Borophagina

Borophagina Temporal range: Middle Miocene–Pliocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Family:	Canidae
Tribe:	†Borophagini
Subtribe:	†Borophagina X. Wang, 1999
Genera
Paratomarctus Carpocyon Protepicyon Epicyon Borophagus

Borophagina is a hypocarnivorous subtribe of Borophaginae, a group of terrestrial canines which inhabited most of North America during the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene subepoch to the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch 20.6—3.6 Mya existing approximately 17 million years.^[1]

Taxonomy

Borophagina, like other Borophaginae, were a short-faced, heavy-jawed canine usually massive in size. They were primarily carnivores but dentition demonstrates omnivore traits. These animals were actively mobile. Reproduction was viviparous^{[2] [3]}

Clade

Members of this clade are Paratomarctus Carpocyon, Protepicyon, Epicyon, and Borophagus.

Subtaxa and sister taxa

Subtaxa are: Borophagus; (syn. Hyaenognathus, Osteoborus, Pliogulo, Porthocyon), Carpocyon, Epicyon, Paratomarctus, and Protepicyon. Sister taxa are: Aelurodontina and Cynarctina.

References

1. PaleoBiologogy Database: Borophagina: Age range and collections
2. Nowak, R. M., Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991
3. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the AMNH; no. 243, Wang, Tedford, Taylor.