Boris Gusman

Soviet cultural figure Boris Gusman with his son Israel, c.1918-1920.

Boris Yevseyevich Gusman (1892–1944) was a Soviet author, screenplay writer, theater director, and columnist for Pravda. As deputy director for the Bolshoi Theatre and later director of the Soviet Radio Committee Arts Division, Gusman played an important role in promoting Sergei Prokofiev's music in the USSR and internationally. Gusman was arrested during the Great Purges of the late 1930s, and died in a labor camp in 1944.

Life

Pravda and art criticism

As a young man Gusman was a violinist and played for the St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra of the Sheremetev family.[1] Prior to the Russian Revolution and during the First World War, Gusman associated with intellectuals and critics around the Enchanted Wanderer magazine, including Dimitri Kruchkov and Victor Khovin, both members of the Ego-Futurist movement.[2] In 1917 he moved to Nizhny Novgorod to marry the daughter of a merchant, who soon gave birth to a son, Israel Gusman.[1] Gusman also became active in the local Bolshevik branch in Novgorod; he joined the Communist Party in 1918, and by 1920 was named the editor of its newspaper, the Nizhny Novogorod Workers' Leaflet (later the Nizhny Novgorod Commune).[1][3]

Lenin reads the Pravda Newspaper, for which Gusman was a well known cultural critic.

It was in 1921 that Gusman and his family moved to Moscow, where he began writing for Pravda.[1] He was recognized as an important film critic, and from 1923 onwards headed Pravda's theatre section.[3] Gusman rejected arguments among some Soviet filmmakers, associated with the Proletkult movement, that contributing to a new Soviet cinema required abandoning the history of film altogether. Gusman wrote that the new cinema "must be built brick by brick, making use of everything that is healthy about the New World, and that which is good about the old."[4] Gusman responded favorably to candid films pioneered by Dziga Vertov called Kino-Pravda. He described them as "lively… striking… and interesting," but criticized the lack of connection between scenes and the absence of unifying themes.[4]

Musical career

In 1929 Gusman, as deputy director, led the State Bolshoi Academic Theater's effort to stage Prokofiev's Pas d'Acier with new cast and choreography.[5] Gusman remained with the Bolshoi Theatre through 1930, and in 1933 became head of the arts division of the Soviet Central Radio Administration.[3] Gusman played a central role in working with Prokofiev in the musical and cinematic production of Lieutenant Kijé.[6] Following the success of the film, in 1934 Gusman organized a broadcast concert of the music with Moscow Radio Orchestra.[5][6]

In 1934, Gusman negotiated a contract between Prokofiev and the All-Union Radio Committee, helping the composer return to Russia. Gusman also offered him a tremendous sum of 25,000 rubles for one of a series of commissioned works: the Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of October, to commemorate the October Revolution of 1917.[7] Gusman also commissioned Prokofiev to write a Collective Farm Suite, a Dance Suite, and a suite from the music for Egyptian Nights.[7] Though Gusman remained an important supporter of Prokofiev's music,[6] neither he nor the composer ever witnessed a performance of the Cantata: the work was banned, and both men died before its performance in 1966.[7]

In his work with the Bolshoi Theatre and Soviet Radio, Gusman promoted Prokofiev's musical score for Lieutenant Kijé (1934), a poster for which is shown above.

Purges and death

In 1937, Gusman lost his position as director of the Moscow Radio Orchestra,[8] and was assigned a smaller post at a Tchaikovsky museum in Klin.[1] That same year, Gusman and his wife adopted Svetlana and Yuri Larin, the infant children of Anna Larina and Nikolai Bukharin, who had been arrested. Bukharin was shot in 1938.[9]

Arrested in one of a series of purges targeting Soviet artists and cultural leaders in 1937–38, Gusman was accused of having written ideologically unsound scripts in the past.[10] While initial purges targeted those linked (or accused of links) to Trotskyism, Gusman's arrest came alongside later, wider purges.[10] Gusman's wife was arrested as well.[9] Gusman himself died on May 3, 1944 in Vozhael, a punitive forced labor camp.[1][11]

Gusman's son Israel survived the purges, and would go on to head the Gorky Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra from 1957 until 1987.[1]

Filmography

Books

Cover of Gusman's 1923 book, 100 Poets.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Smirnov, Stanislav (24 May 2012). "Don't Part Ways with the Muses". Pravda. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  2. ↑ Markov, Vladimir (1968). Russian Futurism: A History. University of California Press.
  3. 1 2 3 Keldysh, Yu. V. (1973). Muzykal'naia entsiklopediia, Moskva: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, Sovetskii kompozitor. Translated by Choate, Frederick. Moskva.
  4. 1 2 Tsivian, Yuri (2004). Lines of Resistance: Dziga Vertov and the Twenties. Indiana University Press.
  5. 1 2 Morrison, Simon (2008). The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years. Oxford University Press.
  6. 1 2 3 Bartig, Kevin (2013). Composing for the Red Screen: Prokofiev and Soviet Film. Oxford University Press.
  7. 1 2 3 Morrison, Simon; Kravetz, Nelly (2006). "The Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of October, or how the spectre of Communism haunted Prokofiev". The Journal of Musicology. University of California Press. 23 (2).
  8. ↑ Morrison, Simon (2013). Lina and Serge: The Love and Wars of Lina Prokofiev. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  9. 1 2 Medvedeva, Vera (August 2008). ""LOVE FOR A WOMAN DETERMINES A LOT IN LIFE" – INTERVIEW WITH YURI LARIN". Russkiy Mir Foundation. 7.
  10. 1 2 Miller, Jamie (2007). "The Purges of Soviet Cinema, 1929–38". Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 1: 5–26. doi:10.1386/srsc.1.1.5_1.
  11. ↑ S̆ilde, Ādolphs (1958). The Profits of Slavery: Baltic Forced Laborers and Deportees Under Stalin and Krushchev. Latvian National Foundation in Scandinavia.
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