Boreal chickadee

Boreal chickadee
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Paridae
Genus: Poecile
Species: P. hudsonicus
Binomial name
Poecile hudsonicus
(Forster, 1772)
Synonyms

Parus hudsonicus

The boreal chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus) is a small passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is found in the boreal forests of Canada and the northern United States.

Description

Adults are 12.5–14.5 cm (4.9–5.7 in) long with a weight of 7–12.4 g (0.25–0.44 oz). They have grey-brown upperparts with a brown cap and greyish wings and tail; their face is mainly grey with white on the sides. Their underparts are white with brown on the flanks and a black throat. They have a short dark bill, short wings and a long notched tail.

Standard Measurements[2][3]
length 130–140 mm (5–5.5 in)
weight 10 g (0.35 oz)
wingspan 210 mm (8.25 in)
wing 63.2–66.2 mm (2.49–2.61 in)
tail 59–65.9 mm (2.32–2.59 in)
culmen 7.6–9.8 mm (0.30–0.39 in)
tarsus 16–17.5 mm (0.63–0.69 in)

The call is a husky tsik-a-dee-dee, a variant on the call which gives chickadees their name.

Behavior

Their breeding habitat is coniferous woods in Canada, Alaska, and the northern edges of the lower forty-eight United States. They remain within their breeding range throughout the year, but sometimes move south in winter. Winter movements south of their range, however, appear to have become increasingly rare. They nest in a hole in a tree; the pair excavates the nest, using a natural cavity or sometimes an old woodpecker nest. Five to seven eggs are laid, white with fine reddish-brown spotting.[2] The pair remains together year round and may mate for life.

These birds forage on conifer branches or probe into the bark, eating mainly insects and seeds, which may be stored for later use. They often forage in small flocks including other small birds, especially in winter.

Taxonomy

Often, it is still placed in the genus Parus with most other tits, but mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating Poecile more adequately expresses these birds' relationships.[4] The American Ornithologists' Union has been treating Poecile as a distinct genus for some time already. The genus name Poecile has often been treated as feminine (giving the species name ending hudsonica); however, this was not specified by the original genus author Johann Jakob Kaup, and under the ICZN the genus name must therefore be treated by default as masculine, giving the name ending hudsonicus.[5]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Parus hudsonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. pp. 279–280.
  3. ↑ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 376. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  4. ↑ Gill, F.B.; Slikas, B.; Sheldon, F.H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk. 122: 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2.
  5. ↑ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Christie, D., eds. (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2.
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