Can opener

For the grappling hold, see spinal lock § Can opener.
A modern opener with a combination of a rotating cutting wheel and a serrated wheel. This particular can opener is for left-handed use.

A can opener (in North American English and Australian English) or tin opener (in British and Commonwealth English) is a device used to open tin cans (metal cans). Although preservation of food using tin cans had been practiced since at least 1772 in the Netherlands, the first can openers were not patented until 1855 in England and 1858 in the United States. These early openers were basically variations of a knife, though the 1855 design continues to be produced. The first can opener consisting of the now familiar sharp rotating cutting wheel was invented in 1870 but was considered too difficult to operate for the ordinary consumer. A breakthrough design came in 1925 when a second, serrated wheel was added to hold the cutting wheel on the ring of the can. This easy to use design has become one of the most popular can opener models.

Around the time of World War II, several can openers were developed for military use, such as the American P-38 and P-51. These featured a robust and simple design where a folding cutting blade and absence of a handle significantly reduced the opener size. Electric can openers were introduced in the late 1950s and met with success. The development of new can opener types continues with the recent addition of a side-cutting model.

Invention of cans

A can opener in action
Can opener Röda Clara (Red Clara) Design by Sigvard Bernadotte.

Food preserved in tin cans was in use by the Dutch Navy from at least 1772.[1] Before 1800, there was already a small industry of canned salmon in the Netherlands. Freshly caught salmon were cleaned, boiled in brine, smoked and placed in tin-plated iron boxes. This canned salmon was known outside the Netherlands, and in 1797 a British company supplied one of their clients with 13 cans. Preservation of food in tin cans was patented by Peter Durand in 1810. The patent was acquired in 1812 by Bryan Donkin, who had later set up the world's first canning factory in London in 1813. By 1820, canned food was a recognized article in Britain and France and by 1822 in the United States.[1] The first cans were robust containers, which weighed more than the food they contained and required ingenuity to open, using whatever tools available. The instruction on those cans read "Cut round the top near the outer edge with a chisel and hammer."[2][3] The gap of decades between the invention of the can and can opener may be attributed to the functionality of existing tools versus the cost and effort of a new tool.[4]

First, lever-type can openers

Lever-type can opener design of 1855 by Robert Yeates
Lever-type can opener design of 1858 by Ezra Warner
Bull-head lever-type can opener of 1865

Dedicated can openers appeared in the 1850s and were of a primitive claw-shaped or "lever-type" design. In 1855, Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, Middlesex, UK, devised the first claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans.[5]

In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut. It consisted of a sharp sickle, which was pushed into the can and sawed around its edge. A guard kept the sickle from penetrating too far into the can. The opener consisted of several parts which could be replaced if worn out, especially the sickle.[6] This opener was adopted by the United States Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865); however, its unprotected knife-like sickle was too dangerous for domestic use. A home-use opener named the "Bull's head opener" was designed in 1865 and was supplied with cans of pickled beef named "Bully beef". The opener was made of cast iron and had a very similar construction to the Yeates opener, but featured a more artistic shape and was the first move towards improving the look of the can opener. The bull-headed design was produced until the 1930s and was also offered with a fish-head shape.[2]

Rotating wheel openers

The Bunker opener
Rotary can opener of 1870 by William Lyman, side view
Double-wheel design of 1925

The first rotating wheel can opener was patented in July 1870 by William Lyman of Meriden, Connecticut and produced by the firm Baumgarten in the 1890s.[7] The can was to be pierced in its center with the sharp metal rod of the opener. Then, the length of the lever had to be adjusted to fit the can size, and the lever fixed with the wingnut. The top of the can was cut by pressing the cutting wheel into the can near the edge and rotating it along the can's rim.[8]

The necessity to pierce the can first was a nuisance, and this can opener design did not survive. In 1925, the Star Can Opener Company of San Francisco, California had improved Lyman's design by adding a second, serrated wheel, called a "feed wheel", which allowed a firm grip of the can edge. This addition was so efficient that the design is still in use today.

Whereas all previous openers required using one hand or other means to hold the can, can-holding openers simultaneously grip the can and open it. The first such opener was patented in 1931 by the Bunker Clancey Company of Kansas City, Missouri and was, therefore, called the "Bunker". It featured the now standard pliers-type handles, when squeezed would tightly grip the can rim, while turning the key would rotate the cutting wheel, progressively cutting the lid along the rim. The cutting wheel is coupled to a serrated feed wheel via a set of gears, as in the Star design.[9] The Bunker company was absorbed by the Rival Manufacturing Company, also of Kansas City, in 1938.[2]

Church key

For the microbrewery, see Churchkey Can Company.
Contemporary church key, three views. The left end is a can piercer and the right end is a bottle cap lifter.

Church key initially referred to a simple hand-operated device for prying the cap (called a "crown cork" or "bottle cap") off a glass bottle; this kind of closure was invented in 1892.[10][11] The first of these church key style openers was patented in Canada in 1900.[12] The shape and design of some of these openers did resemble a large simple key.[13] In 1935, steel beer cans with flat tops appeared, and a device to pierce the lids was needed. The same opener was used for piercing those cans. Made from a single piece of pressed metal, with a sharp point at one end, it was devised by D. F. Sampson,[14][15] for the American Can Company, who depicted operating instructions on the cans.[16] The church key opener is still being produced, sometimes as part of another opener. For example, a "butterfly" opener is often a combination of the church key and a serrated-wheel opener.

A modern butterfly opener combining a serrated wheel and a "church key".

There is sparse, and often contradictory, documentation on the origin of the term "church key". The phrase is likely a sarcastic euphemism, as the opener was obviously not designed to access churches. One explanation is that in Medieval Europe, most brewers were monks. Lager cellars in the monasteries were locked to protect aging beers, and the monks carried keys to these lager cellars. It may have been those keys, which remotely resembled the early church key openers, that gave the "church key" opener its name.[17] Another motive for assigning the device such an ironic name could have been the fact beer was first canned (for test marketing) in 1933,[18] the same year president Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Bill.[19] This act, which predated Repeal of Prohibition, amended the Volstead Act, making 3.2% low-alcohol beer legal. Some experts have posited the term "church key" was a way to "stick it to" the religious organizations who had effected Prohibition in the first place.[20]

Another key opener with completely different design was patented by J. Osterhoudt in 1866.[21] Instead of piercing the can, it was used to tear off and roll up a pre-scored strip on the side of the can, just below the lid. It was also called "key", because of resemblance to a door key. Such openers are spot-welded or soldered to many small, thin-walled cans nowadays and are separated prior to use by prying the key up and bending it back and forth a few times until it breaks loose.[22]

Military use can openers

Main article: P-38 can opener
P-51 and P-38 openers

Several can openers with a simple and robust design have been specifically developed for military use. The P-38 and P-51 are small can openers with a cutter hinged to the main body. They were also known as a "John Wayne" because the actor was shown in a training film opening a can of K-rations. The P-38 can opener is keychain-sized, about 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, and consists of a short metal blade that serves as a handle (and can also be used as a screwdriver), with a small, hinged metal tooth that folds out to pierce the can lid. A notch just under the hinge point keeps the opener hooked around the rim of the can as the device is "walked" around the rim to cut the lid out. A larger version, called P-51, is somewhat easier to operate. P-38 was developed in 1942 and was issued in the canned field rations of the United States Armed Forces from World War II to the 1980s. The P-38 and P-51 are cheaper to manufacture and are smaller and lighter to carry than most other can openers. The device can be easily attached to a keyring or dog tag chain using the small punched hole.[23]

Official military designations for the P-38 include "US Army pocket can opener" and "Opener, can, hand, folding, type I". As with some other military terms (e.g., jeep), the origin of the term is not known with certainty. The P-38 and P-51 openers share a designation with the Lockheed P-38 Lightning and North American P-51 Mustang fighters, however this is coincidental. The most likely origin of the name is much more pedestrian; the P-38 and P-51 measure 38 mm (1.5 in) and 51 mm (2.0 in) in length respectively.[24]

P-38s are no longer used for individual rations by the United States Armed Forces, as canned C-rations were replaced by soft-pack MREs in the 1980s. They are, however, included with United States military "Tray Rations" (canned bulk meals). They are also still seen in disaster recovery efforts and have been handed out alongside canned food by rescue organizations, both in America and abroad in Afghanistan. The original US-contract P-38 can openers were manufactured by J. W. Speaker Corp. (stamped "US Speaker") and by Washburn Corp. (marked "US Androck"), they were later made by Mallin Hardware (now defunct) of Shelby, Ohio and were variously stamped "US Mallin Shelby O." or "U.S. Shelby Co."[25]

Standard issue "FRED" can opener of the Australian Defence Force

A similar device that incorporates a small spoon at one end and a bottle opener at the other is currently employed by the Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Army in its ration kits. The Field Ration Eating Device is known by the acronym "FRED". It is also known as the "Fucking Ridiculous Eating Device".[26][27]

Another similar device was included with British Army "Operational Ration Pack, General Purpose" 24-hour ration pack and "Composite Ration Pack" rations. At one time they were manufactured by W. P. Warren Engineering Co., Ltd. The instructions printed on the miniature, greaseproof paper bag in which they were packed read: "Their design is similar, but not identical, to the P-38 and P-51 can openers."[25]

Most military ration can openers have a very simple design and have also been produced for civilian use in many countries. For example, small folding openers similar to the P-38 and P-51 were designed in 1924 and were widely distributed in the Eastern European countries.[28]

In Slovenia a somewhat rounded version of a P-38 is known as "sardine can opener", because in the 1990s such openers were usually packed with cans that did not feature the pull-top pre-scored lid. A non-folding version of the P-38 used to be very common in Israeli kitchens, and can still be found in stores, often sold in packs of five.

Electric openers

A modern Krups hand-held electric can opener

The first electric can opener was patented in 1931 and modeled after the cutting-wheel design.[29] Those openers were produced in the 1930s and advertised as capable of removing lids from more than 20 cans per minute without risk of injury.[30] Nevertheless, they found little success. Electric openers were re-introduced in 1956 by two Californian companies. Klassen Enterprises of Centreville brought out a wall-mounted electric model,[31] but this complex design was unpopular too.[2]

The same year, Walter Hess Bodle invented a freestanding device, combining an electric can opener and knife sharpener.[32] He and his family members built their prototype in his garage, with daughter Elizabeth sculpting the body design. It was manufactured under the "Udico" brand of the Union Die Casting Co. in Los Angeles, California and was offered in Flamingo Pink, Avocado Green, and Aqua Blue, popular colors of the era. These openers were introduced to the market for Christmas sales and found immediate success.[2]

Modern designs

Side can opener

A new style of the can opener emerged in the 1980s. Whereas most other openers remove the lid by cutting down through the lid from the top just inside the rim, removing the top and leaving the rim attached to the can, these use a roller and cutting wheel to cut round the side of the can just below the rim, removing the top and rim. The can is left with a relatively safe, non-jagged edge. The feed wheel teeth have a somewhat finer pitch than those of earlier designs and reside at the bottom of a V-shaped groove, which surrounds the rim on three sides at the point of action.[33] [34]

In fiction

Henry Kuttner's 1943 short story "The Proud Robot" is about a fancy narcissistic robot which turned out to be "a bigger and better opener" created by a drunk inventor,[35] described by a reviewer as "the most beautiful can opener in the world".[36]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Can openers.
  1. 1 2 Gordon L. Robertson (2006). Food packaging. CRC Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 0-8493-3775-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lifting the lid on the tin can opener" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  3. ↑ "Can opener". Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  4. ↑ Ridely, Matt (14 September 2012). "Don't Look for Inventions Before Their Time". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Taylor & Francis Group. 27 September 2004. ISBN 978-1-57958-380-4.
  6. ↑ Ezra J. Warner (5 January 1858) "Can opener" U.S. Patent 19,063
  7. ↑ William W. Lyman "Improvement in can openers" U.S. Patent 105,346 12 July 1870.
  8. ↑ Bryan H. Bunch, Alexander Hellemans (2004). The history of science and technology. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 398. ISBN 0-618-22123-9.
  9. ↑ Charles Arthur Bunker, "Can opener", U.S. Patent 1,838,525, 29 December 1931.
  10. ↑ William Painter (2 February 1892) "Bottle sealing device" U.S. Patent 468,258
  11. ↑ Churchkey. Worldwidewords.org (2 November 2002). Retrieved on 2013-03-20.
  12. ↑ Mario Theriault (2001) Great Maritme Inventions 1833–1950, Goose Lane, p. 21 ISBN 0-86492-324-4
  13. ↑ January 1980 JFO Newsletter. Just-for-openers.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2013.
  14. ↑ United States Bartenders Guild Newsletter. bartenderschoolofsantarosa.com
  15. ↑ Short History of the Beer Can (part 2). Streeter.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2013.
  16. ↑ Flat Top Beer Cans. ebeercans.com
  17. ↑ Jonathan Lighter, ed. (1994). Historical Dictionary of American Slang. 1, A-G. New York: Random House. p. 422.
  18. ↑ Timeline: History of Beer Cans. Rustycans.com. Retrieved on 20 March 2013.
  19. ↑ Beer can history. Brewery Collectibles Club of America
  20. ↑ church key. plateaupress.com.au
  21. ↑ J. Osterhoudt "Improved Method of Opening Tin Cans" U.S. Patent 58,554 2 October 1866
  22. ↑ "History of the Can: Can Opener". Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  23. ↑ R. Foster (18 August 1995). "The greatest Army invention ever". Pentagram (Army Public Affairs) (image of article at www.dogtagsrus.com). Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  24. ↑ P-38 Engineering Drawing. Georgia-outfitters.com. Retrieved on 20 March 2013.
  25. 1 2 "The P-38 can opener". Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  26. ↑ Greame Hardiman. "The Malayan Emergency. 2RAR 1956/57". 2RAR. Digger History: an unofficial history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Forces. Retrieved 5 November 2007. I remember the spoon come tin opener that was in later years nicknamed "Fred" (Fucking ridiculous eating device)
  27. ↑ "Black Berets". Ration Pack. Australian Defence News & Opinion – MilitaryPeople.com.au. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  28. ↑ K. F. Schioniger "Folding can opener" U.S. Patent 1,507,093 2 September 1924
  29. ↑ Preston C. West "Can opener" U.S. Patent 1,834,563 1 December 1931
  30. ↑ "Popular Science". 123 (5). Bonnier Corporation. 1933: 18. ISSN 0161-7370.
  31. ↑ Bernard Klassen "Electrically operated can opener" U.S. Patent 2,789,345 26 March 1956.
  32. ↑ Walter H. Bodle "Can opening and knife sharpening device" U.S. Patent 2,897,589 4 December 1956.
  33. ↑ Paul Porucznik, Keith Longstaff, "Can Openers" U.S. Patent 4,782,594 5 April 1984
  34. ↑ Kun-Jen Chang, "Side cutting can opener with a double grip" U.S. Patent 5,946,811 4 November 1997
  35. ↑ p. 15
  36. ↑ Marcus Pan, Off The Shelf - "The World Treasury of Science Fiction", a book review, Legends Magazine, vol. 111, 2001
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