David Lean

This article is about the director. For the athlete, see David Lean (athlete).
Sir David Lean
CBE
Born (1908-03-25)25 March 1908
Croydon, Surrey, England
Died 16 April 1991(1991-04-16) (aged 83)
Limehouse, London, England
Occupation Film director, film producer, screenwriter, film editor
Years active 1942–1991
Spouse(s) Isabel Lean (1930–1936; divorced)
Kay Walsh (1940–1949; divorced)
Ann Todd (1949–1957; divorced)
Leila Matkar (1960–1978; divorced)
Sandra Hotz (1981–1984; divorced)
Sandra Cooke (1990–1991; his death)
Children 1

Sir David Lean, CBE (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor, responsible for large-scale epics[1] such as The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Doctor Zhivago (1965). He also directed adaptations of Dickens novels Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948), as well as the romantic drama Brief Encounter (1945).

Lauded by directors such as Steven Spielberg[2] and Stanley Kubrick,[3] Lean was voted 9th greatest film director of all time in the British Film Institute Sight & Sound "Directors' Top Directors" poll in 2002.[4] Nominated seven times for the Academy Award for Best Director, which he won twice for The Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia, he has three films in the top five of the British Film Institute's Top 100 British Films[5][6] and was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1990.

Early life and education

Lean was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London), to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye (niece of Sir Richard Trevithick Tangye). His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading. His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean (1911–1974), founded the original Inklings literary club when a student at Oxford University. Lean was a half-hearted schoolboy with a dreamy nature who was labeled a "dud"[7] of a student; he left in his mid-teens[8] and entered his father's chartered accountancy firm as an apprentice. A more formative event for his career than his formal education was an uncle's gift, when Lean was aged ten, of a Brownie box camera. "You usually didn't give a boy a camera until he was 16 or 17 in those days. It was a huge compliment and I succeeded at it.' Lean printed and developed his films, and it was his 'great hobby'.[9] At age 16, his father deserted the family when he ran off with another woman, and Lean would later follow a similar path after his own first marriage and child.[7]

Career

Period as film editor

Bored by his work, Lean spent every evening in the cinema, and in 1927, after an aunt had advised him to find a job he enjoyed doing, he went to Gaumont Studios where his obvious enthusiasm earned him a month's trial without pay. He was taken on as a teaboy, promoted to clapperboy, and soon rose to the position of third assistant director. By 1930 he was working as an editor on newsreels, including those of Gaumont Pictures and Movietone, while his move to feature films began with Freedom of the Seas (1934) and Escape Me Never (1935).

He edited Gabriel Pascal's film productions of two George Bernard Shaw plays, Pygmalion (1938) and Major Barbara (1941). He edited Powell & Pressburger's 49th Parallel (1941) and One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942). After this last film, Lean began his directing career, after editing more than two dozen features by 1942. As Tony Sloman wrote in 1999, "As the varied likes of David Lean, Robert Wise, Terence Fisher and Dorothy Arzner have proved, the cutting rooms are easily the finest grounding for film direction."[10] David Lean was given honorary membership of the Guild of British Film Editors in 1968.

British films

His first work as a director was in collaboration with Noël Coward on In Which We Serve (1942), and he later adapted several of Coward's plays into successful films. These films are This Happy Breed (1944), Blithe Spirit (1945) and Brief Encounter (1945) with Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard as quietly understated clandestine lovers, torn between their unpredictable passion and their respective orderly middle-class marriages in suburban England. The film shared Grand Prix honors at the 1946 Cannes film festival and garnered Lean his first Academy nominations for directing and screen adaptation, and Celia Johnson a nomination for Best Actress. It has since become a classic, one of the most highly regarded British films.

Two celebrated Charles Dickens adaptations followed – Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948). David Shipman wrote in The Story of Cinema: Volume Two (1984): "Of the other Dickens films, only Cukor's David Copperfield approaches the excellence of this pair, partly because his casting, too, was near perfect".[11] These two films were the first directed by Lean to star Alec Guinness, whom Lean considered his "good luck charm". The actor's portrayal of Fagin was controversial at the time. The first screening in Berlin during February 1949 offended the surviving Jewish community and led to a riot. It caused problems too in New York, and after private screenings, was condemned by the Anti-Defamation League and the American Board of Rabbis. "To our surprise it was accused of being anti-Semitic", Lean wrote. "We made Fagin an outsize and, we hoped, an amusing Jewish villain."[12] The terms of the production code meant that the film's release in the United States was delayed until July 1951 after cuts amounting to eight minutes.[13]

The next film directed by Lean was The Passionate Friends (1949), an atypical Lean film, but one which marked his first occasion to work with Claude Rains, who played the husband of a woman (Todd) torn between him and an old flame (Howard). The Passionate Friends was the first of three films to feature the actress Ann Todd, who became his third wife. Madeleine (1950), set in Victorian-era Glasgow is about an 1857 cause célèbre with Todd's lead character accused of murdering a former lover. "Once more", writes film critic David Thomson "Lean settles on the pressing need for propriety, but not before the film has put its characters and the audience through a wringer of contradictory feelings."[14] The last of the films with Todd, The Sound Barrier (1952), has a screenplay by the playwright Terence Rattigan and was the first of his three films for Sir Alexander Korda's London Films. Hobson's Choice (1954), with Charles Laughton in the lead, was based on the play by Harold Brighouse.

International films

Lean in Northern Finland in 1965 while shooting Doctor Zhivago.

Summertime (1955) marked a new departure for Lean. It was partly American financed, although again made for Korda's London Films. The film features Katharine Hepburn in the lead role as a middle-aged American woman who has a romance while on holiday in Venice. It was shot entirely on location there.

For Columbia and Sam Spiegel

Lean's films now began to become infrequent but much larger in scale and more extensively released internationally. The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) was based on a novel by Pierre Boulle recounting the story of British and American prisoners of war trying to survive in a Japanese prison camp during the Second World War. The film stars William Holden and Alec Guinness and became the highest-grossing film of 1957 in the United States. It won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor for Alec Guinness, who had battled with Lean to give more depth to his role as an obsessively correct British commander who is determined to build the best possible bridge for his Japanese captors in Burma.

After extensive location work in the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, and elsewhere, Lean's Lawrence of Arabia was released in 1962. This was the first project of Lean's with a screenplay by playwright Robert Bolt, rewriting an original script by Michael Wilson (one of the two blacklisted writers of Bridge on the River Kwai). It recounts the life of T. E. Lawrence, the British officer who is depicted in the film as uniting the squabbling Bedouin peoples of the Arab peninsula to fight in World War One and then push on for independence. After some hesitation, Alec Guinness once again appeared, in his fourth David Lean film, as the Arab leader, Prince Faisal, despite his misgivings from their conflicts on Bridge on the River Kwai. French composer Maurice Jarre, on his first Lean film, created a soaring film score with a famous theme and won his first Oscar for Best Original Score. The film turned actor Peter O'Toole, playing Lawrence, into an international star, was nominated for ten Oscars and won seven, including Best Picture and Lean's second win for Best Director. He remains the only British director to win more than one Oscar for directing.

For MGM

Lean had his greatest box-office success with Doctor Zhivago (1965), a romance set during the Russian Revolution. The film, based on the banned novel by Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet Boris Pasternak, tells the story of a brilliant and warm-hearted physician and poet (Omar Sharif) who, while seemingly happily married into the Russian aristocracy, and a father, falls in love with a beautiful abandoned young mother named Lara (Julie Christie) and struggles to be with her in the chaos of the Bolshevik revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War. The film's reviews were lukewarm, but as of 2015, it is the 8th highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. Producer Carlo Ponti used Maurice Jarre's lush romantic score to create a pop tune called "Lara's Theme", which became an international hit song with lyrics under the title "Somewhere My Love", one of cinema's most successful theme songs. The British director of photography, Freddie Young, won an Academy Award for his color cinematography. Around the same time, Lean also directed some scenes of The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) while George Stevens was committed to location work in Nevada.

Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970) was released after an extended period on location in Ireland. A doomed romance set against the backdrop of 1916 Ireland's struggles against the British, it is loosely based on Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. Starring the aging Hollywood 'bad boy' Robert Mitchum in an uncharacteristic role as a long-suffering Irish husband and British actress Sarah Miles, as his faithless young wife, the film received far fewer positive reviews than the director's previous work, being particularly savaged by the New York critics. Some critics felt the film's massive visual scale on gorgeous Irish beaches and extended running time did not suit its small-scale romantic narrative. Nonetheless, the film was a box office success, earning $31 million and making it the 8th highest-grossing film of that year. It won two Academy Awards the following year, another for cinematographer Freddie Young and for supporting actor John Mills in his role as a village halfwit. The poor critical reception of the film prompted Lean to meet with the National Society of Film Critics, gathered at the Algonquin Hotel in New York, including the New Yorker's Pauline Kael, and ask them why they objected to the movie. "I sensed trouble from the moment I sat down," Lean says of the now famous luncheon. Time critic Richard Shickel asked Lean pointblank how he, the director of Brief Encounter, could have made "a piece of bullshit" like Ryan's Daughter.[15] These critics so lacerated the film for two hours to David Lean's face that the devastated Lean did not make another film for fourteen years. "They just took the film to bits," said Lean in a later television interview. "It really had such an awful effect on me for several years... you begin to think that maybe they're right. Why on earth am I making films if i don't have to? It shakes one's confidence terribly.""[16]

Last years and unfulfilled projects

From 1977 until 1980, Lean and Robert Bolt worked on a film adaptation of Captain Bligh and Mr. Christian, a dramatized account by Richard Hough of the Mutiny on the Bounty. It was originally to be released as a two-part film, one named The Lawbreakers that dealt with the voyage out to Tahiti and the subsequent mutiny, and the second named The Long Arm that studied the journey of the mutineers after the mutiny as well as the admiralty's response in sending out the frigate HMS Pandora, in which some of the mutineers were imprisoned. Lean could not find financial backing for both films after Warner Bros. withdrew from the project; he decided to combine it into one and looked at a seven-part TV series before getting backing from Italian mogul Dino De Laurentiis. The project then suffered a further setback when Bolt suffered a serious stroke and was unable to continue writing; the director felt that Bolt's involvement would be crucial to the film's success. Melvyn Bragg ended up writing a considerable portion of the script.

Lean was forced to abandon the project after overseeing casting and the construction of the $4 million Bounty replica; at the last possible moment, actor Mel Gibson brought in his friend Roger Donaldson to direct the film, as producer De Laurentiis did not want to lose the millions he had already put into the project over what he thought was as insignificant a person as the director dropping out.[17] The film was eventually released as The Bounty.

Lean then embarked on a project he had pursued since 1960, a film adaptation of A Passage to India (1984), from E. M. Forster's 1924 novel of colonial conflicts in British-occupied India. Entirely shot on location in the sub-continent, this became his last completed film. He rejected a draft by Santha Rama Rau, responsible for the stage adaptation and Forster's preferred screenwriter, and wrote the script himself.[18] In addition, Lean also edited the film with the result that his three roles in the production (writer, editor, director) were given equal status in the credits.[19]

Lean recruited long-time collaborators for the cast and crew, including Maurice Jarre (who won another Academy-Award for the score), Alec Guinness in his sixth and final role for Lean, as an eccentric Hindu Brahmin, and John Box, the production designer for Dr. Zhivago. Reversing the critical response to Ryan's Daughter, the film opened to universally enthusiastic reviews; the film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and Lean himself nominated for three Academy Awards in directing, editing, and writing. His female star, in the complex role of a confused young British woman who falsely accuses an Indian man of rape, gained Australian actress Judy Davis her first Academy nomination. Peggy Ashcroft, as the sensitive Mrs. Moore, won the Oscar for best supporting actress, making her, at 77, the oldest actress to win that award. According to Roger Ebert, it is "one of the greatest screen adaptations I have ever seen".[20] But this was, sadly, to be his last.

During the last years of his life, Lean was in pre-production of a film version of Joseph Conrad's Nostromo. He assembled an all-star cast, including Marlon Brando, Paul Scofield, Anthony Quinn, Peter O'Toole, Christopher Lambert, Isabella Rossellini and Dennis Quaid, with Georges Corraface as the title character. Lean also wanted Alec Guinness to play Doctor Monyghan, but the aged actor turned him down in a letter from 1989: "I believe I would be disastrous casting. The only thing in the part I might have done well is the crippled crab-like walk." Steven Spielberg came on board as producer with the backing of Warner Bros., but after several rewrites and disagreements on the script, he left the project and was replaced by Serge Silberman, a respected producer at Greenwich Film Productions. The project involved several writers, including Christopher Hampton and Robert Bolt, but their work was abandoned. In the end, Lean decided to write the film himself with the assistance of Maggie Unsworth, with whom he had worked on the scripts for Brief Encounter, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, and The Passionate Friends. Originally Lean considered filming in Mexico but later decided to film in London and Madrid, partly to secure O'Toole, who had insisted he would take part only if the film was shot close to home. Nostromo had a total budget of $46 million and was six weeks away from filming at the time of Lean's death from throat cancer. It was rumoured that fellow film director John Boorman would take over direction, but the production collapsed. Nostromo was finally adapted for the small screen with an unrelated BBC television mini-series in 1997.

Personal life and honours

Lean was a long-term resident of Limehouse, east London. His home on Narrow Street is still owned by his family. His co-writer and producer Norman Spencer has said that Lean was a "huge womaniser" and "to my knowledge, he had almost 1,000 women".[21] He was married six times, had one son, and at least two grandchildren—from all of whom he was completely estranged[22]—and was divorced five times. He was survived by his last wife, art dealer Sandra Cooke, the co-author (with Barry Chattington) of David Lean: An Intimate Portrait.[7] His six wives were:

Lean was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1973, and was knighted for his contributions and services to the arts in 1984.[25] Lean received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1990. In 2012, Lean was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.[26][27]

Reputation and influence

Lean is the most represented director on the BFI Top 100 British films list, having a total of seven films on the list. As Lean himself pointed out,[28] his films are often admired by fellow directors as a showcase of the filmmaker's art. Steven Spielberg and Martin Scorsese in particular are fans of Lean's epic films, and claim him as one of their primary influences. Spielberg and Scorsese also helped in the 1989 restoration of Lawrence of Arabia which had been substantially altered both by the studio in theatrical release and in particular in its televised versions; the theatrical re-release greatly revived Lean's reputation.

Several of the many other later twentieth century directors who have acknowledged significant influence by Lean include Stanley Kubrick,[29] George Lucas,[30] Spike Lee,[31] and Sergio Leone.[32]

John Woo once named Lawrence of Arabia among his top three films.[33] More recently, Joe Wright (Pride & Prejudice, Atonement) has cited Lean's works, particularly Doctor Zhivago, as an important influence on his work,[34] as has director Christopher Nolan (The Dark Knight Rises).[35]

The critical verdict was not unanimous, however. For example, David Thomson, writing about Lean in his New Biographical Dictionary of Film, comments:

“ From 1952 to 1991, he made eight films—and in only one of them, I suggest —Lawrence—is the spectacle sufficient to mask the hollow rhetoric of the scripts. But Lean before 1952 made eight films in ten years that are lively, stirring, and an inspiration—they make you want to go out and make movies, they are so in love with the screen's power and the combustion in editing."[36] ”

The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby dismissed Lawrence of Arabia as "a huge, thundering camel-opera that tends to run down rather badly as it rolls on into its third hour and gets involved with sullen disillusion and political deceit",[37] and writing about the same film in The Village Voice, Andrew Sarris remarked that Lawrence was "...simply another expensive mirage, dull, overlong, and coldly impersonal... on the whole I find it hatefully calculating and condescending..."[38]

Filmography

Award and Nominations

Academy Awards

Year Category Film Result
1947 Best Director Brief Encounter Nominated
1947 Best Adapted Screenplay Brief Encounter
(shared With Anthony Havelock-Allan & Ronald Neame)		 Nominated
1948 Best Director Great Expectations Nominated
1948 Best Adapted Screenplay Great Expectations
(shared With Anthony Havelock-Allan & Ronald Neame)		 Nominated
1956 Best Director Summertime Nominated
1958 Best Director The Bridge on the River Kwai Won
1963 Best Director Lawrence of Arabia Won
1966 Best Director Doctor Zhivago Nominated
1985 Best Director A Passage to India Nominated
1985 Best Adapted Screenplay A Passage to India Nominated
1985 Best Film Editing A Passage to India Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

Year Category Film Result
1958 Best Director The Bridge on the River Kwai Won
1963 Best Director Lawrence of Arabia Won
1966 Best Director Doctor Zhivago Nominated
1985 Best Director A Passage to India Nominated
1985 Best Screenplay A Passage to India Nominated

BAFTA Awards

Year Category Film Result
1949 Best British Film Oliver Twist Nominated
1953 Best Film from any Source The Sound Barrier Won
1953 Best British Film The Sound Barrier Won
1955 Best Film from any Source Hobson's Choice Nominated
1955 Best British Screenplay Hobson's Choice
(shared with Norman Spencer and Wynyard Browne)		 Nominated
1956 Best Film from any Source Summertime
(shared with Ilya Lopert)		 Nominated
1958 Best Film from any Source The Bridge on the River Kwai
(shared with Sam Spiegel)		 Won
1958 Best British Film The Bridge on the River Kwai
(shared with Sam Spiegel)		 Won
1963 Best Film from any Source Lawrence of Arabia
(shared with Sam Spiegel)		 Won
1963 Best British Film Lawrence of Arabia
(shared with Sam Spiegel)		 Won
1967 Best Film from any Source Doctor Zhivago
(shared with Carlo Ponti)		 Nominated
1971 Best Direction Ryan's Daughter Nominated
1985 Best Film A Passage to India
(shared with John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin)		 Nominated
1985 Best Adapted Screenplay A Passage to India Nominated

In 1974, Lean was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship.

Other awards and nominations

Year Award Film Result
1944 Silver Condor Award for Best Foreign Film In Which We Serve
(shared with Noel Coward)		 Won
1954 Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Hobson's Choice Won
1946 Cannes Film Festival Grand Prix Brief Encounter Won
1949 Cannes Film Festival Grand Prix The Passionate Friends Nominated
1966 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Doctor Zhivago Nominated
1967 David di Donatello for Best Foreign Director Doctor Zhivago Won
1958 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing - Feature Film The Bridge on the River Kwai Won
1963 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing - Feature Film Lawrence of Arabia Won
1971 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing - Feature Film Ryan's Daughter Nominated
1985 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing - Feature Film A Passage to India Nominated
1974 Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Film Ryan's Daughter Won
1946 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Blithe Spirit Won
1964 Nastro d'Argento for Best Foreign Director Lawrence of Arabia Won
1984 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director A Passage to India Won
1964 Kinema Junpo Award for Best Foreign Language Film Lawrence of Arabia Won
1952 National Board of Review Award for Best Director The Sound Barrier Won
1957 National Board of Review Award for Best Director The Bridge on the River Kwai Won
1962 National Board of Review Award for Best Director Lawrence of Arabia Won
1984 National Board of Review Award for Best Director A Passage to India Won
1985 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director A Passage to India 3rd place
1942 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director In Which We Serve 2nd place
1953 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The Sound Barrier 3rd place
1955 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director Summertime Won
1957 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director The Bridge on the River Kwai Won
1965 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director Doctor Zhivago 2nd place
1984 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director A Passage to India Won
1948 Venice Film Festival Grand International Award Oliver Twist Nominated
1984 Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay A Passage to India Nominated

Notes

  1. ↑ Bergan, Ronald (2006). Film. London: Doring Kindersley. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4053-1280-6.
  2. ↑ Indiana Jones' Influences: Inspirations. TheRaider.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  3. ↑ The Kubrick Site FAQ. Visual-memory.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  4. ↑ The directors’ top ten directors. Bfi.org.uk (5 September 2006). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  5. ↑ The BFI 100: 1–10. Bfi.org.uk (6 September 2006). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  6. ↑ The BFI 100: 11–20 Bfi.org.uk (6 September 2006). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  7. 1 2 3 Smith, Julia Llewelyn. "Sandra Cooke: 'I always liked asking about his other women'". London: The Independent. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  8. ↑ "Croydon Connections". davidleancroydon.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  9. ↑ the Guardian, April 17, 1991
  10. ↑ Sloman, Tony (1999). "Obituary: Harold Kress", The Independent, 26 October 1999. Online version retrieved 8 April 2009.
  11. ↑ Shipman, David (1984). The Story of Cinema Volume Two: From Citizen Kane to the Present. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 775.
  12. ↑ Beyond the Epic: The Life and Films of David Lean, University Press of Kentucky, 2006, pp.135–36
  13. ↑ Phillips, p.139
  14. ↑ Thomson, David (10 May 2008). "Unhealed wounds". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Wolcott, James (April 1997). "Waiting for Godard". Vanity Fair (Conde Nast)
  16. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvB-u7vVZus
  17. ↑ Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ McGee, Scott. "A Passage to India". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Kerr, Walter (1985). "Films are made in the Cutting Room", New York Times, 17 March 1985. Online version retrieved 15 November 2007.
  20. ↑ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/a-passage-to-india-1984
  21. ↑ "How we made Hobson's Choice". Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  22. ↑ Collins, Andrew (4 May 2008). "The epic legacy of David Lean". Newspaper feature. London: The Observer. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  23. ↑ "The Hyderabad connection". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 21 May 2008.
  24. ↑ "Brief encounters: How David Lean's sex life shaped his films". London: The Independent. 29 June 2008.
  25. ↑ David Lean Foundation. David Lean Foundation (18 July 2005). Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  26. ↑ "New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday". The Guardian. 5 October 2016.
  27. ↑ "Sir Peter Blake's new Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album cover". BBC. 8 November 2016.
  28. ↑ Brownlow, p. 483
  29. ↑ http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/stanley-kubrick-cinephile
  30. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/may/04/features
  31. ↑ http://www.vulture.com/2015/02/spike-lee-12-cultural-influences.html
  32. ↑ http://exclaim.ca/film/article/good_bad_ugly-sergio_leone
  33. ↑ Perce Nev, BBC. Retrieved 17 May 2007
  34. ↑ Times Online report Archived 16 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ↑ http://www.thehollywoodnews.com/2012/07/31/christopher-nolan-reveals-five-films-that-influenced-the-dark-knight-rises/
  36. ↑ Thomson, David (2002). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. London & New York: Little, Brown & Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 503–4.
  37. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=950CEEDE1630EF3BBC4F52DFB4678389679EDE
  38. ↑ https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/telawren.htm

References

Further reading

External links

Preceded by
Richard Attenborough, CBE		 NFTS Honorary Fellowship Succeeded by
Nick Park, CBE
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