Bolesław Bierut

Bolesław Bierut
Bolesław Bierut
President of the Republic of Poland
In office 5 February 1947 – 21 November 1952
Prime Minister	Józef Cyrankiewicz
Preceded by	Himself as President of the Popular Council
Succeeded by	Office abolished Aleksander Zawadzki (as Chairman of the Council of State) Wojciech Jaruzelski (After office was restored)
President of the Popular Council
In office 31 December 1944 – 4 February 1947
Prime Minister	Edward Osóbka-Morawski
Preceded by	Władysław Raczkiewicz as President in Exile
Succeeded by	Himself as President of Poland
Secretary General of the Central Committee of the PUWP
In office 22 December 1948 – 12 March 1956
Preceded by	Władysław Gomułka as Secretary of PWP
Succeeded by	Edward Ochab as First Secretary
Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland
In office 21 November 1952 – 18 March 1954
Preceded by	Józef Cyrankiewicz
Succeeded by	Józef Cyrankiewicz
Personal details
Born	18 April 1892 Rury, Lublin Governorate, Congress Poland
Died	12 March 1956 (aged 63) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Political party	Communist Party of Poland Polish Workers' Party Polish United Workers' Party
Spouse(s)	Wanda Górska (1903-1983)
Religion	Roman Catholicism (Lapsed)

Bolesław Bierut ([bɔˈlɛswaf ˈbjɛrut]; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent,^[1] and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the Soviet takeover of the country in the aftermath of World War II.

Life

Partly damaged old monument to Bierut formerly in Lublin, now in Kozłówka museum, 2007

Polish authorities isuued an order to Germans to force them to immediately leave Poland after the Second World War.

1951 East German stamp commemorative of the Treaty of Zgorzelec establishing the Oder-Neisse line as a “border of peace”, featuring the presidents Wilhelm Pieck (GDR) and Bolesław Bierut shaking hands over the new border

Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). In 1918 he took courses at the Warsaw School of Economics. From 1924–30, he was in Moscow for training at the school of the Communist International.

In 1930–31, he was sent by the Comintern to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. In 1933 he became an agent of Soviet military intelligence, the GRU, and subsequently, was sentenced in Poland to 10 years in prison for "anti-state activities" (incarcerated between 1933–1938). The pro-Soviet Communist Party of Poland was dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1938. Bierut avoided being caught in the Great Purge, which led to the execution of many leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in the USSR. After an amnesty from the Polish government in 1938 Bierut settled down in Warsaw and worked as a bookkeeper in a cooperative.

After the outbreak of World War II, Bierut left Warsaw and through Lublin went to eastern Poland, which was soon occupied by the Red Army. Bierut spent part of the war in the Soviet Union, but was sent to Poland to join the leadership of the new Polish Workers' Party (PPR) in 1943. He headed the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa), a communist quasi-parliament established by Władysław Gomułka and the PPR, from 1944 to 1947. With Gomułka and others, Bierut played a leading role in the establishment of communist Poland.^[2]

From 1947 to 1952, he served as President and then (after the abolition of the Presidency with the creation of the People's Republic of Poland) Prime Minister. He was also the first Secretary General of the ruling Polish United Workers Party from 1948 to 1956. Bierut oversaw the trials of many Polish wartime military leaders, such as General Stanisław Tatar and Brig. General Emil August Fieldorf, as well as 40 members of the Wolność i Niezawisłość (Freedom and Independence) organisation, various church officials, and many other opponents of the new regime including the "hero of Auschwitz", Witold Pilecki, condemned to death during secret trials. Bierut signed many of those death sentences.

Death

Bierut's grave in Powązki Military Cemetery, 2004

Bierut died under mysterious circumstances in Moscow on 12 March 1956 during a visit to the Soviet Union, shortly after attending the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during which Nikita Khrushchev delivered his "Secret Speech", denouncing Stalin's cult of personality. His death gave rise to speculation about poisoning or suicide.

Speculations about identity

Polish historian Paweł Wieczorkiewicz posited that Bierut might have had a Soviet-sent double (an NKVD agent) posing as Bierut since 1943 with his full knowledge. Wieczorkiewicz referred to an account of Piotr Jaroszewicz made soon before his death, and published by Bohdan Roliński. The Polish President's double was shot dead by an unidentified assassin – likely another agent wearing an NKVD uniform and killed at the scene – at the Hotel Francuski in Kraków, Poland in 1947. The real "Bierut" showed up half an hour later and calmed the security according to statement made by one of them. The assassination attempt was kept secret by the authorities. Wieczorkiewicz himself referred to this theory as an urban legend.^[3]

See also

• Bierut Decrees

References

1. Błażyński, Zbigniew (2003). Mówi Józef Światło. Za kulisami bezpieki i partii, 1940-1955. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo LTW. pp. 20–21, 27. ISBN 83-88736-34-5.
2. Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR [The Magnificent Seven: first secretaries of the PZPR], Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, ISBN 978-83-7700-042-7, pp. 48–82
3. "Wieczorkiewicz: Mimo wszystko Stalin nas szanował." Interview with prof. Paweł Wieczorkiewicz by Robert Mazurek, Dziennik.pl, 5 November 2007. (Polish)