Christina Miller
Christina Cruickshank Miller (29 August 1899 – 16 July 2001) was a Scottish chemist and one of the first five women (also the first female chemist) elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (7 March 1949).[1]
Early life
Christina Cruikshank Miller was born in 1899 in Coatbridge, Scotland. She suffered from measles and rubella at the age of five, causing her hearing to become damaged [1] which became progressively worse throughout her life. Christina became interested in studying chemistry after reading a magazine article which showed industrial analytical chemistry as a potential career choice for women.[2]
Education
Christina simultaneously studied on a three-year degree course at Edinburgh University(1917-1920) and a four-year diploma course at Heriot-Watt College (1917-1921),[2] now Heriot-Watt University, which took the form of evening classes during the First World War. In 1920 she graduated from Edinburgh University with a Bsc with special distinction,[2] won the class medal and was awarded the Vans Dunlop Scholarship which allowed her to undertake research for her PhD.[1] She then went on to graduate from Heriot-Watt College in 1921. She approached Professor Sir James Walker in 1920 in the hopes of working under him at Edinburgh University and he instructed her to return in 1921 once she had learned German as much of the important literature of the time was written in German.[2]
Research
Her PhD work was under the direction of Sir James Walker. She worked on verifying the Stokes-Einstein law for diffusion in solution. She studied how viscosity and temperature affected the diffusion of iodine in various solutions.[3] The work was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society.
Post PhD, Miller changed topic to working on phosphorus trioxide. She obtained the first ever sample of pure Phosphorus trioxide[4] and showed the luminescence observed in previous samples was due to the presence of dissolved phosphorus. The paper was awarded the Keith Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[1] The success of this work led to her achieving her ambition to obtain a DSc before the age of 30.
The research into phosphorus trioxide was curtailed following an explosion in which she lost the sight in one eye.[1] Following this Dr Miller focused on developing techniques for Microanalysis. She focused on using these techniques to analyse rocks and metals.[5]
Honors and awards
- Keith Medal 1929
- Fellow of Royal Society of Edinburgh 1949
- Honorary Fellowship of the Heriot Watt College 1951
- Sir James Walker Memorial Lecture 1950
Retirement
Christina ended her career in 1961 due to her own health issues [6] and to care for her mother and sister.
References in art and culture
Chrissie Miller appears as a character in the opera Breathe Freely by Scottish Composer Julian Wagstaff.[7] (The opera's title is borrowed from a book of the same name by fellow chemist James Kendall).
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Christina Cruickshank Miller" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Raynor-Canham, Marlene (2008). Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Chemists, 1880-1949. Imperial College Press. pp. 286–288.
- ↑ Cruickshank Miller, Christina (December 1924). "The Stokes Einstein Law for Diffusion in Solution". Proceedings of the Royal Society: 724. doi:10.1098/rspa.1924.0100.
- ↑ Miller, Christina Cruiokshank (1928). "The preparation and properties of pure phosphorus trioxide". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 1847. doi:10.1039/JR9280001847.
- ↑ "Obiturary Chrissie Miller". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ↑ Loney, Harry. "Do You Remember…? Chemistry Trailblazer Christina Miller". Heriot-Watt University. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ↑ Ross, Shan (24 September 2013). "The Scotsman, 24 September 2013". Edinburgh. Retrieved 8 January 2014.