Campaspe

Campaspe taking off her clothes in front of Apelles by order of Alexander, c.1883 by Auguste Ottin (1811–1890). North façade of the Cour Carrée in the Louvre, Paris.

Alexander the Great and Campaspe in the studio of Apelles, by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.

Campaspe (/kæmˈpæspiː/; Greek Καμπάσπη), or Pancaste /pæŋˈkæstiː/,^[1] was a mistress of Alexander the Great and a prominent citizen of Larissa. She was painted by Apelles, who had the reputation in Antiquity for being the greatest of painters. The episode occasioned an apocryphal exchange that was reported in Pliny's Natural History:^[2] "Seeing the beauty of the nude portrait, Alexander saw that the artist appreciated Campaspe (and loved her) more than he. And so Alexander kept the portrait, but presented Campaspe to Apelles." The biographer Robin Lane Fox describes this bequest as "the most generous gift of any patron and one which would remain a model for patronage and painters on through the Renaissance."^[3]

Apelles also used Campaspe as a model for his most celebrated painting of Aphrodite "rising out of the sea", the iconic Venus Anadyomene, "wringing her hair, and the falling drops of water formed a transparent silver veil around her form".^[4]

No Campaspe appears in the five major sources for the life of Alexander. Fox traces her legend back to the Roman authors Pliny (Natural History), Lucian of Samosata and Aelian's Varia Historia. They would have it that Campaspe was a prominent citizen of Larissa in Thessaly; Aelian surmised that she initiated the young Alexander in love.

Campaspe became a generic poetical synonym for a man's mistress; The English University wit and poet John Lyly (1553–1606), who produced his comedy Campaspe in 1584, also wrote:

"Cupid and my Campaspe play'd

At cards for kisses—Cupid paid:

He stakes his quiver, bow and arrows,

His mother's doves, and team of sparrows;

Loses them too; then down he throws

The coral of his lip, the rose

Growing on's cheek (but none knows how);

With these, the crystal of his brow,

And then the dimple of his chin:

All these did my Campaspe win.

At last he set her both his eyes,

She won, and Cupid blind did rise.

O Love! has she done this to thee?

What shall (alas!) become of me?"

The Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca wrote his own play on the Campaspe story, Darlo todo y no dar nada (1651).

The Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia is named after her.^[5]

References

1. Her Thessalian name is sometimes reported in Atticized form as Pancaste.
2. John J. Popovic, "Apelles, the greatest painter of Antiquity" Source quotes from Pliny's Natural History 35.79–97.
3. Fox, Alexander the Great, 1973:50.
4. Peck (1898).
5. "The romance of Australian place names.". The Australian Women's Weekly. National Library of Australia. 27 May 1964. p. 59. Retrieved 14 October 2013.

Sources

• Pothos.org: Alexander's lovers
• Harry Thurston Peck, Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, 1898 "Campaspe"
• John Lyly: "Cupid and my Campaspe..."
• John Lyly: A Moste Excellent Comedie of Alexander, Campaspe, and Diogenes 1584