CPEB

For the 18th century German composer, see Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.

CPEB, or cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein, is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that promotes the elongation of the polyadenine tail of messenger RNA.[1] CPEB most commonly activates the target RNA for translation, but can also act as a repressor,[2] dependent on its phosphorylation state.[3] In animals, CPEB is expressed in several alternative splicing isoforms that are specific to particular tissues and functions, including the self-cleaving Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme. CPEB was first identified in Xenopus oocytes and associated with meiosis;[1] a role has also been identified in the spermatogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans.[4]

CPEB is involved in closed-loop regulation of mRNAs that keeps them inactive. The closed-loop structure between the 3'UTR and 5'UTR inhibits translation.[5] This has been observed in Xenopus laevis in which eIF4E bound to the 5' cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3' UTR creating translationally inactive transcripts. This translational inhibition is lifted once CPEB is phosphorylated, displacing the Maskin binding site, allowing for the polymerization of the PolyA tail, which can recruit the translational machinery by means of PABP.[6] However, it is important to note that this mechanism has been under great scrutiny.[7]

Role in memory

Drosophila Orb2 binds to genes implicated in long-term memory. An isoform of CPEB found in the neurons of the sea slug Aplysia californica, as well as in Drosophila, mice, and humans, contains an N-terminal domain not found in other isoforms that shows high sequence similarity to prion proteins. Experiments with the Aplysia isoform expressed in yeast reveal that CPEB has a key property associated with prions: it can cause other proteins to assume alternate protein conformations that are heritable in successive generations of yeast cells. Furthermore, the functional RNA-binding form of the CPEB protein may be the prion-like state.[8] These observations have led to the suggestion that long-lasting bistable prionlike proteins play a role in the formation of long-term memory.[9]

Interactions

CPEB has been shown to interact with the following proteins:

References

  1. 1 2 Hake, L.E., and Richter, J.D. (1994). CPEB is a specificity factor that mediates cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Cell 79, 617–627.
  2. ↑ de Moor, C.H., and Richter, J.D. (1999). Cytoplasmic polyadenylation mediate masking and unmasking of cyclin B1 mRNA. EMBO J. 18, 2294–2303.
  3. ↑ Mendez, R., Barnard, D., and Richter, J.D. (2002). Differential mRNA translation and meiotic progression require Cdc2-mediated CPEB destruction. EMBO J. 21, 1833–1844.
  4. ↑ Luitjens C, Gallegos M, Kraemer B, Kimble J, Wickens M. (2000). CPEB proteins control two key steps in spermatogenesis in C. elegans. Genes Dev 14(20):2596-609.
  5. ↑ Kang, MK; Han, SJ (March 2011). "Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation during mouse oocyte maturation.". BMB Rep. 3. 44: 147–157. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2011.44.3.147. PMID 21429291.
  6. ↑ Gilbert, Scott (2010). Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-87893-384-6.
  7. ↑ Kozak, Marilyn (1 November 2008). "Faulty old ideas about translational regulation paved the way for current confusion about how microRNAs function.". Gene. 2. 423: 108–115. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.07.013. PMID 18692553.
  8. ↑ Si K, Lindquist S, Kandel ER. (2003). A Neuronal Isoform of the Aplysia CPEB Has Prion-Like Properties. Cell 115: 879-91.
  9. ↑ Shorter J, Lindquist S (2005). "Prions as adaptive conduits of memory and inheritance". Nat Rev Genet 6 (6): 435-50. doi:10.1038/nrg1616 PMID 15931169
  10. ↑ Campbell ZT, Menichelli E, Friend K, Wu J, Kimble J, Williamson JR, Wickens M (2012). "Identification of a conserved interface between PUF and CPEB proteins.". J Biol Chem. 287 (22): 18854–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.352815. PMID 22496444.
  11. 1 2 3 Lin, CL.; Evans, V.; Shen, S.; Xing, Y.; Richter, JD. (Feb 2010). "The nuclear experience of CPEB: implications for RNA processing and translational control.". RNA. 16 (2): 338–48. doi:10.1261/rna.1779810. PMID 20040591.
  12. ↑ Campbell, ZT.; Menichelli, E.; Friend, K.; Wu, J.; Kimble, J.; Williamson, JR.; Wickens, M. (May 2012). "Identification of a conserved interface between PUF and CPEB proteins.". J Biol Chem. 287 (22): 18854–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.352815. PMID 22496444.


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