Shell corporation

Not to be confused with Shelf corporation.
"Shell company" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Royal Dutch Shell.
"Shell (company)" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Shell Oil Company.

A shell corporation is a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions without itself having any significant assets or operations.

Background

Some shell companies may have had operations, but those may have shrunk due to unfavorable market conditions or company mismanagement. A shell corporation may also arise when a company's operations have been wound up, for example following a takeover, but the “shell” of the original company continues to exist.[1]

Shell corporations are not in themselves illegal, and they do have legitimate business purposes. However, they are a main component of the underground economy, especially those based in tax havens. They may also be known as international business companies, personal investment companies, front companies, or "mailbox" companies.

Shell companies can also be used for tax avoidance. A classic tax avoidance operation may utilize favorable transfer pricing among multiple corporate entities to lower tax liability in a certain country; e.g. Double Irish arrangement.

It's important, however, to understand that the term "shell corporation" does not describe the purpose of a corporate entity. In general, it's more informative to classify an entity according to its role in a particular corporate structure; e.g. holding company, general partner, or a limited partner.

A special purpose entity, used often in the context of a larger corporate structure, may be formed to achieve a specific goal; e.g. anonymity.

Abuse

Shell corporations have been used to commit fraud, by repeatedly creating an empty shell corporation with a name similar to existing real corporations, then running up the price of the empty shell and suddenly selling it (pump and dump).

There are also shell companies that were created for the purpose of owning assets (including tangibles, such as a real estate for property development, and intangibles, such as royalties or copyrights) and receiving income. Reasons behind creating such a shell company may include protection against litigation and/or tax benefits (some expenses that would not be deductible for an individual may be deductible for a corporation). Sometimes, shell companies are used for tax evasion or tax avoidance.[2]

Entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments

In some developing economies (e.g. some of the post-Soviet states),[3] shell companies allow private entrepreneurship to survive in an environment where an inadequate legal system leads to arbitrariness and corruption.[3] In these challenging environments, entrepreneurs operating a relatively small private business with limited resources sometimes set up shell enterprises to lower or avoid taxes, because tax avoidance or evasion may be a necessity for business survival in situations where the level of taxation is penal, government officials (including tax officials) demand bribes, working capital is in short supply, and tax legislation is hostile to private entrepreneurial businesses,[3] e.g. when tax laws are extremely complicated and change arbitrarily and rapidly.[3]

SEC definition

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines a "shell" company to refer to a publicly held company with no or nominal assets other than money.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Webster's New World Finance and Investment Dictionary". 2010.
  2. ↑ Nicholas Shaxson, Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World, Random House, January 2011
  3. 1 2 3 4 Friederike Welter and David Smallbone, "Institutional Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Behavior in Challenging Environments," IEEE Engineering Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 2, Second Quarter, June 2014
  4. ↑ See Rule 12b-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/6/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.