Chi site

A Chi site or Chi sequence is a short stretch of DNA in the genome of a bacterium near which homologous recombination is more likely than expected to occur. Chi sites serve as stimulators of DNA double-strand break repair in bacteria, which can arise from radiation or chemical treatments, or result from replication fork breakage during DNA replication. The sequence of the Chi site is unique to each group of closely related organisms; in E. coli and other enteric bacteria, such as Salmonella, the sequence is 5'-GCTGGTGG-3'. The existence of Chi sites was originally discovered in the genome of bacteriophage lambda, a virus that infects E. coli, but is now known to occur about 1000 times in the E. coli genome.

The Chi sequence serves as a signal to the RecBCD helicase-exonuclease that triggers a major change in the activities of this enzyme. Upon encountering the Chi sequence as it unwinds DNA, RecBCD cuts the DNA a few nucleotides to the 3’ side of Chi; depending on the reaction conditions, this cut is either a simple nick on one strand or the change of nuclease activity from cutting the 3’-ended strand to cutting the 5’ended strand. In either case the resulting 3’ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is bound by multiple molecules of RecA protein that facilitate "strand invasion," in which one strand of a homologous double-stranded DNA is displaced by the RecA-associated ssDNA. Strand invasion forms a joint DNA molecule called a D-loop. Resolution of the D-loop is thought to occur by replication primed by the 3’ end generated at Chi (in the D-loop). Alternatively, the D-loop may be converted into a Holliday junction by cutting of the D-loop and a second exchange of DNA strands; the Holliday junction can be converted into linear duplex DNA by cutting of the Holliday junction and ligation of the resultant nicks. Either type of resolution can generate recombinant DNA molecules if the two interacting DNAs are genetically different, as well as repair the initially broken DNA.

Chi sites are sometimes referred to as "recombination hot spots". The name "Chi" is an abbreviation of crossover hotspot instigator. The term is sometimes written as "χ site", using the Greek letter chi.

References

Smith GR. (2012). How RecBCD Enzyme and Chi Promote DNA Break Repair and Recombination: a Molecular Biologist's View. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 76(2): 217-28. PMID 22688812
Dillingham MS, Kowalczykowski SC. (2008). RecBCD enzyme and the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 72(4): 642-671.
Amundsen SK, Taylor AF, Reddy M, Smith GR. (2007). Intersubunit signaling in RecBCD enzyme, a complex protein machine regulated by Chi hot spots. Genes Dev 21(24): 3296-3307.
Stahl FW. (2005). Chi: A little sequence controls a big enzyme. Genetics 170(2): 487–493.

External links

Homologous Recombination Interactive Animation, online artwork from Trun N and Trempy J, Fundamental Bacterial Genetics.

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