Charles Herbert Garvin

Charles Herbert Garvin
Born October 27, 1890
Jacksonville, Florida
Died July 17, 1968(1968-07-17) (aged 77)
Cleveland, Ohio
Education Atlanta University Academy (1904-1908)
Howard University (1908-1911)
Howard University College of Medicine (1911-1915)
Occupation Physician (Urologist)
Writer
Professor
Employer Freedmen's Hospital
Howard University
Lakeside Hospital
Western Reserve University (1930-1937)
Title Captain
First Lieutenant
Religion Baptist
Spouse(s) Rosalind West (m. 1920)
Children Dr. Harry C. Garvin
Charles Garvin
Parent(s) Charles Edward Garvin
Theresa De Corcey
Signature

Charles Herbert Garvin, M.D. (October 27, 1890 – July 17, 1968) was a prominent African- American physician, writer, and educator situated in Cleveland, Ohio. He published twenty-six papers for the Journal of the National Medical Association on subjects ranging from tuberculosis amongst African-American populations, to the history of the black movement. Dr. Garvin served in World War I (as a part of the Medical Reserve Corps) in the 92nd Division, a section designated for African Americans due to the segregation laws. He served in France with the rank Captain and as battalion surgeon of 367th Infantry. Garvin served a large number of positions, chief instructor in Western Reserve University, Board Officer of Howard University and Editor of the Journal of the National Medical Association. Eventually, Garvin became the president in the Cleveland branch of the National Negro Medical Association.[1] Dr. Garvin was a close friend of W.E.B. Du Bois and there are currently seventeen letters that survive between them from 1927-1948.

Early life and Education

Charles Garvin was born in Jacksonville, Florida, to parents Charles Edward Garvin and Theresa De Corcey. His father had been a letter carrier. Not much is known about Charles’s early life except for school records. He attended a wide array of Jacksonvlle public schools before his parents sent him to Atlanta University Academy, from 1904 to 1908.[2] In 1908, Charles began his undergraduate studies at Howard University in Washington D.C. Feeling at home with the vibrant African-American community at school Charles decided to remain in the area and attend Howard University College of Medicine in 1911. His completion of medical school was hailed in the local paper in 1915.[3]

College Graduation, 1911

His years at Howard reveal Garvin’s civic commitment. Garvin became an active member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Alpha Phi Alpha was founded in 1906 and has had a history of producing a line of highly successful and innovated graduates, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jesse Owens, W.E.B. Du Bois, United Nations Ambassador Andrew Young and many more. From 1911 to 1912, he served as the General Secretary and Executive director of Alpha Phi Alpha.[4] In 1912, Garvin attended and was elected as the fourth annual president of Alpha Phi Alpha at the fourth annual convention in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[5] He served as two terms as president, between 1912-1914.[6] As president, Garvin wrote the fraternity’s Esprit De Fraternite. In it he wrote:


      “An Alpha Phi Alpha man’s attitude should not be ‘how much can I derive from the Fraternity’ but ‘how much can I do for the Fraternity?’ In proportion to what he does for his Chapter and for Alpha Phi Alpha will a member receive lasting benefits from the Fraternity to himself in the way of self development by duty well done, and the respect of the Brothers served.
        A member’s duties should be:
        1. Prompt payment of all financial obligations, the prime requisite for successful fraternal life
        2. The doing of good scholastic work in his chosen vocation, thereby accomplishing the real end of a college course
        3. The reasonable endeavor to participate in general college activities and social service and to excel therein
        4. The proper consideration of all things with appropriate attention to the high moral standard of Alpha Phi alpha.” [1]

  1. ^ "Chapter Commitments-Esprit de Fraternite'". Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. 1912 – via Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. --Zeta Omicron Lambda Chapter. 

Garvin was the first president to serve two terms. While in office he helped secure a chapter house, appointed a special committee to consult with the president of Howard, and asked members to ‘use every means possible to raise the moral and scholastic tone of the Fraternity. Garvin saw that it was vital that the Fraternity establish a mindful image and perception for future generations. He did complain of the members’ lack of effort in submitting dues saying, “It is indeed to be regretted that an organization with a membership nearing three hundred cannot get forty dollars worth of printing done four months after a convention.” One of the most notable contributions made by Garvin was the national incorporation of the fraternity under the laws of Congress.[7]

Group Photograph of Alpha Phi Alpha Fourth Annual Convention 1912, Elected President Charles H. Garvin on bottom right hand corner

In his second term, Garvin developed a close collaboration with the NAACP, even publishing an article in the organization’s magazine, The Crisis, titled “The Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity”. In the article he dictates that the fraternity’s founding was done so to the purpose “of bringing together the best type of men”. He put forth that the “Negro Greek-Letter fraternity is no longer an experiment; it is a dominant factor for good and binds Negro college men as no other organization can.” [8]

At the 1913 convention in Howard University the fraternity made the decision to begin its own publication called the The Sphinx. Garvin was succeeded by Henry L Dickason. However, his time at the fraternity did not cease in medical school. Howard H. Long, who served as president from 1916 to 1917, appointed Garvin as the fraternity's first historian.[9] This dedication to scripting the educational and cultural history of African Americans would continue throughout Garvin's career. Garvin remained active in Alpha until his death in 1968.

Medical School Graduation, 1915

After finishing medical school, Dr. Garvin began an internship in Freedmen's Hospital.[10]

Military service

Group Photograph at Des Moines, Iowa 1917

In 1917, the United States joined World War I and the entire nation was in a buzz to join the effort. After the declaration of war with Germany, many African-Americans were turned away from the local recruiting stations. Unprepared for a large scale conflict, the United States Army had only four black regiments, and many commanders would not allow mixing of blacks and whites in their units. Also, the black regiments themselves were not trusted to be sent to Europe, as many of the higher ups possessed a lack of confidence in black soldiers as fighters.[11] Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School had been opened for training African-American men as there had been a huge influx of African-American volunteers and a petition was erected by the students of Howard University. However, there was still some discontent at the facility as many soldiers found that he had been unfairly assessed for merely being black.[12]

Captain-Dr. Charles H. Garvin 1918

When Dr. Garvin answered the military’s call for physicians he was immediately given the rank, First Lieutenant in the Army Medical Reserve Corps. Like all the African-American recruits, Lt. Garvin was sent to Fort Des Moines for medical training at the Medical Officers Training Camp. After completing his training, Lt. Garvin was assigned battalion surgeon in 1st Battalion, 367th Infantry.[13] In September 1918, Garvin was promoted to commanding officer of the 368th Ambulance Company. Along with his responsibilities as a surgeon, Garvin was also in charge of making sure that the company had all the essential materials—such as the wagon, animals, waste disposal supplies, medics—and was coordinated to evacuate efficiently. Before leaving for France, Garvin was ranked Captain. In France Cpt. Garvin found a large amount of work on his plate. The 92nd Division had been assigned to the trenches to assist the French troops there who had been facing aggressive assaults from the Germans for months. Cpt. Garvin spend a large amount of his time treating soldiers for illnesses, such as the Influenza, and gas inhalation. Most African-American soldiers had been assigned to noncombatant engineer units that performed dangerous and hard jobs of digging trenches, forming roads, and fortification against the Germans. Cpt. Garvin spent his time in France busy taking care of sick men and those heavily injured from building, as the Germans were becoming more aggressive in late 1918.[14] A tactic the Germans would use in the trenches was to throw constant gassing shells at the Allied troops[15] causing the hospitals to be filled which troops suffering from lung and breathing problems. Garvin had low tolerance for any slacking in his department as there were several instances where he demoted soldiers who did not display adequate performances. Garvin was in large disagreement over the statements issued from General Pershing on how badly the black soldiers were performing in the war. He desired to have his soldiers prove Pershing wrong and was frequently published in African American newspapers on the matter.[16]

Upon the 92nd Division's entry into French soil, it was moved to the St. Dre Sector to relief the 5th Regular U.S. Army Division (composed of white soldiers). Only a few days later had the 5th Regular Division captured the village of Frapelle. Immediately, these fresh African American recruits were submerged into the harsh terrain of the trenches where the Germans had been sending aggressive assaults, such as frequent released of gassing shells to Allied troops. In mid September Frapelle face a heavy German bombardment as an airplane duel came into the mixture. With aerial and artillery fire coming from many sides, Cpt. Garvin was on full deck. At some point during the attack, the Germans learned that the opposing force that faced them, the 92nd Division, was composed entirely of African Americans. The Germans decided to change tactics and went into the trenches. The U.S. troops believed that the Germans were sending another surge of gassing shells, however, when nothing emitted from the shells they went to investigate. Within the shells was a printed propaganda written in English. It was titled "To the Colored Soldiers of the American Army". The text continued saying: 

           "Hello, boys, what are you doing over here? Fighting the Germans? Why? Have they ever done you any harm? Of course some white folks and the lying English-American papers told you that the Germans ought to be wiped out for the sake of Humanity and Democracy.What is Democracy? Personal freedom, all citizens enjoying the same rights socially and before the law. Do you enjoy the same rights as the white people do in America, the land of Freedom and Democracy, or are you rather not treated over there as second-class citizens? Can you go into a restaurant where white people dine? Can you get a seat in the theater where white people sit? Can you get a seat or a berth in the railroad car, or can you even ride, in the South, in the same street car with white people? And how about the law? Is lynching and the most horrible crimes connected therewith a lawful proceeding in a democratic country?  Now, this is all different in Germany, where they do like colored people, where they treat them as gentlemen and as white people, and quite a number of colored people have fine positions in business in Berlin and other German cities.  Why, then, fight the Germans only for the benefit of the Wall street robbers and to protect the millions they have loaned to the British, French, and Italians? You have been made the tool of the egotistic and rapacious rich in England and in America, and there is nothing in the whole game for you but broken bones, horrible wounds, spoiled health, or death. No satisfaction whatever will you get out of this unjust war.  You have never seen Germany. So you are fools if you allow people to make you hate us. Come over and see for yourself. Let those do the fighting who make the profit out of this war. Don't allow them to use you as cannon fodder. To carry a gun in this war is not an honor, but a shame. Throw it away and come over into the German lines. You will find friends who will help you along".[17]

Cpt. Garvin and his fellow soldiers did not fall for the bait and continued fighting to their "honor and credit", according to E.J. Scott.[18] The fighting continued with more aerial fire coming from the Germans, however, the French anti-aircraft guns got rid of the assault and the division moved from St. Die Sector to Ste. Menehold. The 92nd Division became a reserve corps for the Mseu-Argonne campaign in October. In November, Cpt. Garvin and his unit faced another aggressive assault from the Germans in Metz.

At the war's conclusion, Cpt. Garvin was honorably discharged in 1919. His experience in the war stuck to Garvin for the rest of his life and he published several works on the African American effort during WWI along with DuBois, John W. Davis, Charles H. Williams, and Campbell C. Johnson. Garvin's most prominent publication on the subject is "The Negro in the Special Services of the U. S. Army: Medical Corps, Dental Corps and Nurses Corps" (1943) found in The Journal of Negro Education.[19]

Career

After the war, Dr. Garvin returned to Cleveland and started his own practice. He cofounded and was the first president of the Former Interns and Residents of Freedmen's Hospital.[20] In 1920, he was offered a teaching position in Western Reserve University, which he accepted and remained there until 1937. Western Reserve University had a teaching affiliation with Lakeside Hospital where he was working. He was named assistant surgeon of genito-urinary diseases.[21] With this appointment he became the first African American to be appointed to Cleveland hospital. His appointment was significant for when a survey was conducted in 1920 by the Cleveland Hospital Council on physician employment opportunities and discrimination, it found that only 19 physicians in Cleveland were offered the chance to apply in hospital staff. And only Garvin was given an appointment. However, the Garvin still faced discrimination in his work place as his responsibilities were limited to outpatient care and his narrow privileges did not allow him to admit patients on his own.[22] Garvin urged his colleagues to research and study illnesses found disproportionately amongst African American populations, such as tuberculosis and pellagra. He disagreed entirely that attachment to the diseases was due to racial and biological inferiority and wanted researched to be conducted to disprove the idea. "We seriously question," Garvin wrote, "if under similar environment--long hours of hard labor; limited often faulty diet, restriction in proper hospital and medical care, and faulty sanitation--any race would have shown such a marked improvement in its tuberculosis rate." Garvin insisted that black physicians carry out this focus because, "herefore in literature, as in medicine, the Negro has been written about, exploited, and experimented upon sometimes not to his physical betterment or to the advancement of science, but the advancement of the Nordic investigator." He further remarked that "in the past, men of other races have for the large part interpreted our diseases, often tinctured with inborn prejudices."[23]

In the early years, Dr. Garvin would attend clinics of Dr. George W. Criles. On one occasion, Dr. Criles was performing a right rectus abdominal incision when he found a tumor mass. Not having dealt with tumors before, Dr. Criles asked his assistants what the mass was. When none answered, Dr. Garvin volunteered to answer, saying, "That's a desmoid tumor." The incident was reported in the media and it built Garvin's reputation that he was offered a position in Lakeside Hospital.[24]

Desiring that his family would acquire the same benefits of the white community, Garvin moved into a white neighborhood and built his home in 11114 Wade Park Avenue. Much protest was generated at Garvin's desire to move in. Crowds would come to the house and spread graffiti all over the property; for instance, one morning the family awoke to find "KKK" written on the windows. As a result a guard was posted by the police around the home.[25] On January 31, 1926, at 10 p.m. the house was fire bombed but little damage was done to the house. The incident reached national headlines and the Garvin family was granted permission to utilize the police force as further protection. The NAACP even released a press statement to urge the Cleveland community to offer assistance to the Garvin family in their predicament. Three weeks later another bomb was thrown,[26] but it had not exploded when it crashed through the window and Garvin threw out the window again leaving no one harmed as a result. Undeterred by the threat Dr. Garvin renovated the house and moved in with his family a couple months later.[27] Garvin's sister had made a statement to the press on the incident saying, "he has made a home for himself and will stay there, all he wants is to be let alone."[28]

The Garvins became huge proponents for African American independence and were branded as civic leaders for the community. Charles Garvin was one of the many African American leaders who tried to go over the fractioning occurring amongst black leaders and emphasized a need for a unified black society. He pushed for racial pride and black solidarity. Garvin was an active member of the NAACP and the National Urban League and he assisted in many cases of housing discrimination. Garvin also founded the Dunbar Life Insurance Company[29] and Quincy Savings and Loan.[30] He was also a trustee of the Karamu House in Cleveland.[31] In 1925, Dr. Garvin help found the Cleveland Medical Reading Club in order for African American doctors to be well informed on current medical advances and programs as many of the white hospitals still adhered to the Jim Crow laws.[32] Dr. Garvin's interest in medicine extended beyond his practice to research and writing. He took a special interest in tracing the history of Africans and African Americans in medicine, completed an unpublished manuscript on the topic which can be found in the Western Reserve Historical Society.[33] Garvin was part of large movement to form an all black hospital in Cleveland. The effort was started in the early 1920s but collapsed due to lack of funding and local government intervention. Between 1926-1927, the black physician in Cleveland came together again to produce a campaign. The movement was much more successful due to a larger amount of organizing and sustainment between all the physicians. In 1926 the Cleveland Hospital Association funded the black hospital proposition and was renamed the Mercy Hospital Association. Garvin was one of the Association's leading officers along with various philanthropists.[34] There is much debate on whether Dr. Garvin would be categorized as a 'integrationist' or a 'separatist'. Garvin rigorously lead and advocated in groups which proposed integration, fought for the right to live and own property in a white neighborhood and was the only black physician in an all white hospital. However, Dr. Garvin, much like his friend Dr. DuBois, was a huge supporter of generating all black institutions. He was one of the leading proponents in the movement to form an all black hospital in Cleveland. Although Garvin appreciated the benefits that integration provided, he believed that it was only necessary due to the unequal distribution of resources between the white and black communities. In a speech at Mt. Zion Temple Congregational Church, Dr. Garvin shared his uncomfortable experiences dealing with white patients in Lakeside and acknowledged that though integration gave him access to valuable opportunities, there still lay the emotional experience of handling the abrupt racism and discrimination with his colleagues.[35] According to public records from 1949, Dr. Garvin was a member of the Cleveland Public Library Board and worked vigorously to provide more resource and elements for potential researchers and writers.[36] In 1963, Dr. Garvin was awarded the Warfield Award from Howard University for his effort and contribution to the school executive board.[37] In the Journal of the National Medical Association Garvin was a frequent writer, publishing a total of 26 papers and leaving a large number unpublished when he died. He also served as editor of the journal for the majority of his career. For instance at various moments he cntributed to a work called, "MISREPRESENTING THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY", which remarked on misconceptions done when physicians wrote on the racial connections to contractiing Syphilus. In 1930 he is quoted to have said in order to capitalize Negro in American Medical Association (AMA) publications would be “an act 1930 in recognition of racial self-respect for those who have been in the ‘lower case’ so long”.[38]

Dr. Charles H. Garvin 1950s

Personal life

In 1921, Dr. Garvin married Rosalind West, a native of Charlottesville, Virginia.[39] The couple had met at Howard University in which Rosalind majored in education. Charles and Rosalind had two sons together: Charles West Garvin (b. June 29, 1921) and Henry Clark Garvin (b. June 26, 1928).[40] His younger son followed his fathers footsteps and became a physician himself, graduating from Amherst College and Western Reserve Medical School. In his later years, Garvin would share a practice with his son.

Death

In 1968, Dr. Garvin passed away leaving behind his son, Harry, and wife. The Journal of the National Medical Association dedicated a section of their 1969 publication to the doctor’s life and accomplishments. In the years following his death, Dr. Garvin was frequently mentioned in the historical section of the African-American magaizine, Jet.[41][42] It is unknown what became of his works and papers immediately following his death, but currently a collection of Dr. Garvin’s manuscripts, letters, and works are held in the Western Reserve Historical Society.[43] Garvin's son succeeded him in the Cleveland Reading Club.[44]

Publications

"Post-War Planning for Negro Hospitals." Editorial. Journal of National Medical Association 37 (1945): 28-29[45]

"Circumcision: is it justified in infancy?" Journal of the National Medical Association 158, 4 (1966):233-238. --Garvin CH, Persky L.[46]

"Is the Gonococcus Resistant to Penicillin?: A Review of the Treatment of 130 Cases of Acute Gonococcal Urethritis in the Male." Journal of the National Medical Association, 59,2 (1967): 100–104.[47]

"The Negro in the Special Services of the U. S. Army: Medical Corps, Dental Corps and Nurses Corps" The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 12, No. 3, The American Negro in World War I and World War II (Summer, 1943), pp. 335–344[48][49]

"The Negro Doctor's Task" BCR 16 (November 1932): 269-270

"Negro Health" Opportunity (November 1924): 341

"The capital 'N' in Negro" Journal of the National Medical Association Vol.22 (1930): 10[50]

"Index medicus of Negro authors.* 1924–1934" Journal of the National Medical Association Vol. 27 (1935):146-152[51]

"The Negro Physicians and Hospitals in Cleveland" Journal of the National Medical Association 22 (1930): 125

References

  1. ↑ Lillian Serece Williams (2000). "Strangers in the Land of Paradise: Creation of an African American Community in Buffalo, New York, 1900-1940". Indiana University Press. p. 235 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ Buckley, Joann H.; Fisher, W. Douglas (2016). African American Doctors of World War I: The Lives of 104 Volunteers. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 9781476663159.
  3. ↑ "The Oaklawn Sunshine--Howard's Honor Graduates Receive Their Degrees)". The Oaklawn Sunshine. August 1915 – via The Portal to Texas History.
  4. ↑ Parks, Gregory (January 1, 2012). Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence. University Press of Kentucky. p. 359. ISBN 978-0813134215.
  5. ↑ "Along the Color Line--Social Uplift (The Crisis)" (PDF). The Crisis. March 1912 – via Brown University Library.
  6. ↑ "General Presidents". Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity – via Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Website.
  7. ↑ Parks, Gregory (January 1, 2012). Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence. University Press of Kentucky. p. 97. ISBN 978-0813134215.
  8. ↑ Charles H. Garvin (1913). "The Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity" (PDF). The Crisis – via The Crisis archives.
  9. ↑ Parks, Gregory (January 1, 2012). Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence. University Press of Kentucky. p. 101. ISBN 978-0813134215.
  10. ↑ "CHARLES HERBERT GARVIN, 1889-1968" (PDF). Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  11. ↑ Roberts, Frank E.; i (2004). The American Foreign Legion: Black Soldiers of the 93rd in World War I. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-59114-734-3.
  12. ↑ Barbeau, Arthur E.; Henri, Florettte (1996). The Unknown Soldiers: African American Troops in World War I. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-306-80694-0.
  13. ↑ Buckley, Joann H.; Fisher, W. Douglas (2016). African American Doctors of World War I: The Lives of 104 Volunteers. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 39–41. ISBN 9781476663159.
  14. ↑ Roberts, Frank E.; i (2004). The American Foreign Legion: Black Soldiers of the 93rd in World War I. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-59114-734-3.
  15. ↑ Scott, E. J. Scott. THE AMERICAN NEGRO IN THE WORLD WAR. Homewood Press. pp. Chapter 11.
  16. ↑ Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark (1999). American National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 773. ISBN 9780195206357.
  17. ↑ Scott, E. J. Scott. THE AMERICAN NEGRO IN THE WORLD WAR. Homewood Press. pp. Chapter 11.
  18. ↑ Scott, E. J. Scott. THE AMERICAN NEGRO IN THE WORLD WAR. Homewood Press. pp. Chapter 11.
  19. ↑ Edward M. Coffman (February 17, 2014). "The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I". University Press of Kentucky. p. 390 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ "Jet". Jet. July 4, 1963. p. 18 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 152 – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 155 – via Google Books.
  23. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 155 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ "CHARLES HERBERT GARVIN, 1889-1968" (PDF). Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  25. ↑ ""We Return Fighting": The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age". UPNE. 2002 – via Google Books.
  26. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 155 – via Google Books.
  27. ↑ "An Exemplary Citizen: Letters of Charles W. Chesnutt, 1906-1932". Stanford University Press. 2002 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 155 – via Google Books.
  29. ↑ "Birthdays". October 27, 2016 – via Celebrate the Day: A Journey through the Year in Black History and Black Culture.
  30. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 155 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ Thea Gallo Becker (2012). "Legendary Locals of Cleveland". Arcadia Publishing. p. 72 – via Google Books.
  32. ↑ Buckley, Joann H.; Fisher, W. Douglas (2016). African American Doctors of World War I: The Lives of 104 Volunteers. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 9781476663159.
  33. ↑ "Birthdays". October 27, 2016 – via Celebrate the Day: A Journey through the Year in Black History and Black Culture.
  34. ↑ William Wayne Giffin (2005). "African Americans and the Color Line in Ohio, 1915-1930". Ohio State University Press. p. 186 – via Google Books.
  35. ↑ Vanessa Northington Gamble (1995). "Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945". Oxford University Press. p. 157 – via Google Books.
  36. ↑ William Ganson Rose (1950). "Cleveland: The Making of a City". Kent State University Press. p. 1117 – via Google Books.
  37. ↑ "Jet". Jet. October 30, 1969. p. 15 – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ "MISREPRESENTING THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY" (PDF). Journal of National Medical Association. 2005 – via Google Books.
  39. ↑ "CHARLES HERBERT GARVIN, 1889-1968" (PDF). Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  40. ↑ "CHARLES HERBERT GARVIN, 1889-1968" (PDF). Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  41. ↑ "Jet". Jet. October 30, 1969. p. 15 – via Google Books.
  42. ↑ "Jet". Jet. July 4, 1963. p. 18 – via Google Books.
  43. ↑ "Finding aid for the Charles Herbert Garvin Papers". Western Reserve Historical Society – via OhioLink Finding Aid Repository.
  44. ↑ Buckley, Joann H.; Fisher, W. Douglas (2016). African American Doctors of World War I: The Lives of 104 Volunteers. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 9781476663159.
  45. ↑ "Public Policy and the Black Hospital: From Slavery to Segregation to Integration". Greenwood Publishing Group. 1994 – via Google Books.
  46. ↑ "Circumcision: is it justified in infancy?". Journal of the National Medical Association. 1966 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  47. ↑ "Is the Gonococcus Resistant to Penicillin?: A Review of the Treatment of 130 Cases of Acute Gonococcal Urethritis in the Male". Journal of the National Medical Association. 1967 – via Journal of the National Medical Association Archives.
  48. ↑ "The Negro in the Special Services of the U. S. Army: Medical Corps, Dental Corps and Nurses Corps" (PDF). The Journal of Negro Education. 1943 – via JSTOR.
  49. ↑ Edward M. Coffman (February 17, 2014). "The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I". University Press of Kentucky. p. 390 – via Google Books.
  50. ↑ "MISREPRESENTING THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY" (PDF). Journal of National Medical Association. 2005 – via Google Books.
  51. ↑ "MISREPRESENTING THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY" (PDF). Journal of National Medical Association. 2005 – via Google Books.
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