Charles Turner (merchant)

For the writer on management, see Charles Hampden-Turner.

Charles Hampden Turner (1773?–1856) was a British businessman, now known as a collector and gardener.[1]

Life

He was the son of John Turner of Limehouse; his sister Harriet married John Woolmore, the Member of Parliament.[2]

The East India Docks on the River Thomas, East London, in the year 1806; the year of their completion

Turner owned a sailmaking and canvas firm in Limehouse.[3] He then in 1800 went into a local cordage business with Joseph Huddart, in partnership with Woolmore and Sir Robert Wigram, 1st Baronet.[4] By 1809 he gave up government work for the Naval Board, as inspector of canvas, citing pressure of other business.[5]

William Cotton joined Turner's counting-house at age 15, and in 1807 became a partner in Huddart & Co.[6] His father Joseph Cotton was a business associate of Turner in the East India Docks Company, being chairman while Turner was deputy chairman.[7] In 1814 Turner gave evidence to Parliament on the shipping of the East India Company.[8] He chaired the trust that constructed the East India Dock Road, as an extension of Commercial Road,[3] and was also a director of the Phoenix Fire Office.[9]

James Walker in 1820 proposed a trial steam vessel voyage to Turner, from London to Edinburgh. It took place in June 1821 on the City of Edinburgh.[10] After James Watt died in 1819, James Watt junior turned to friends to preserve his father's memory, among whom Turner was prominent.[11] Turner went on to chair the committee of 1824 which financed Francis Chantrey's memorial to Watt.[12] During Watt junior's campaign to assert his father's priority claim on the composition of water, Turner in 1839 acted as an intermediary with Robert Brown, to whom he gave some limited access to relevant correspondence (of Joseph Banks and Charles Blagden).[13]

Turner was elected a member of the Geological Society in 1813, of the Linnean Society in 1819, and of the Royal Society in 1821.[1][14] In 1823 he served as High Sheriff of Surrey.[15] He was also a member of the Horticultural Society, the Royal Institution, and the Athenaeum Club, and a manager of the London Institution.[16][17][18][19] In 1848 he became an honorary member of the Society of Civil Engineers.[6] His portrait was painted by Martin Archer Shee.[20]

House and garden

In 1817 Turner bought from Matthias Wilks "Rook's Nest", a house in 140 acres in Surrey.[21] On the way from Tandridge to Godstone, it was described in 1873, when still in the Turner family, as a "stately semi-classical mansion with Ionic portico".[22] In 1838 Thomas Streatfeild commented on the house's busts of James Watt and John Rennie the Elder, portrait of Huddart, and galleries.[23]

Wisteria sinensis, from Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Captain Robert Welbank imported for Turner a variety of Camellia japonica, around 1810.[24] It was through Turner's interest in gardening that the Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) was introduced to the United Kingdom.[25] In May 1816 Welbank, as captain of the East Indiaman Cuffnells, brought a wisteria specimen to Turner as a gift. It may have been despatched by John Reeves, who was based in Guangzhou as a tea inspector for the East India Company; Reeves certainly sent another specimen in 1818, to Kew. It is known that Reeves had seen the plant in the garden of Consequa (his trading name: Pan Changyao 潘長耀), who was a leading hong merchant. The species came in fact from Zhangzhou in Fujian.[26][27]

Another captain, Richard Rawes, brought wisteria from the same garden, arriving a matter of days later: this time destined for a rival gardener, Thomas Carey Palmer of Bromley.[26][28] Turner initially kept the wisteria specimen in its pot.[29] The Mechanics' Magazine in 1827 identified Turner as a pioneer in steam heating of conservatories, about eight years previously.[30] In fact Turner subjected his wisteria to summer heat (84 °F) in a peach house, where red spider was a problem, and then relative cold in a shady greenhouse after his gardener had repotted it. The plant began to flower in March 1819.[25]

Turner's success with wisteria was rewarded by a medal from the Horticultural Society, though his plant, in a pit, never thrived as the Society's one did.[26][31] It is now regarded as a cultivar, and the name "Consequa" has been proposed.[32] He had it propagated by the nurserymen Messrs. Loddiges; and switched to the water heating method of William Whale by the November 1827 issue of the Gardener's Magazine.[27][33]

Collections

Miniatures by Ozias Humphry, left by Humphry to William Upcott, came to Turner as a bequest from Upcott in 1845.[34] He also collected the works of George Jones, a personal friend. In particular he accumulated the drawings of battles, and chalk and sepia sketches, that Jones made.[35][36]

Turner borrowed letters of James Wolfe from the Warde family, around 1827, to help Robert Southey with a planned biography of Wolfe. They turned up 30 years later, in the estate of Dawson Turner.[37]

Plate from Description d'une collection de minéraux, formée par M. Henri Heuland, et appartenant a M. Ch. Hampden Turner, relating to iron pyrites

A noted mineral collection was owned by Turner, based on that of Henri Heuland. A catalogue was published in 1837, as Description d'une collection de minéraux, formée par M. Henri Heuland, et appartenant a M. Ch. Hampden Turner, by Armand Lévy (3 vols. and Atlas. London). According to the catalogue's introduction, the collection was founded by Jacob Forster. It was then built up by Heuland, in the period 1806 to 1820, when it was bought by Turner.[38] Its later history saw the collection purchased by Henry Ludlam. It then went as part of a bequest to the Museum of Practical Geology.[39] Humphry Davy wrote on a rock crystal he found in Turner's collection.[40] As a compliment to Turner, Lévy named a rare mineral "turnerite", also called "pictite". Later, in 1866, James Dwight Dana identified this mineral as monazite.[41][42]

Family

Turner married Mary Rhode. Their only son was Charles Hampden, who graduated B.A. at Christ Church, Oxford in 1825, and married Henrietta-Fourness, daughter of Matthew Wilson of Eshton Hall.[43][44] He died in 1842, leaving a son of the same name, known as a soldier, who died in 1867.[45]

Their daughter Mary married Money Wigram (1790–1873).[46] He was son of Sir Robert Wigram, Turner's business partner, by his second wife Eleanor.[47] The second daughter Harriet in 1837 married Rev. Thomas Staniforth (1807–1887).[48][49]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Address of ... the President: Read at the Anniversary Meeting of the Linnean Society: Together with Obituary Notices of Deceased Members. Taylor & Francis. 1857. p. 28. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  2. ↑ historyofparliamentonline.org Woolmore, John (1755-1837), of Hampton, Mdx. and Kingsterndale, Derbys.
  3. 1 2 Hermione Hobhouse (General Editor) (1994). "East India Dock Road: Introduction". Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  4. ↑ A. W. Skempton (2002). A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500 to 1830. Thomas Telford. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-7277-2939-2. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  5. ↑ John B. Hattendorf, ed. (1993). British Naval documents, 1204-1960. Navy Records Society (Great Britain). p. 472. ISBN 978-0-85967-947-3.
  6. 1 2 Garth Watson (1989). The Smeatonians: the Society of Civil Engineers. Thomas Telford. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7277-1526-5. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  7. ↑ East-India Register and Directory. W. H. Allen. 1819. p. xlviii. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  8. ↑ The Antijacobin Review and True Churchman's Magazine. C. Cradock. 1814. p. 168. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  9. ↑ The Royal Kalendar, and Court and City Register for England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies. 1818. p. 329. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  10. ↑ James Walker; Sir John Rennie; George Rennie; Walker and Burges (1826). Rivers and Harbors of Great Britain. p. 151. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  11. ↑ Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750-1914. Cambridge University Press. 20 December 2007. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-521-87370-3. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  12. ↑ C. H. Turner (1824). Proceedings of the Public Meeting Held at Freemasons' Hall on the 18th June, 1824, for Erecting a Monument to the Late James Watt. John Murray. p. x. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  13. ↑ Discovering Water: James Watt, Henry Cavendish, and the Nineteenth Century 'Water Controversy'. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2004. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7546-3177-4. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  14. ↑ Alexander Tilloch (1813). Philosophical Magazine. Taylor & Francis. p. 395. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  15. ↑ The European Magazine, and London Review. Philological Society of London. 1823. p. 185. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  16. ↑ Athenaeum Club (London, England) (1840). Rules and List of Members. p. 83. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  17. ↑ The Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts. John Murray. 1817. p. 232. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Royal horticultural society (1823). List of officers and members. p. 53. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Hume Tracts , List of the proprietors and life subscribers of the London Institution, May 1818 (1818), at p. 3. Contributed by: UCL Library Services. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60211435
  20. ↑ The Art Union: Monthly Journal of the Fine Arts. 1842. p. 124. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  21. ↑ Edward Wedlake Brayley; Mantell (1850). A topographical history of Surrey: the geological section by Gedeon Mantell. G. Willis. p. 183. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  22. ↑ James Thorne, Handbook to the Environs of London, alphabetically arranged, containing an account of every town and village, and of all places of interest, within a circle of twenty miles round London (1876) vol. 2 p. 603; archive.org.
  23. ↑ Thomas Streatfeild (1838). Lympsfield and Its Environs: Being a Series of Views, with Descriptions, of that Village and Objects of Interest in Its Vicinity; and The Old Oak Chair, a Ballad. Henry George. p. 50. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  24. ↑ The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement. Longman, Rees, Orome, Brown and Green. 1831. p. 72. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  25. 1 2 John Sims (1819). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... p. 2083. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  26. 1 2 3 Alice M. Coats (1963). Garden Shrubs and their Histories. Vista Books. pp. 362–3.
  27. 1 2 E. H. M. Cox (1986). Plant-hunting in China. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–6. ISBN 0195838343.
  28. ↑ John Claudius Loudon (1827). The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. p. 422. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  29. ↑ Annals of Horticulture. 1848. p. 187. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  30. ↑ Joseph Clinton Robertson, ed. (1828). Mechanics' Magazine and Journal of Science, Arts, and Manufactures. Knight and Lacey. p. 338. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  31. ↑ John Claudius Loudon (1854). Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum. p. 648. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  32. ↑ Roger Spencer (31 December 2002). Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Volume 3, Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons. Part 2, the Identification of Garden and Cultivated Plants. UNSW Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-86840-660-2. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  33. ↑ John Claudius Loudon, ed. (1828). The Gardener's Magazine. Longman, Rees, Orome, Brown and Green. p. 189. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  34. ↑  Lee, Sidney, ed. (1891). "Humphry, Ozias". Dictionary of National Biography. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  35. ↑  Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). "Jones, George (1786-1869)". Dictionary of National Biography. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  36. ↑ William Sandby, The History of the Royal Academy of Arts from its Foundation in 1768 to the Present Time vol. 2 (1862) p. 39; archive.org.
  37. ↑ Robert Wright (1864). The Life of Major-General James Wolfe, founded on Original Documents and illustrated by his Correspondence ...: (Mit 1 Porträt.). Chapman and Hall. p. xv. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  38. ↑ Armand Lévy; Henri Heuland (1837). Description d'une collection de Minéraux: trois volumes avec un atlas de 83 planches. Richter. p. i. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  39. ↑ Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf, The History of the Collections contained in the Natural history Departments of the British Museum vol. 1 (1904), pp. 431–2; archive.org.
  40. ↑ Sir Humphry Davy (1840). The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy: Discourses delivered before the Royal society. Elements of agricultural chemistry, pt. I. Smith, Elder and Company. p. 215. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  41. ↑ William Phillips; Robert Allan; Francis Alger (1844). An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy: Comprising an Introduction to the Science. W. D. Ticknor & Company. pp. 138–9. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  42. ↑ American Journal of Science: The First Scientific Journal in the United States : Devoted to the Geological Sciences and to Related Fields. Laboratory. 1866. p. 420. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  43. ↑ s:Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 4.djvu/240
  44. ↑ John Burke (1836). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours. Henry Colburn. p. 183. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  45. ↑ Edward Cave; John Nichols (1867). The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for the Year ... Edw. Cave, 1736-[1868]. p. 121. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  46. ↑ Baigent, Elizabeth. "Wigram, Woolmore". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36891. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  47. ↑ John Burke (1833). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 616. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  48. ↑ The British Magazine and Monthly Register of Religious and Ecclesiastical Information, Parochial History, and Documents Respecting the State of the Poor, Progress of Education, &c. J. Turrill. 1837. p. 589. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  49. ↑ Legacies of British Slave-ownership, Rev. Thomas Staniforth.

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