Bombing of Warsaw in World War II

Bombing of Warsaw
Part of the Invasion of Poland

An aerial view of Warsaw burning, September 1939
Date1 September 1939 - 27 September 1939
LocationWarsaw, Poland
Result German victory
Belligerents
Poland Poland Nazi Germany Germany
Commanders and leaders
Wolfram von Richthofen
Units involved
Polish Air Force
Polish Army anti-aircraft artillery units		 Luftwaffe
Casualties and losses
20,000 - 25,000 [1][2] 2 Ju-52 bombers lost

The Bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the Invasion of Poland in 1939. It also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. During the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German and Soviet mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign.[3]

Siege of Warsaw by Julien Bryan

Siege of Warsaw

In 1939, the Luftwafe opened the German attack on Poland with operation Wasserkante, an air attack on Warsaw on 1 September. This attack by four bomber groups was of limited effectiveness due to low-lying cloud cover and stout Polish resistance by the PZL P.11 fighters of the Pursuit Brigade, which shot down 16 German aircraft for the loss of 10 of their own. However, heavy losses in Polish fighter aircraft meant that by 6 September the air defense of Warsaw was in the hands of the 40 mm and 75 mm anti-aircraft guns of the Warsaw Defense Command.[4]

As the German Army approached Warsaw on 8 September 1939, 140 Junkers Ju-87 Stukas attacked the portions of the city on the east bank of the Vistula River and other bombers bombed the Polish Army positions in the western suburbs. On 13 September Luftwaffe level and dive bombers caused widespread fires. Further resistance was followed by propaganda leaflet drops.

Finally, starting at 0800 on 25 September, Luftwaffe bombers under the command of Major Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen conducted the largest air raid ever seen by that time, dropping 560 tons of high explosive bombs and 72 tons of incendiary bombs,[5] in coordination with heavy artillery shelling by Army units. The center of Warsaw was badly damaged. Approximately 1,150 sorties were flown by a wide variety of aircraft, including obsolescent Junkers Ju-52/3m bombers, which dropped 13 percent of the incendiary bombs dropped on the day. Only two Ju-52 bombers were lost.[6]

Although commonly portrayed as being absolutely decisive, the Black Monday air attack was a mixed success. While the bombing lowered Polish morale, it did not cause the Polish surrender.[5] Smoke from fires and large amounts of dust obscured targets and greatly reduced accuracy. As a result, Luftwaffe bombers dropped a significant amount of their bomb loads on German infantry positions in the northwest suburbs of the city, leading to acrimonious discussions between Luftwaffe and Army commanders. The tonnage dropped combined with only approximate delivery on target and the short duration does not begin to approximate the intensity of attacks major European cities were subsequently to suffer.

However, on 26 September three key forts in the city defenses were captured, and the Polish garrison offered its surrender - on 27 September German troops entered the city. By estimates around 20,000 to 25,000 civilians were killed,[7][8] 40 percent of the buildings in the city were damaged and 10 percent of the buildings destroyed. However, some of the damage was the result of ground artillery fire and not solely caused by aerial bombing—including intense street fighting between German infantry and armor units and Polish infantry and artillery.

The September 25 raid was an example of terror bombing, with the aim of breaking Polish morale and forcing a Polish surrender. However, according to the laws of war in 1939, Warsaw was a defended military target and the Luftwaffe raid a legitimate military operation.[9]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Polskie Radio (25 Sep 2012) Czarny poniedziałek http://www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/689947,Czarny-poniedzialek-i-630-ton-bomb
  2. ↑ Der Spiegel Wir warden sie ausradieren No. 3 vol. 13, 13 January 2003, p. 123.
  3. ↑ Bombardowania Warszawy z września 1939 (Bombing of Warsaw in September 1939) Polish Radio, 28 September 2007.
  4. ↑ Olga Tumińska, Obrona przeciwlotnicza Warszawy (Air-defence of Warsaw), Institute of National Remembrance
  5. 1 2 Corum 2013, p. 174.
  6. ↑ Corum 2013, pp. 173.
  7. ↑ Polskie Radio (25 Sep 2012) Czarny poniedziałek http://www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/689947,Czarny-poniedzialek-i-630-ton-bomb
  8. ↑ Der Spiegel Wir warden sie ausradieren No. 3 vol. 13, 13 January 2003, p. 123.
  9. ↑ Corum 2013, p. 173-174.

References

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/27/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.