Business intelligence

Business intelligence (BI) are the set of strategies, processes, applications, data, products, technologies and technical architectures which are used to support the collection, analysis, presentation and dissemination of business information.[1] BI technologies provide historical, current and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, process mining, complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics and are capable of handling large amounts of structured and sometimes unstructured data to help identify, develop and otherwise create new strategic business opportunities. The goal is to allow for the easy interpretation of these big data. Identifying new opportunities and implementing an effective strategy based on insights can provide businesses with a competitive market advantage and long-term stability.[2]

Business intelligence can be used to support a wide range of business decisions ranging from operational to strategic. Basic operating decisions include product positioning or pricing. Strategic business decisions include priorities, goals and directions at the broadest level. In all cases, BI is most effective when it combines data derived from the market in which a company operates (external data) with data from company sources internal to the business such as financial and operations data (internal data). When combined, external and internal data can provide a more complete picture which, in effect, creates an "intelligence" that cannot be derived by any singular set of data.[3] Amongst myriad uses, business intelligence tools empower organisations to gain insight into new markets, assess demand and suitability of products and services for different market segments and gauge the impact of marketing efforts.[4]

Business intelligence is made up of an increasing number of components including:

History

The earliest known use of the term "Business Intelligence" is in Richard Millar Devens’ in the ‘Cyclopædia of Commercial and Business Anecdotes’ from 1865. Devens used the term to describe how the banker, Sir Henry Furnese, gained profit by receiving and acting upon information about his environment, prior to his competitors. “Throughout Holland, Flanders, France, and Germany, he maintained a complete and perfect train of business intelligence. The news of the many battles fought was thus received first by him, and the fall of Namur added to his profits, owing to his early receipt of the news.” (Devens, (1865), p. 210). The ability to collect and react accordingly based on the information retrieved, an ability that Furnese excelled in, is today still at the very heart of BI.[5]

In a 1958 article, IBM researcher Hans Peter Luhn used the term business intelligence. He employed the Webster's dictionary definition of intelligence: "the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal."[6]

Business intelligence as it is understood today is said to have evolved from the decision support systems (DSS) that began in the 1960s and developed throughout the mid-1980s. DSS originated in the computer-aided models created to assist with decision making and planning. From DSS, data warehouses, Executive Information Systems, OLAP and business intelligence came into focus beginning in the late 80s.

In 1989, Howard Dresner (later a Gartner analyst) proposed "business intelligence" as an umbrella term to describe "concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems."[7] It was not until the late 1990s that this usage was widespread.[8]

Data warehousing

Often BI applications use data gathered from a data warehouse (DW) or from a data mart, and the concepts of BI and DW sometimes combine as "BI/DW"[9] or as "BIDW". A data warehouse contains a copy of analytical data that facilitates decision support. However, not all data warehouses serve for business intelligence, nor do all business intelligence applications require a data warehouse.

To distinguish between the concepts of business intelligence and data warehouses, Forrester Research defines business intelligence in one of two ways:

  1. Using a broad definition: "Business Intelligence is a set of methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information used to enable more effective strategic, tactical, and operational insights and decision-making."[10] Under this definition, business intelligence also includes technologies such as data integration, data quality, data warehousing, master-data management, text- and content-analytics, and many others that the market sometimes lumps into the "Information Management" segment. Therefore, Forrester refers to data preparation and data usage as two separate but closely linked segments of the business-intelligence architectural stack.
  2. Forrester defines the narrower business-intelligence market as, "...referring to just the top layers of the BI architectural stack such as reporting, analytics and dashboards."[11]

Comparison with competitive intelligence

Though the term business intelligence is sometimes a synonym for competitive intelligence (because they both support decision making), BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors. If understood broadly, business intelligence can include the subset of competitive intelligence.[12]

Comparison with business analytics

Business intelligence and business analytics are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are alternate definitions.[13] One definition contrasts the two, stating that the term business intelligence refers to collecting business data to find information primarily through asking questions, reporting, and online analytical processes. Business analytics, on the other hand, uses statistical and quantitative tools for explanatory and predictive modelling.[14]

In an alternate definition, Thomas Davenport, professor of information technology and management at Babson College argues that business intelligence should be divided into querying, reporting, Online analytical processing (OLAP), an "alerts" tool, and business analytics. In this definition, business analytics is the subset of BI focusing on statistics, prediction, and optimization, rather than the reporting functionality.[15]

Applications in an enterprise

Business intelligence can be applied to the following business purposes, in order to drive business value.

  1. Measurement – program that creates a hierarchy of performance metrics (see also Metrics Reference Model) and benchmarking that informs business leaders about progress towards business goals (business process management).
  2. Analytics – program that builds quantitative processes for a business to arrive at optimal decisions and to perform business knowledge discovery. Frequently involves: data mining, process mining, statistical analysis, predictive analytics, predictive modeling, business process modeling, data lineage, complex event processing and prescriptive analytics.
  3. Reporting/enterprise reporting – program that builds infrastructure for strategic reporting to serve the strategic management of a business, not operational reporting. Frequently involves data visualization, executive information system and OLAP.
  4. Collaboration/collaboration platform – program that gets different areas (both inside and outside the business) to work together through data sharing and electronic data interchange.
  5. Knowledge management – program to make the company data-driven through strategies and practices to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences that are true business knowledge. Knowledge management leads to learning management and regulatory compliance.

In addition to the above, business intelligence can provide a pro-active approach, such as alert functionality that immediately notifies the end-user if certain conditions are met. For example, if some business metric exceeds a pre-defined threshold, the metric will be highlighted in standard reports, and the business analyst may be alerted via e-mail or another monitoring service. This end-to-end process requires data governance, which should be handled by the expert.

Prioritization of projects

It can be difficult to provide a positive business case for business intelligence initiatives, and often the projects must be prioritized through strategic initiatives. BI projects can attain higher prioritization within the organization if managers consider the following:

Success factors of implementation

According to Kimball et al., there are three critical areas that organizations should assess before getting ready to do a BI project:[20]

  1. The level of commitment and sponsorship of the project from senior management.
  2. The level of business need for creating a BI implementation.
  3. The amount and quality of business data available.

Business sponsorship

The commitment and sponsorship of senior management is according to Kimball et al., the most important criteria for assessment.[21] This is because having strong management backing helps overcome shortcomings elsewhere in the project. However, as Kimball et al. state: “even the most elegantly designed DW/BI system cannot overcome a lack of business [management] sponsorship”.[22]

It is important that personnel who participate in the project have a vision and an idea of the benefits and drawbacks of implementing a BI system. The best business sponsor should have organizational clout and should be well connected within the organization. It is ideal that the business sponsor is demanding but also able to be realistic and supportive if the implementation runs into delays or drawbacks. The management sponsor also needs to be able to assume accountability and to take responsibility for failures and setbacks on the project. Support from multiple members of the management ensures the project does not fail if one person leaves the steering group. However, having many managers work together on the project can also mean that there are several different interests that attempt to pull the project in different directions, such as if different departments want to put more emphasis on their usage. This issue can be countered by an early and specific analysis of the business areas that benefit the most from the implementation. All stakeholders in the project should participate in this analysis in order for them to feel invested in the project and to find common ground.

Another management problem that may be encountered before the start of an implementation is an overly aggressive business sponsor. Problems of scope creep occur when the sponsor requests data sets that were not specified in the original planning phase.

Business needs

Because of the close relationship with senior management, another critical thing that must be assessed before the project begins is whether or not there is a business need and whether there is a clear business benefit by doing the implementation.[23] The needs and benefits of the implementation are sometimes driven by competition and the need to gain an advantage in the market. Another reason for a business-driven approach to implementation of BI is the acquisition of other organizations that enlarge the original organization it can sometimes be beneficial to implement DW or BI in order to create more oversight.

Companies that implement BI are often large, multinational organizations with diverse subsidiaries.[24] A well-designed BI solution provides a consolidated view of key business data not available anywhere else in the organization, giving management visibility and control over measures that otherwise would not exist.

Amount and quality of available data

Without proper data, or with too little quality data, any BI implementation fails; it does not matter how good the management sponsorship or business-driven motivation is. Before implementation it is a good idea to do data profiling. This analysis identifies the “content, consistency and structure [..]”[23] of the data. This should be done as early as possible in the process and if the analysis shows that data is lacking, put the project on hold temporarily while the IT department figures out how to properly collect data.

When planning for business data and business intelligence requirements, it is always advisable to consider specific scenarios that apply to a particular organization, and then select the business intelligence features best suited for the scenario.

Often, scenarios revolve around distinct business processes, each built on one or more data sources. These sources are used by features that present that data as information to knowledge workers, who subsequently act on that information. The business needs of the organization for each business process adopted correspond to the essential steps of business intelligence. These essential steps of business intelligence include but are not limited to:

  1. Go through business data sources in order to collect needed data
  2. Convert business data to information and present appropriately
  3. Query and analyze data
  4. Act on the collected data

The quality aspect in business intelligence should cover all the process from the source data to the final reporting. At each step, the quality gates are different:

  1. Source Data:
    • Data Standardization: make data comparable (same unit, same pattern...)
    • Master Data Management: unique referential
  2. Operational Data Store (ODS):
    • Data Cleansing: detect & correct inaccurate data
    • Data Profiling: check inappropriate value, null/empty
  3. Data warehouse:
    • Completeness: check that all expected data are loaded
    • Referential integrity: unique and existing referential over all sources
    • Consistency between sources: check consolidated data vs sources
  4. Reporting:
    • Uniqueness of indicators: only one share dictionary of indicators
    • Formula accuracy: local reporting formula should be avoided or checked

User aspect

Some considerations must be made in order to successfully integrate the usage of business intelligence systems in a company. Ultimately the BI system must be accepted and utilized by the users in order for it to add value to the organization.[25][26] If the usability of the system is poor, the users may become frustrated and spend a considerable amount of time figuring out how to use the system or may not be able to really use the system. If the system does not add value to the users´ mission, they simply don't use it.[26]

To increase user acceptance of a BI system, it can be advisable to consult business users at an early stage of the DW/BI lifecycle, for example at the requirements gathering phase.[25] This can provide an insight into the business process and what the users need from the BI system. There are several methods for gathering this information, such as questionnaires and interview sessions.

When gathering the requirements from the business users, the local IT department should also be consulted in order to determine to which degree it is possible to fulfill the business's needs based on the available data.[25]

Taking a user-centered approach throughout the design and development stage may further increase the chance of rapid user adoption of the BI system.[26]

Besides focusing on the user experience offered by the BI applications, it may also possibly motivate the users to utilize the system by adding an element of competition. Kimball[25] suggests implementing a function on the Business Intelligence portal website where reports on system usage can be found. By doing so, managers can see how well their departments are doing and compare themselves to others and this may spur them to encourage their staff to utilize the BI system even more.

In a 2007 article, H. J. Watson gives an example of how the competitive element can act as an incentive.[27] Watson describes how a large call centre implemented performance dashboards for all call agents, with monthly incentive bonuses tied to performance metrics. Also, agents could compare their performance to other team members. The implementation of this type of performance measurement and competition significantly improved agent performance.

BI chances of success can be improved by involving senior management to help make BI a part of the organizational culture, and by providing the users with necessary tools, training, and support.[27] Training encourages more people to use the BI application.[25]

Providing user support is necessary to maintain the BI system and resolve user problems.[26] User support can be incorporated in many ways, for example by creating a website. The website should contain great content and tools for finding the necessary information. Furthermore, helpdesk support can be used. The help desk can be manned by power users or the DW/BI project team.[25]

BI Portals

A Business Intelligence portal (BI portal) is the primary access interface for Data Warehouse (DW) and Business Intelligence (BI) applications. The BI portal is the user's first impression of the DW/BI system. It is typically a browser application, from which the user has access to all the individual services of the DW/BI system, reports and other analytical functionality. The BI portal must be implemented in such a way that it is easy for the users of the DW/BI application to call on the functionality of the application.[28]

The BI portal's main functionality is to provide a navigation system of the DW/BI application. This means that the portal has to be implemented in a way that the user has access to all the functions of the DW/BI application.

The most common way to design the portal is to custom fit it to the business processes of the organization for which the DW/BI application is designed, in that way the portal can best fit the needs and requirements of its users.[29]

The BI portal needs to be easy to use and understand, and if possible have a look and feel similar to other applications or web content of the organization the DW/BI application is designed for (consistency).

The following is a list of desirable features for web portals in general and BI portals in particular:

Usable
User should easily find what they need in the BI tool.
Content Rich
The portal is not just a report printing tool, it should contain more functionality such as advice, help, support information and documentation.
Clean
The portal should be designed so it is easily understandable and not over-complex as to confuse the users
Current
The portal should be updated regularly.
Interactive
The portal should be implemented in a way that makes it easy for the user to use its functionality and encourage them to use the portal. Scalability and customization give the user the means to fit the portal to each user.
Value Oriented
It is important that the user has the feeling that the DW/BI application is a valuable resource that is worth working on.

Marketplace

There are a number of business intelligence vendors, often categorized into the remaining independent "pure-play" vendors and consolidated "megavendors" that have entered the market through a recent trend[30] of acquisitions in the BI industry.[31] The business intelligence market is gradually growing. In 2012 business intelligence services brought in $13.1 billion in revenue.[32]

Some companies adopting BI software decide to pick and choose from different product offerings (best-of-breed) rather than purchase one comprehensive integrated solution (full-service).[33]

Industry-specific

Specific considerations for business intelligence systems have to be taken in some sectors such as governmental banking regulations or healthcare.[34] The information collected by banking institutions and analyzed with BI software must be protected from some groups or individuals, while being fully available to other groups or individuals. Therefore, BI solutions must be sensitive to those needs and be flexible enough to adapt to new regulations and changes to existing law.

Semi-structured or unstructured data

Businesses create a huge amount of valuable information in the form of e-mails, memos, notes from call-centers, news, user groups, chats, reports, web-pages, presentations, image-files, video-files, and marketing material and news. According to Merrill Lynch, more than 85% of all business information exists in these forms. These information types are called either semi-structured or unstructured data. However, organizations often only use these documents once.[35]

The managements of semi-structured data is recognized as a major unsolved problem in the information technology industry.[36] According to projections from Gartner (2003), white collar workers spend anywhere from 30 to 40 percent of their time searching, finding and assessing unstructured data. BI uses both structured and unstructured data, but the former is easy to search, and the latter contains a large quantity of the information needed for analysis and decision making.[36][37] Because of the difficulty of properly searching, finding and assessing unstructured or semi-structured data, organizations may not draw upon these vast reservoirs of information, which could influence a particular decision, task or project. This can ultimately lead to poorly informed decision making.[35]

Therefore, when designing a business intelligence/DW-solution, the specific problems associated with semi-structured and unstructured data must be accommodated for as well as those for the structured data.[37]

Unstructured data vs. semi-structured data

Unstructured and semi-structured data have different meanings depending on their context. In the context of relational database systems, unstructured data cannot be stored in predictably ordered columns and rows. One type of unstructured data is typically stored in a BLOB (binary large object), a catch-all data type available in most relational database management systems. Unstructured data may also refer to irregularly or randomly repeated column patterns that vary from row to row within each file or document.

Many of these data types, however, like e-mails, word processing text files, PPTs, image-files, and video-files conform to a standard that offers the possibility of metadata. Metadata can include information such as author and time of creation, and this can be stored in a relational database. Therefore, it may be more accurate to talk about this as semi-structured documents or data,[36] but no specific consensus seems to have been reached.

Unstructured data can also simply be the knowledge that business users have about future business trends. Business forecasting naturally aligns with the BI system because business users think of their business in aggregate terms. Capturing the business knowledge that may only exist in the minds of business users provides some of the most important data points for a complete BI solution.

Problems with semi-structured or unstructured data

There are several challenges to developing BI with semi-structured data. According to Inmon & Nesavich,[38] some of those are:

  1. Physically accessing unstructured textual data – unstructured data is stored in a huge variety of formats.
  2. Terminology – Among researchers and analysts, there is a need to develop a standardized terminology.
  3. Volume of data – As stated earlier, up to 85% of all data exists as semi-structured data. Couple that with the need for word-to-word and semantic analysis.
  4. Searchability of unstructured textual data – A simple search on some data, e.g. apple, results in links where there is a reference to that precise search term. (Inmon & Nesavich, 2008)[38] gives an example: “a search is made on the term felony. In a simple search, the term felony is used, and everywhere there is a reference to felony, a hit to an unstructured document is made. But a simple search is crude. It does not find references to crime, arson, murder, embezzlement, vehicular homicide, and such, even though these crimes are types of felonies.”

The use of metadata

To solve problems with searchability and assessment of data, it is necessary to know something about the content. This can be done by adding context through the use of metadata.[35] Many systems already capture some metadata (e.g. filename, author, size, etc.), but more useful would be metadata about the actual content – e.g. summaries, topics, people or companies mentioned. Two technologies designed for generating metadata about content are automatic categorization and information extraction.

Future

A 2009 paper predicted[39] these developments in the business intelligence market:

A 2009 Information Management special report predicted the top BI trends: "green computing, social networking services, data visualization, mobile BI, predictive analytics, composite applications, cloud computing and multitouch".[41] Research undertaken in 2014 indicated that employees are more likely to have access to, and more likely to engage with, cloud-based BI tools than traditional tools.[42]

Other business intelligence trends include the following:

Other lines of research include the combined study of business intelligence and uncertain data.[43][44] In this context, the data used is not assumed to be precise, accurate and complete. Instead, data is considered uncertain and therefore this uncertainty is propagated to the results produced by BI.

According to a study by the Aberdeen Group, there has been increasing interest in Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business intelligence over the past years, with twice as many organizations using this deployment approach as one year ago – 15% in 2009 compared to 7% in 2008.[45]

An article by InfoWorld’s Chris Kanaracus points out similar growth data from research firm IDC, which predicts the SaaS BI market will grow 22 percent each year through 2013 thanks to increased product sophistication, strained IT budgets, and other factors.[46]

An analysis of top 100 Business Intelligence and Analytics scores and ranks the firms based on several open variables[47]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dedić N. & Stanier C. (2016). Measuring the Success of Changes to Existing Business Intelligence Solutions to Improve Business Intelligence Reporting. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer International Publishing. Volume 268, pp. 225-236.
  2. ↑ (Rud, Olivia (2009). Business Intelligence Success Factors: Tools for Aligning Your Business in the Global Economy. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-39240-9.)
  3. ↑ Coker, Frank (2014). Pulse: Understanding the Vital Signs of Your Business. Ambient Light Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-9893086-0-1.
  4. ↑ Chugh, R & Grandhi, S 2013, ‘Why Business Intelligence? Significance of Business Intelligence tools and integrating BI governance with corporate governance’, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, vol. 4, no.2, pp. 1-14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273861123_Why_Business_Intelligence_Significance_of_Business_Intelligence_Tools_and_Integrating_BI_Governance_with_Corporate_Governance
  5. ↑ Miller Devens, Richard. Cyclopaedia of Commercial and Business Anecdotes; Comprising Interesting Reminiscences and Facts, Remarkable Traits and Humors of Merchants, Traders, Bankers Etc. in All Ages and Countries. D. Appleton and company. p. 210. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  6. ↑ H P Luhn (1958). "A Business Intelligence System" (PDF). IBM Journal. 2 (4): 314. doi:10.1147/rd.24.0314.
  7. ↑ D. J. Power (10 March 2007). "A Brief History of Decision Support Systems, version 4.0". DSSResources.COM. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  8. ↑ Power, D. J. "A Brief History of Decision Support Systems". Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  9. ↑ Golden, Bernard (2013). Amazon Web Services For Dummies. For dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 234. ISBN 9781118652268. Retrieved 2014-07-06. [...] traditional business intelligence or data warehousing tools (the terms are used so interchangeably that they're often referred to as BI/DW) are extremely expensive [...]
  10. ↑ Evelson, Boris (21 November 2008). "Topic Overview: Business Intelligence".
  11. ↑ Evelson, Boris (29 April 2010). "Want to know what Forrester's lead data analysts are thinking about BI and the data domain?".
  12. ↑ Kobielus, James (30 April 2010). "What's Not BI? Oh, Don't Get Me Started....Oops Too Late...Here Goes....". “Business” intelligence is a non-domain-specific catchall for all the types of analytic data that can be delivered to users in reports, dashboards, and the like. When you specify the subject domain for this intelligence, then you can refer to “competitive intelligence,” “market intelligence,” “social intelligence,” “financial intelligence,” “HR intelligence,” “supply chain intelligence,” and the like.
  13. ↑ "Business Analytics vs Business Intelligence?". timoelliott.com. 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  14. ↑ "Difference between Business Analytics and Business Intelligence". businessanalytics.com. 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  15. ↑ Henschen, Doug (4 January 2010). "Analytics at Work: Q&A with Tom Davenport" (Interview).
  16. ↑ Kimball et al., 2008: 29
  17. ↑ "Are You Ready for the New Business Intelligence?". Dell.com. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  18. ↑ Jeanne W. Ross, Peter Weill, David C. Robertson (2006) Enterprise Architecture As Strategy, p. 117 ISBN 1-59139-839-8.
  19. ↑ Krapohl, Donald. "A Structured Methodology for Group Decision Making". AugmentedIntel. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  20. ↑ Kimball et al. 2008: p. 298
  21. ↑ Kimball et al., 2008: 16
  22. ↑ Kimball et al., 2008: 18
  23. 1 2 Kimball et al., 2008: 17
  24. ↑ "How Companies Are Implementing Business Intelligence Competency Centers" (PDF). Computer World. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kimball
  26. 1 2 3 4 Swain Scheps Business Intelligence for Dummies, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-12723-0
  27. 1 2 Watson, Hugh J.; Wixom, Barbara H. (2007). "The Current State of Business Intelligence". Computer. 40 (9): 96. doi:10.1109/MC.2007.331.
  28. ↑ The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit (2nd ed.). Ralph Kimball (2008).
  29. ↑ Microsoft Data Warehouse Toolkit. Wiley Publishing. (2006)
  30. ↑ Andrew Brust (2013-02-14). "Gartner releases 2013 BI Magic Quadrant". ZDNet. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Pendse, Nigel (7 March 2008). "Consolidations in the BI industry". The OLAP Report.
  32. ↑ "Why Business Intelligence Is Key For Competitive Advantage". Boston University. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  33. ↑ Imhoff, Claudia (4 April 2006). "Three Trends in Business Intelligence Technology".
  34. ↑ Mettler T, Vimarlund V (2009). "Understanding business intelligence in the context of healthcare". Health Informatics Journal. 15 (3): 254–264. doi:10.1177/1460458209337446.
  35. 1 2 3 Rao, R. (2003). "From unstructured data to actionable intelligence" (PDF). IT Professional. 5 (6): 29. doi:10.1109/MITP.2003.1254966.
  36. 1 2 3 Blumberg, R. & S. Atre (2003). "The Problem with Unstructured Data" (PDF). DM Review: 42–46.
  37. 1 2 Negash, S (2004). "Business Intelligence" (PDF). Communications of the Association of Information Systems. 13: 177–195.
  38. 1 2 Inmon, B. & A. Nesavich, "Unstructured Textual Data in the Organization" from "Managing Unstructured data in the organization", Prentice Hall 2008, pp. 1–13
  39. ↑ Gartner Reveals Five Business Intelligence Predictions for 2009 and Beyond. gartner.com. 15 January 2009
  40. ↑ huge scope in Entrepreneurship
  41. ↑ Campbell, Don (23 June 2009). "10 Red Hot BI Trends". Information Management.
  42. ↑ Lock, Michael (27 March 2014). "Cloud Analytics in 2014: Infusing the Workforce with Insight".
  43. ↑ Rodriguez, Carlos; Daniel, Florian; Casati, Fabio; Cappiello, Cinzia (2010). "Toward Uncertain Business Intelligence: The Case of Key Indicators". IEEE Internet Computing. 14 (4): 32. doi:10.1109/MIC.2010.59.
  44. ↑ Rodriguez, C., Daniel, F., Casati, F. & Cappiello, C. (2009), Computing Uncertain Key Indicators from Uncertain Data (PDF), pp. 106–120
  45. ↑ Julian, Taylor (10 January 2010). "Business intelligence implementation according to customer's needs". APRO Software. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  46. ↑ SaaS BI growth will soar in 2010 | Cloud Computing. InfoWorld (2010-02-01). Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  47. ↑ "Top 100 analytics companies ranked and scored by Mattermark - Business Intelligence - Dashboards - Big Data".

Bibliography

External links

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