Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch

Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch (pictured in 2005), F. W. Petre's largest completed work (1905). The central pediment is in the style of Sebastiano Serlio

The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament (popularly known as the Christchurch Basilica[1]) is located in the city centre of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Christchurch and seat of the Bishop of Christchurch. It was designed by architect Francis Petre.

The Cathedral was closed after the 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake collapsed the two bell towers at the front of the building and destabilised the dome.[2] The dome was removed and the rear of the Cathedral was demolished.[3]

In May 2015 an investigation was launched into whether the largely undamaged nave could be retained as part of an otherwise new building.[4][5]

Architecture

The building is generally held to be the finest renaissance-style building in New Zealand.[6] On 7 April 1983, the building was registered as a Category I heritage item by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, with the registration number 47. It is regarded as an outstanding example of church architecture in Australasia, and is regarded as Petre's best design.[6][7]

One commentator[8] has said that the exterior of the Cathedral is probably the most complete and consistent of all Petre's churches. "The majesty of the dome is best seen from the rear, and from most parts of the city it registers powerfully above the Christchurch flatness in a manner reminiscent of Brunelleschi's dome in Florence".[8] George Bernard Shaw during his 1934 visit was unimpressed with Gilbert Scott's Anglican cathedral but generous in his praise of Petre's Catholic one. "In fact it was Shaw who was one of the first to open local eyes to the quality of this building."[8] In 1970 under Bishop Ashby, "years of grime deposited from the [then] nearby railway station and gasworks were cleaned off and restoration work was carried out."[8] "The great joy of the cathedral, however, is the interior. Petre's handling of natural light is as sure as ever, the nave and sanctuary are suffused with daylight. The fine Corinthian and Ionic columns down each side of the nave are a development of the design of St Patrick's Basilica, Oamaru, here doubled in height, for obviously single columns in this great nave would have required enormous girth. The sanctuary dome is undoubtedly the climax of the interior; it is here that the full power of the design is unleashed. This was Petre's finest achievement in forty years of practice. Fascinating vistas are gained through the arches which transmit the enormous weight of the dome to the four massive piers. These are decorated with subtle flutings, a fresh variation on an ancient theme. In this sanctuary the liturgy can be seen as drama and it receives a fitting setting for its movement and colour".[8]

History

Cathedral of The Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch, under construction. The nave is lined with Ionic columns

A 24 feet (7.3 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m) wooden chapel was built on Barbadoes Street, south east of the city centre, in October 1860 for newly arrived Marist missionary priests. This chapel was replaced by a larger wooden church designed by Benjamin Mountfort in 1864, which was expanded over the years. This building was designated the Pro Cathedral of the newly established Diocese of Christchurch in 1887 by Bishop John Grimes S.M., the first Catholic bishop of Christchurch.[9] This designation indicated that the bishop was planning a new Cathedral from the beginning of his tenure. The old building was considered inadequate for the growing population still confined to one city church.[9]

In May 1897 Grimes went to Rome for his ad limina visit. He had several audiences with Pope Leo XIII who gave two gifts for the project. One was a valuable cameo and the other a richly enamelled portrait of the Pope both of which were later sold in a fund-raising bazaar. During his 18 months overseas Grimes travelled in England, Ireland, France, Belgium, and on the return journey, via the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the United States and Canada. Wherever he could command an invitation he preached and begged for his Cathedral, nine times on one Sunday in New York. He arrived back in Christchurch on 10 January 1899 with more than £3,000 for his Cathedral fund (including £800 collected in Ireland).[9]

At that time Wellington's Sacred Heart Basilica was under construction with Petre as architect in a branch office there. It is likely that it was in Wellington that Grimes invited Petre to submit a plan for the Christchurch Cathedral. Petre proposed the form of the Cathedral. He wrote later that the Roman basilica style was chosen because " ... the proportion of height to length and breadth in the Gothic building is nearly three times that of the Basilica. In fact if a Gothic church were drawn with the width of nave shown in my drawings it would be higher than any Gothic church in the world." Gothic was also considered the greater earthquake risk and overall the more expensive.[9] Grimes had the old church removed to Ferry Road and construction of a new cathedral began in 1901.

Massive efforts began to raise money for the building. Grimes engaged in constant tours of his diocese to raise the cash. Problems with finding suitable stone for the construction of such a large structure caused financial difficulties during the construction, and a special Act was pushed through Parliament by then Premier Richard Seddon in order to aid with the financing of the building. The constant need to find money and to build cheaply led to strained relations between the Bishop and the architect. The Catholic community with under 5,000 wage and salary earners in a total Catholic community of 20,570, was fewer in number and overall less advantaged than the Anglican community (whose cathedral took 50 years to build and opened in 1904 at a probable cost of more than £60,000 with a residual debt of £4,000).[9] It "speaks volumes for the value average Catholic placed on their faith"[9] that such small numbers enabled the completion of their Cathedral at a total cost of £52,000 with a final debt (10 years after it opened) of less than £5,000.[9] Grimes said at the opening on 12 February 1905, a mere four years after construction began: "No one can claim that our stately Cathedral is the work of the wealthy. It is the fruit of the hard earnings of the poor and the lowly, generous to a sacrifice of their well-won pounds, their shillings and their pence."[9]

Construction

The Cathedral with the Sisters of Our Lady of the Mission Chapel in the background.

The Cathedral was built by Jamieson and Sons who built many other major ecclesiastical and municipal buildings in New Zealand.[8] Petre had previous experience in using concrete, designing dock walls and sewers as a draughtsman. This knowledge allowed Petre to require innovative methods during construction such as pouring heart walls with concrete and then facing with stone.[10] Mass-produced components were widely used, including curved arches made in a purpose built moulding machine.[11] Fifty men were employed on the site, and in excess of 120,000 cubic ft (3400 m³) of stone, 4,000 cubic ft (110 m³) of concrete, and 90 tons of steel were used in the construction. After its completion the Cathedral, constructed of concrete sheathed in Oamaru limestone,[6] was widely acclaimed, later causing George Bernard Shaw to describe Petre as a "New Zealand Brunelleschi".

Design

Interior of the Cathedral

Forsaking 19th-century Gothic, Petre designed the new church in a Renaissance, Italian basilica style, with one major exception. Ignoring Renaissance convention, Petre obtained a greater visual impact by siting the Italianate green copper-roofed dome not above the cross section of the church (as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome), but directly above the sanctuary. In Petre's opinion, this design element, coupled with the Byzantine apse, added extra grandeur and theatre to the high altar set in the tribune. The nave and chancel roofs were supported by colonnades of ionic columns and the entrance facade of the cathedral was flanked by twin towers in the manner of many of Europe's great renaissance churches.[12]

While often likened, at least in its outward form, to St Paul's Cathedral in London, it is conceivable that the greatest influence behind this structure was Benoit Haffreingue. During Petre's formative years, Haffreingue had been the driving force of the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Boulogne-sur-Mer, a French church that has a very similar plan to that of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, including the controversial siting of the dome over the altar rather than the centre of the cathedral.[12] Haffreingue was also the principal of a private Jesuit boarding school for boys (now known as "Le collège Haffreingue-Chanclaire") in Boulogne-sur-Mer. Petre was a student at this school in 1860-186, during Heffreingue's tenure.[13] The building is also said by some to be based on the 19th-century Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris to which it bears some striking similarities.[6] The similarities to another great French church, Saint-Sulpice, Paris (17th century) have also been remarked upon.[14]

Earthquake

The 2010 Canterbury earthquake a Richter magnitude 7.1 earthquake on 4 September 2010 resulted in the closure of the Cathedral to the public indefinitely, to allow for seismic strengthening and restoration. Masses were not celebrated at the Cathedral from the September earthquake, but took place at other nearby locations such as the chapel of the adjacent Music Centre. However, although his Requiem Mass was celebrated at St Mary's Pro-Cathedral, Manchester St, Bishop Cunneen was buried in the Cathedral.[15]

Damage from the 22 February 2011 earthquake

The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake (22 February 2011), a Richter magnitude 6.3 earthquake, caused considerable damage to the Cathedral. The Cathedral administrator, Monsignor Charles Drennan, said that engineers had indicated that it was unlikely the building could be saved. The two bell towers at the front of the building collapsed, bringing much of the front façade down with them, with large blocks of masonry destroying vehicles in front of the building. There was also major cracking evident around the Cathedral's main dome. Stained glass windows, which had survived the 4 September earthquake and some 4,000 aftershocks, were also "in ruins". Monsignor Drennan said that workers repairing damage to the building caused by the earlier earthquake, escaped, as did a custodian who was in the Cathedral at the time.[16] Drennan told Kim Hill in a National Radio interview on 5 March that the screams of the children at the nearby school when the earthquake struck at nine minutes to one "will stay with him for a long time". He and other priests were having lunch when the violent shaking started and they dived under the table from where one of them watched the towers falling from the Cathedral.[17]

The building has been described as "quite humbled". On the collapsed front, "all that was left at the top was a cross piercing the sky – two angels abreast keeping vigil".[18] Msgr Drennan and three other priests were forced to evacuate the Cathedral Rectory by authorities. This was not because of any damage to that building, but because authorities wanted to clear the central city area of people for security reasons.[19][20] Adjoining parts of Catholic Cathedral College were threatened by the severely damaged Cathedral and the college had to shift to St Thomas of Canterbury College under a "site-sharing" arrangement.[21]

Reaction

Aerial view of the Cathedral in July 2012, with the dome now removed

On 2 March, Bishop Jones decided that the dome of the Cathedral would be removed after an inspection revealed another large earthquake could topple it completely. An engineer's report showed that the Cathedral's dome was forcing weight-bearing structures outwards and that another earthquake like the magnitude 6.3 on 22 February would topple the dome. The Bishop said that the removal of the dome would begin as soon as possible, but other work had to be completed and equipment assembled before work could begin. The removal of the dome would be done by cranes at a distance from the site because of the risk of collapse. The Bishop also said that no decisions would be made about the future of the building until a detailed engineering report was generated after the dome has been removed. Until the 22 February earthquake, Masses were being held at the Catholic Cathedral College assembly hall near the Cathedral, but the Bishop said he did not know where future services would be held. He said: "We don't know anything, all we're concerned about now is protecting human life."[2]

On 5 March, the Minister of Earthquake Recovery, Gerry Brownlee, told a media briefing that if he had his way, most of Christchurch's heritage buildings would be demolished but that he would like to see resources go into rebuilding the ChristChurch Cathedral, the Catholic Basilica, the Canterbury Provincial Chambers and the Christchurch Arts Centre – "but that's it – There will be a few others perhaps, but those would be the most iconic buildings that Christchurch residents would want to see rebuilt. They won't be put back the way they were. They will need to have a great deal of strengthening put into them and it will be quite a long consideration as to how those things might be done."[22]

After the June 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the dome of the Cathedral was removed. The outer copper dome was cut into segments and was finally removed on 26 July and the internal decorative dome was removed intact in August. The damaged rear of the Cathedral was demolished to a low level in October.[23] Meanwhile, in August, Catholic Cathedral College was able to reoccupy its buildings.[24]

Statue

A statue of the Virgin Mary that was in the north tower of the Cathedral turned 180 degrees during the February earthquake so that instead of facing into the Cathedral it was facing out. It became a quake survival symbol after the about face as it looked out of a tower window over the battered city. On 29 May the statue was carried around the damaged Cathedral, once again the centrepiece for a religious ceremony. After circumnavigating the Cathedral grounds, the 200-strong congregation witnessed the Bishop of Christchurch consecrating the city of Christchurch to Mary. The statue had been damaged while being removed from the tower, but was repaired by Carmelite nuns in time for the procession.[25][26]

Future

Full restoration of the Cathedral was expected to cost more than $100 million and construction of a new Cathedral $40 million.[27][28]

Meanwhile, the decision to demolish the Anglican Cathedral has caused great controversy. One commentator has asked why there is "relative silence over the future of the Basilica for the Catholics who are allowed to get on with their decision-making processes in relative peace, while the Anglicans have to fight it out in the streets and letters to the editor pages of The Press? I suspect there remains in Christchurch the notion of old that the Catholics are still regarded as peripheral, parked over on the edge of town in an area back in the day that was next to the gas works that turned the cathedral a nicotine yellow. Now the distance from the heart of the city seems to have at last paid off as the Basilica's counterpart in the Square can't get out of the ring".[29]

By 7 May 2012, the Catholic Diocese had spent about $3 million deconstructing the damaged parts of the Cathedral, on cleaning and saving and numbering stones, windows and unique elements, and on transporting material, at night, to a storage facility in west Christchurch. The facility and shrink-wrapping allowed the individually numbered objects to be kept in the "best condition possible" with a view to their use in any rebuild or as a guide for the design of new elements. The Cathedral's fate was considered in the context of a total of 20 damaged churches in the Christchurch Catholic Diocese. The Diocese also had to deal with insurance issues and decisions on other assets, which included schools, retirement villages, church halls and presbyteries, as well as churches.[30][31][32]

In May 2015, it was announced that further deconstruction of the front and sanctuary areas of the building would be undertaken with a view to investigating the retention of the nave area (which appeared to be relatively undamaged) and its incorporation into a new building. This redevelopment, if it proceeded, would cost about $45 million and take four years to complete.[4][5]

Burials

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Roman Catholic ecclesiastical terms, the Cathedral is not a Minor basilica. See: List of minor basilicas in the world.
  2. 1 2 Mathewson, Nicole (2 March 2011). "Dome of Catholic Cathedral to be removed". The Press. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  3. ↑ Harper, Paul (4 April 2011). "Quake-damaged church to be demolished". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  4. 1 2 Wright, Michael (28 May 2015). "Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament $45m four-year revamp". The Press. Christchurch. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Attempts to be made to save nave of Catholic Cathedral". Catholic Diocese of Christchurch. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 archINFORM website (retrieved 20 July 2012)
  7. ↑ "Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament". Register of Historic Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 E J McCoy, "The Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Christchurch" in the chapter, "Petre Churches", Historic Buildings of New Zealand: South Island, Metheun for the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, 1983, pp. 155 and 157.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 O'Meegan, pp. 217-244
  10. ↑ McGill, David (1997). Landmarks – Notable Historic Buildings of New Zealand. Auckland: Godwit Publishing Ltd.
  11. ↑ Shaw, Peter (2003). A History of New Zealand Architecture. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett.
  12. 1 2 P R Hamilton, Francis Petre: 1847–1918. An Investigation into New Zealand Architectural Biography, MA Thesis, University of Auckland, 1986; D B Wynn-Williams, The Basilicas of F. W. Petre, MA thesis, University of Canterbury 1982.
  13. ↑ "Petre, Francis William 1847–1918". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  14. ↑ John Simpson, "Difficulties after building begins", The Press, 9 February 1980, p. 12.
  15. ↑ "Former Bishops", Catholic Diocese of Christchurch website (retrieved 23 February 2011)
  16. ↑ Michael Otto, "Christchurch Catholic Cathedral partially destroyed in earthquake", NZ Catholic, Wednesday 23 February 2011 (retrieved 23 February 2011)
  17. ↑ "New bishop coming but not quite yet", Wel-com, April 2011, Issue 282, p. 13.
  18. ↑ Jane Bowron "Riding the cycle of life and death", The Dominion Post, Thursday, 24 February 2011, p. B5.
  19. ↑ Michael Otto, "Christchurch schools and churches off limits pending inspection", New Zealand Catholic, Friday 25 February 2011 (retrieved 25 February 2011)
  20. ↑ Earthquake. Catholic Diocese of Christchurch official website. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  21. ↑ Catholic Cathedral College homepage (retrieved 2 March 2011)
  22. ↑ "Brownlee takes hard line on damaged heritage buildings". The New Zealand Herald. 5 March 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  23. ↑ "Cathedral's Dome rises through the roof", The Press, 26 August 2011. (retrieved 26 January 2012)
  24. ↑ Catholic Cathedral College Newsletter, 07-26 August (retrieved 26 January 2012)
  25. ↑ Michael Wright, "Procession gives Mary tour of damaged site'", The Press, 30 May 2011 (retrieved 17 may 2012)
  26. ↑ See the description of a similar event 112 years before in Wellington: St Mary's Cathedral, Wellington and Sacred Heart Cathedral, Wellington
  27. ↑ Charlie Gates, "Cardboard cathedral will go ahead", The Press, 10 December 2010.(retrieved 26 January 2012)
  28. ↑ "Church takes Time on Cathedral fate", Sunday Star Times, 26 February 2012. (retrieved 27 February 2012)
  29. ↑ Bowron, Jane (16 April 2012). "Catholics decide fate of their cathedral in peace". The Press. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  30. ↑ Paul Gorman, "Catholics bide time on cathedral: decision on Catholic cathedral months away", The Press, 7 May 2012. (retrieved 17 May 2012).
  31. ↑ "Cathedral options explored", NZ Catholic, 2 December 2012, p. 4.
  32. ↑ "Our Cathedral", Catholic Diocese of Christchurch website, 8 November 2012 (retrieved 1 December 2012)

Sources

Coordinates: 43°32′18″S 172°38′46″E / 43.5383°S 172.6460°E / -43.5383; 172.6460

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