M". NPR. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  110. ↑ Carroll, Rory (October 19, 2015). "Man who discovered rare Billy the Kid photo: 'The hunt is a really grand thing'". The Guardian. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  111. ↑ "No pardon for Billy the Kid". CNN. December 31, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  112. ↑ "An Outlaw by Any Name: Billy the Kid". New York Times. July 14, 2016.
  113. ↑ Simmons 2006, pp. 161–163.
  114. ↑ Simmons 2006, pp. 164–165.
  115. ↑ "Billy the Kid's Elusive Tombstone / Old Fort Sumner and Billy the Kid's Grave". Cemeteries-of-tx.com. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  116. ↑ Lohr, David (June 30, 2012). "'Billy the Kid' tombstone in New Mexico vandalized". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  117. ↑ Thomas, Andy. "Dick Brewer, Billy the Kid, and the Regulators". Andy Thomas. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
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  119. ↑ "Billy the Kid (Lucky Luke #20) by Morris, René Goscinny". GoodReads. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  120. ↑ Van Wart, Alice. "The Evolution of Form in Machael Ondaatje's The Collected Works of Billy the Kid and Coming Through Slaughter". Western University. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  121. ↑ "The Illegal Rebirth of Billy The Kid Mass Market Paperback – May 15, 1991 by Rebecca Ore (Author)". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  122. ↑ "Anything for Billy by Larry McMurtry – Reviews, Discussions, Bookclubs, Lists". Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  123. ↑ Macintyre, Ben. Book Review: Lucky Billy The New York Times. November 28, 2008. Web. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  124. ↑ "Inferno Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle – A Review". SFSite. 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  125. ↑ "Billy the Kid". SilentEra.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  126. ↑ Wallis 2007, p. xvi.
  127. ↑ "Billy The Kid Returns". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  128. ↑ "Billy the Kid (1941)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  129. ↑ Rowan, Terry (2013). The American Western: A Complete Film Guide. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-300-41858-0.
  130. ↑ Boggs, Johnny D. Billy the Kid on Film, 1911–2012. McFarland
  131. ↑ "The Outlaw (1943) – Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  132. ↑ "Howard Hughes: The Outlaw (1943)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  133. ↑ "I Shot Billy the Kid (1950)". Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  134. ↑ "The Kid from Texas – Movie No. 4". audiemurphy.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  135. ↑ "The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954) – Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  136. ↑ "The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  137. ↑ "The Left Handed Gun (1958) – Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  138. ↑ "The Left Handed Gun (1958)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  139. ↑ "The Boy from Oklahoma (1954)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  140. ↑ "Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966) – Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  141. ↑ "Billy the Kid vs. Dracula". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  142. ↑ "Chisum (1970)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  143. ↑ "Dirty Little Billy – overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  144. 1 2 "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  145. ↑ "Young Guns (1988) – overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  146. ↑ Goodman, Walter (May 10, 1989). "Vidal Draws a Bead on Good-Bad Old Billy the Kid". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  147. ↑ "Young Guns II (1990) – overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  148. ↑ "Purgatory (1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  149. ↑ "Requiem for Billy the Kid (2007) – overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  150. ↑ "Birth of a Legend: Billy the Kid & the Lincoln County War (2011)". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  151. ↑ MacMillan, (1934), p. 137
  152. ↑ MacMillan, (1938), pp. 140–141. From Jim Marby, recorded in 1911, Library of Congress E659098.
  153. ↑ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014.
  154. ↑ "Liner notes: Woody Guthrie / Buffalo Skinners: The Asch Recordings Vol 4 / Number 3: Billy the Kid" (PDF). Smithsonian Folkways. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  155. ↑ Ruhlmann, William. "Jon Bon Jovi – Blaze of Glory". AllMusic. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  156. ↑ "Marty Robbins Billy the Kid (2:19)". Last FM. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  157. ↑ 1972 Reprise K44142
  158. ↑ Japan 1992 P-Vine PCD 2541
  159. ↑ "Billy The Kid". Metro Lyrics. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  160. ↑ "Billy The Kid Lyrics". Metro Lyrics. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  161. ↑ "Billy The Kid (Album Version) The Charlie Daniels Band From the Album High Lonesome". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  162. ↑ Dillon, Charlotte. "Chris LeDoux – Haywire". AllMusic. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  163. ↑ "Joe Ely 'Me and Billy the Kid'". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  164. ↑ "Little Big Horn – Running Wild; "Billy the Kid"". Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  165. ↑ "Billy the Kid on stage". The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York) April 12, 1907. April 12, 1907.
  166. ↑ Walter Terry, Ballet Guide, 1976, p. 57
  167. ↑ "First NYC major revival of 'The Beard' by Michael McClure". New York Theatre Wise. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  168. ↑ Weeks, Jerome (January 1998). "Outlaw By Ondaatje". American Theatre. 15 (1): 12.
  169. ↑ Gunsmoke radio show "Billy the Kid", first broadcast May 26, 1952
  170. ↑ "The Crime Classics Radio Program". The Digital Deli. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  171. ↑ Hutton, Paul Andrew (April 1, 2007). "Dreamscape Desperado: Who remembers Billy the Kid? – "Cinematic Excess"". True West Magazine. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  172. ↑ "The Tall Man – NBC (ended 1962)". TV.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  173. ↑ "The Kid from Hell's Kitchen". TV.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  174. ↑ "The Time Tunnel (TV show) – Season 1, Episode 22 Billy the Kid". TV Guide. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
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Bibliography

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