Broken Ridge
Broken Ridge or Broken Plateau is an oceanic plateau in the south-eastern Indian Ocean. Broken Ridge once formed a large igneous province (LIP) together with the Kerguelen Plateau. When Australia and Antarctica started to separate, Broken Ridge and the Kerguelen Plateau got separated by the Southeast Indian Ridge.[1] Alkalic basalt from Broken Ridge has been dated to 95 Ma.[2]
Broken Ridge stretches 1,200 km (750 mi) from the southern end of Ninety East Ridge towards the south-western corner of Australia. It is up to 400 km (250 mi) wide and reaches 1,000 m (3,300 ft) below sea level. It is separated from the Diamantina Fracture Zone on its southern side by a 3,000 m (9,800 ft) escarpment, while on the northern side the ridge slopes gently towards the abyssal Wharton Basin. The sediment cover on the ridge reaches 800 m (2,600 ft) and the Moho is found at about 20 km (12 mi).[1] It is separated from the Naturaliste Plateau by the Dirck Hartog Ridge.
The Kerguelen LIP covered 2.3×106 km2 (0.89×106 sq mi) making it the second largest LIP on Earth (after the Ontong Java Plateau in the Pacific).[3] Both these enormous LIPs reaches 2–4 km (1.2–2.5 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and have a crustal thickness of 20–40 km (12–25 mi) (compared to oceanic crust typically around 7 km (4.3 mi) thick.)[4] The Broken Ridge and Kerguelen Plateau are now separated by 1,800 km (1,100 mi). When they broke-up, the southern flank of Broken Ridge was uplifted some 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and reached above sea level.[4]
The Kerguelen LIP has a long and complicated history, however, and is probably the least "typical" of all LIPs.[3] Rocks from both the Broken Ridge and the Kerguelen Plateau contain a continental component or "fingerprint". In the Early Cretaceous, the Kerguelen hotspot was split into several diapirs of various sizes, composition, and ascent rates. These separate diapirs created the Bunbury Basalt, the Southern Kerguelen Plateau, the Rajmahal Traps/Indian lamprophyres, Antarctic lamprophyres, and the Central Kerguelen Plateau/Broken Ridge. In the late Cretaceous, activity in the mantle slowed and the Kerguelen hotspot was reduced to a single plume which created the Ninety East Ridge.[2] 120-95 Ma when the Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateau formed together with the Broken Ridge, the Kerguelen hotspot produced 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi)/year, but 95-25 Ma the output decreased to 0.1 km3 (0.024 cu mi).[5]
References
Notes
- 1 2 Schlich 2013, p. 79-80
- 1 2 Frey et al. 2003, Mantle sources, plume-lithosphere interactions, and plume models, pp. 15-17
- 1 2 Ingle 2007
- 1 2 Frey et al. 2000, Introduction, pp. 74–77
- ↑ Frey et al. 2003, p. 18
Sources
- Frey, F. A.; Coffin, M. F.; Wallace, P. J.; Weis, D.; Zhao, X.; Wise Jr., S. W.; Wähnert, V.; Teagle, D. A. H.; Saccocia, P. J.; Reusch, D. N.; Pringle, M. S.; Nicolaysen, K. E.; Neal, C. R.; Müller, R. D.; Moore, C. L.; Mahoney, J. J.; Keszthelyi, L.; Inokuchi, H.; Duncan, R. A.; Delius, H.; Damuth, J. E.; Damasceno, D.; Coxall, H. K.; Borre, M. K.; Boehm, F.; Barling, J.; Arndt, N. T.; Antretter, M. (2000). "Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province: the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, southern Indian Ocean" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 175 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00315-5. Retrieved August 2015. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - Frey, F. A.; Coffin, M. F.; Wallace, P. J,; Weis, D. (2003). Frey, F. A.; Coffin, M. F.; Wallace, P. J.; et al., eds. "Leg 183 Summary: Kerguelen Plateau-Broken Ridge—A Large Igneous Province" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. 183: 1–48. Retrieved August 2015. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - Ingle, S. (2007). "April 2007 LIP of the Month: The Kerguelen Large Igneous Province". Large Igneous Provinces Commission. Retrieved September 2015. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - Schlich, R. (2013). "The Indian Ocean: Aseismic Ridges, Spreading Centers, and Oceanic Basins". In Nairn, A. E. M. The Ocean Basins and Margins: The Indian Ocean. Springer. pp. 51–84. ISBN 9781461580386. Retrieved September 2015. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help)
Coordinates: 31°S 95°E / 31°S 95°E