Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

Deceased Liquidators' portraits used for an anti-nuclear protest in Geneva.

The Chernobyl disaster (Ukrainian: Чорнобильська катастрофа, Chornobylʹsʹka katastrofa, Chernobyl accident), was a nuclear disaster that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union), now in Ukraine. The scientific consensus on the effects of the disaster has been developed by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). In peer-reviewed publications UNSCEAR has identified 49 immediate deaths from trauma, acute radiation poisoning, the helicopter crash and cases of thyroid cancer from an original group of about 6,000 cases of thyroid cancers in the affected area ^[1] A United Nations study estimates the final total of premature deaths associated with the disaster will be around 4000, mostly from an estimated 3% increase in cancers which are already common causes of death in the region.^[2]

Some non-governmental organizations, many with staunch positions on the spectrum of the nuclear power debate, have claimed numbers up to a million excess deaths caused by the nuclear disaster. UN and other international agencies such as the Chernobyl Forum and the World Health Organization state that such numbers are wildly over-estimated. The Chernobyl Forum also acknowledges an increase in psychological problems amongst those exposed to radiation, which may be attributed in part to poor communication of radiation effects and disruption to their way of life, but is also likely affected by other events surrounding the breakup of the Soviet Union.^[3][4]

Complicating the conflict is the fact that, with the exception of diagnoses of Acute Radiation Syndrome, obvious industrial accidents on site, and a detailed analysis of thyroid cancers among children, assignment of causes of death is a statistical rather than a deterministic process.^[5] Although non-peer-reviewed publications allege a bewildering variety of cancers, heart and other organ diseases, birth defects in children and grandchildren of nearby residents and other ailments, in fact, for the vast majority of these conditions radiation exposure is not even a recognized cause and, in any case, the incidence of such conditions in the relevant population has actually fallen since the Chernobyl incident. On the other hand, the effects of radiation are becoming better known as experience gathers and formerly disconnected illness may actually be the result of long-term, unseen damage during the exposure event.^[6]

During mid-1986 the official Soviet death toll rose from 2 to 31, a figure that has often been repeated. Following the disaster itself, the USSR organized an effort to stabilize and shore up the reactor area, still awash in radiation, using the efforts of 600,000 “liquidators” recruited from all over the USSR. Some organizations claim that deaths as a result of the immediate aftermath and the cleanup operation may number at least 6,000,^[7] but that exceeds the number of workers believed, by the National Committee for Radiation Protection of the Ukrainian Population, to have died from all causes (including, for example, old age and traffic accidents). The UNSCEAR report cites only evidence for thyroid cancers among children and teens (adults are quite resistant to iodine-131 poisoning) and some small amount of leukemia and eye cataracts among the most irradiated of the workers; no evidence for hard cancers has been found, despite waiting beyond the elapse of the usual ten year latency period.^[1] For further information on the indirect health implications, see Chernobyl disaster's effects on human health.

Deaths due to trauma and radiation sickness

In the list following are 38 people whose deaths are directly attributable to the Chernobyl disaster. Of these, two died at the scene, four died in a single helicopter accident, 29 died within a few months of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) and three died later, perhaps from medical complications probably caused by the accident. One was a cinematographer, one a physician, five military personnel (four in a single helicopter), seven firefighters, two security guards and the rest staff at the power plant or subcontractors. At least one other person is reported to have died of a coronary thrombosis at the scene, and nine children are reported to have died of thyroid cancer (in 2005 that number was raised to 15^[8]), but identifications are not known. No members of the general public were hospitalized in the month following the accident,^[9] though a pair of fishermen, Pustavoit and Protasov, reportedly received 400 REM doses.^[10] There were a total of 137 confirmed cases of ARS, including Pyotr Palamarchuk who survived after a reported exposure to 800 roentgens, twice the usual death dose.^[11]

The following list is of those directly killed by the explosion and initial radioactivity release, or in the support efforts that followed.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

Table: Known Deaths due to Trauma and Radiation Sickness
Official list [Notes 1]	Name (Eng/Rus): Last, First Middle[Notes 2]	Date, place of birth	Date, place of death	Cause of death/injury	Occupation	Description	Official Recognition
Yes	Akimov, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Акимов, Александр Фёдорович	1953-05-06, Novosibirsk	1986-05-10, Moscow	ARS; burns on 100% of body, estimated 15 grays (1,500 rad) dose.	Unit #4 shift leader	A senior reactor operator, at the controls in the control room at the time of the explosion; received fatal dose during attempts to restart feedwater flow into the reactor.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree[17][21]
Yes	Baranov, Anatoly Ivanovich Баранов, Анатолий Иванович	1953-06-13, Tsyurupynsk, Kherson, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-20, Moscow	ARS	senior electrical engineer	Managed generators during emergency, preventing fire spread through the generator hall.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree; Soviet Union's Order of the October Revolution[17][21]
Yes	Brazhnik, Vyacheslav Stepanovych Бражник, Вячеслав Степанович	1957-05-03, Atbasar, Tselinograd, Kazakh SSR	1986-05-14	ARS	senior turbine machinist operator	In the turbine hall at the moment of explosion. Received fatal dose (over 1000 rad) during firefighting and stabilizing the turbine hall, died in Moscow hospital. Irradiated by a piece of fuel lodged on a nearby transformer of turbogenerator 7 during manual opening of the turbine emergency oil drain valves.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] Soviet Union's Order of the Badge of Honor.[21]
Yes	Degtyarenko, Viktor Mykhaylovych Дегтяренко, Виктор Михайлович	1954-08-10, Ryazan, Russian SFSR	1986-05-19, Moscow	ARS	reactor operator	Close to the pumps at the moment of explosion.[22] face scalded by steam or hot water.[23]	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] Soviet Union's Order of the Badge of Honor.[21]
	Dyatlov, Anatoly Stepanovich Дятлов, Анатолий Степанович	1931-03-03, Atamanovo, Krasnoyarsk, Russian SFSR	1995-12-13, Kiev, Ukraine	heart failure, possibly a delayed consequence of his CHNPP and previous exposures	Deputy chief engineer of the Power Plant	Nikolai Fomin's assistant; supervised the test, present in the control room at the moment of explosion. Sustained about 550 rads of radiation when surveying the reactor damage from the outside with Nikolai Gorbachenko; radiation burns on face, right hand, legs. After the disaster, stripped of Communist Party membership, arrested in August 1986, spent 5 years in a labor camp.
	Hanzhuk, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Ганжук, Николай Александрович	1960-06-26	1986-10-02, Chernobyl NPP	helicopter crash	helicopter pilot	Helicopter crewman tasked with helping to extinguish the reactor fire with a clay load airdrop, crashed above the reactor. However, the crash was not directly related to radiation exposure, as it is obvious from the crash video[24] In which, the helicopter's rotor had hit a construction cable.
Yes	Ignatenko, Vasyli Ivanovych Игнатенко, Василий Иванович	1961-03-13, Sperizhe, Gomel, Byelorussian SSR	1986-05-13, Moscow	ARS	squad commander, 6th Paramilitary Fire/Rescue Unit, Pripyat, Kiev	Chief Sergeant, first crew on the reactor roof. Received fatal dose during attempt to extinguish the roof and the reactor core fire. He was survived by his pregnant wife Lyudmilla. Her child died shortly after birth due to a heart failure and a cirrhosis of the liver, caused by contamination.[25]	Hero of Ukraine with Order of the Gold Star; Cross for Courage; The Soviet Union's Order of the Red Banner.[21]
Yes	Ivanenko, Yekaterina Alexandrovna Иваненко, Екатерина Александровна	1932-09-11, Nezhihov, Gomel, Byelorussian SSR	1986-05-26, Moscow	ARS	security guard	Guarded a gate opposite to the Block 4, stayed on duty for the entire night until morning.[26]	Soviet Union's Order of the Red Banner.[21]
Yes	Khodemchuk, Valery Ilyich Ходемчук, Валерий Ильич	1951-03-24, Krapyvnya, Ivankov, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR	1986-04-26, Chernobyl NPP	unknown, likely explosion trauma	senior operator, main circulating pump, reactor 4	Stationed in the southern main circulating pumps engine room, likely killed immediately; body never found, likely buried under the wreckage of the steam separator drums. Has a memorial sign in the Reactor 4 building.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree.[17]
	Khrystych, Leonid Ivanovych Христич, Леонид Иванович	1953-02-28	1986-10-02, Chernobyl NPP	helicopter crash	helicopter pilot	Helicopter crewman tasked with helping to extinguish the reactor fire with a clay load airdrop, crashed above the reactor. However, crash was not directly related to radiation exposure, as it is obvious from crash video [24] that helicopter rotor hit a construction cable.
Yes	Kibenok, Viktor Mykolayovych Кибенок, Виктор Николаевич	1963-02-17, Sirohozskoho, Kherson, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-11, Moscow	ARS	Head guard, 6th Paramilitary Fire/Rescue Unit, Pripyat, Kiev	Lieutenant, leader of the second unit, fighting fires in the reactor department, separator room, and the central hall.	Soviet Union's Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 25, 1986.[21]
Yes	Konoval, Yuriy Ivanovych Коновал, Юрий Иванович	1942-01-01, Ust-Pier, Altai ASSR	1986-05-28, Moscow	ARS	electrician	Managed machinery and fought fires in the 4th and 5th block.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] Soviet Union's Badge of Honor.[21]
Yes	Kudryavtsev, Aleksandr Gennadiyevych Кудрявцев, Александр Геннадиевич	1957-12-11, Kirov, Russian SSR	1986-05-14, Moscow	ARS	Reactor Control Chief Engineer candidate	Present in the control room at the moment of explosion; received fatal dose of radiation during attempt to manually lower the control rods as he looked directly to the open reactor core.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree.[17]
Yes	Kurguz, Anatoly Kharlampiyovych Кургуз, Анатолий Харлампиевич	1957-06-12, Unechskoho, Bryansk, Russian SSR	1986-05-12, Moscow	ARS	senior reactor operator, central hall	Scalded by radioactive steam entering his control room at the epicenter of the explosion, he helped rescue personnel; his colleague, Oleg Genrikh, survived.	USSR's Order of Lenin; Ukraine's Cross for Courage.[21]
Yes	Lelechenko, Aleksandr Grigoryevich Лелеченко, Александр Григорьевич	1938-07-26, Lubensky, Poltava, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-07, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR	ARS, 25 Gy (2,500 rad)	deputy chief of the electrical shop	Former Leningrad power plant electrical shop shift leader[27] at the central control room with Kukhar; at the moment of explosion just arrived to the block 4 control room;[28] in order to spare his younger colleagues a radiation exposure he himself went through radioactive water and debris three times to switch off the electrolyzers and the feed of hydrogen to the generators, then tried to supply voltage to feedwater pumps.	USSR's Order of Lenin, the title of Hero of Ukraine on awarding of the Order of the Gold Star; Ukraine's Cross for Courage.[21]
Yes	Lopatyuk, Viktor Ivanovich Лопатюк, Виктор Иванович	1960-08-22, Lilov, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-17, Moscow	ARS	electrician	Received a fatal dose while switching off the electrolyzer.[29]	USSR's Order of Lenin; Ukraine's Cross for Courage.[21]
Yes	Luzganova, Klavdia Ivanovna Лузганова, Клавдия Ивановна	1927-05-09	1986-07-31, Moscow	ARS, estimated 6 grays (600 rad) exposure	security guard[19]	Guarded the construction site of the spent fuel storage building about 200 meters from Block 4.[26]	Soviet Union's Order of the Red Banner.[21]
Yes	Novyk, Aleksandr Vasylyovych Новик, Александр Васильевич	1961-08-11, Dubrovytsky, Rivne, Ukrainian SSR	1986-07-26, Moscow	ARS	turbine equipment machinist-inspector	Received fatal dose (over 10 grays (1,000 rad)) during firefighting and stabilizing the turbine hall. Irradiated by a piece of fuel lodged on a nearby transformer of the turbo-generator 7 during attempts to call the control room.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree[17]
	Orlov, Ivan Lukych Орлов, Иван Лукич	1945-01-10	1986-05-13	ARS	physicist	Received fatal dose during attempts to restart feedwater flow into the reactor.
	Orlov, Varsinian Орлов, Варсиниан	?	?	ARS	local physician	Orlov treated firefighters at the disaster site for three hours in the morning before being sent to the Moscow hospital where all his patients were headed.[9]
Yes	Perchuk, Kostyantyn Grigorovich Перчук, Константин Григорьевич	1952-11-23, Magadan, Kolyma, Russian SSR	1986-05-20, Moscow	ARS	turbine operator, senior engineer	In the turbine hall at the moment of explosion; received fatal dose (over 10 grays (1,000 rad)) during firefighting and stabilizing the turbine hall. Irradiated by a piece of fuel lodged on a nearby transformer of the turbo-generator 7 during manual opening of the turbine emergency oil drain valves.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17]
Yes	Perevozchenko, Valery Ivanovich Перевозченко, Валерий Иванович	1947-05-06, Starodub, Bryansk, Russian SSR	1986-06-13, Moscow	ARS	foreman, reactor section	Received fatal dose of radiation during attempt to locate and rescue Khodemchuk and others, and manually lower the control rods; together with Kudryavtsev and Proskuryakov he looked directly to the open reactor core, suffering radiation burns on side and back. Made extra efforts to save fellow crew.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree.[17]
	Popov, Georgi Illiaronovich Попов, Георгий Илларионович	1940-02-21	1986-06-13	ARS	Employee of the Kharkiv "Turboatom" plant (a NPP subcontractor)	Vibration specialist, mobile truck-based laboratory at Turbine 8; assisted in holding the turbine room fires in check.[12]
Yes	Pravik, Vladimir Pavlovych Правик, Владимир Павлович	1962-06-13, Chernobyl, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-11, Moscow	ARS	Head Guard, 2nd paramilitary fire brigade, Chernobyl NPP	Lieutenant, leader of the first crew on the reactor roof, repeatedly visited the reactor and the roof of Unit C at Level 71 to supervise the firefighting; received fatal dose during attempt to extinguish the roof and the reactor core. His eyes are said to have been turned from brown to blue by the intensity of the radiation.[14]	Named a Hero of the Soviet Union with the awarding of the Order of Lenin, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 25, 1986.[21]
Yes	Proskuryakov, Viktor Vasilyevich Проскуряков, Виктор Васильович	1955-04-09, Svobodnyj, Amur, Russian SSR	1986-05-17, Moscow	ARS	Reactor Control Chief Engineer candidate	Present in the control room at the moment of explosion; received fatal dose of radiation during attempt to manually lower the control rods as he looked directly onto the open reactor core and suffered 100% radiation burns.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] Soviet Union's Order of Courage.[21]
	Savenkov, Vladimir Ivanovych Савенков, Владимир Иванович	1958-02-15	1986-05-21	ARS	Employee of the Kharkiv "Turboatom" plant (a NPP subcontractor)	Vibration specialist, mobile truck-based laboratory at Turbine 8; first one to become sick; buried in Kharkiv in a lead coffin.[12]
Yes	Shapovalov, Anatoliy Ivanovych Шаповалов, Анатолий Иванович	1941-04-06, Kirovograd, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-19, Moscow	ARS	electrician	Fought fires and managed electrical equipment.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] USSR's Order of Friendship of Peoples.[21]
Yes	Shashenok, Vladimir Nikolaevich Шашенок, Владимир Николаевич	1951-04-21, Schucha Dam, Chernihiv, Ukrainian SSR	1986-04-26, Kyiv	thermal and radiation burns, trauma	Employee of the "Atomenergonaladka" (Chernobyl startup and adjustment company, a NPP subcontractor), adjuster of automatic systems	Stationed in Room 604, found unconscious and pinned down under a fallen beam, with broken spine, broken ribs, deep thermal and radiation burns. He died in the hospital without regaining consciousness.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree; USSR's Order of Courage.[21]
	Shevchenko, Volodimir Mikitovich Шевченко, Владимир Никитич	1929-12-23	1987-03-29	Cancer, complications of ARS	Ukrainian cameraman	A filmmaker who took much of the iconic footage of the early days in recovering from the Chernobyl disaster.[30] He filmed the famous clip of the helicopter crash when it clipped a guy wire while dropping sand on the open reactor; see Hanzhuk, Nikolai Aleksandrovich above. See a video of his work at.[31]
Yes	Sitnikov, Anatoly Andreyevich Ситников, Анатолий Андреевич	1940-01-20, Voskresenka, Primorye, Russian SSR	1986-05-30, Moscow	ARS	deputy chief operational engineer, physicist	Received fatal dose (about 1500 roentgen), mostly to the head after being sent by Nikolai Fomin to survey the reactor hall and peek at the reactor from the roof of Unit C.	USSR's Order of Lenin; Ukraine's Cross for Courage.[21]
Yes	Telyatnikov, Leonid Petrovich Телятников, Леонид Петрович	1951-01-25, Vvedenka, Kustanai, Kazakh SSR	2004-12-02, Kyiv	died of cancer 18 years after receiving an estimated 4 grays (400 rad) dose.	Head of the 2nd paramilitary fire brigade, Chernobyl NPP	Chief of the power plant fire department. Coordinated all fire fighting efforts. After Chernobyl, he stayed with the Soviet internal force, and later the Ukraine internal forces, retired a general in 1995.	Hero of the Soviet Union with the awarding the Order of Lenin by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 25, 1986; Ukraine's Cross for Courage.[21]
Yes	Tishchura, Vladimir Ivanovych Тищура, Владимир Иванович	1959-12-15, North Station, Leningrad, Russian SSR	1986-05-10, Moscow	ARS	senior firefighter, 6th Paramilitary Fire/Rescue Unit, Pripyat, Kiev	Sergeant, Kibenok's unit, fighting fires in the reactor department, separator room, and the central hall.	Hero of Ukraine on awarding the Order of the Gold Star; Ukraine's Cross for Courage; USSR's Order of Red Banner.[21]
Yes	Titenok, Nikolai Ivanovych Титенок, Николай Иванович	1962-12-05, Mykolaivka, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-16, Moscow	external and internal radiation burns, blistered heart	firefighter, 6th Paramilitary Fire/Rescue Unit, Pripyat, Kiev	Chief Sergeant, Kibenok's unit, fighting fires in the reactor department, separator room, and the central hall; received fatal dose during attempt to extinguish the roof and the reactor core.	Hero of Ukraine on awarding the Order of the Gold Star; Ukraine's Cross for Courage; USSR's Order of Red Banner.[21]
Yes	Toptunov, Leonid Fedorovych Топтунов, Леонид Федорович	1960-08-16, Mykolaivka, Burinskiy, Sumy, Russian SSR	1986-05-14, Moscow	ARS	Senior Reactor Control Chief Engineer	In the control room at the reactor control panel at the moment of explosion, with Akimov; received fatal dose during attempts to restart feedwater flow into the reactor.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of the third degree.[17]
Yes	Vashchuk, Nikolai Vasilievich Ващук, Николай Васильевич	1959-06-05, Haicheng, Zhitomir, Ukrainian SSR	1986-05-14, Moscow	ARS	Squad commander, 6th Paramilitary Fire/Rescue Unit, Pripyat, Kiev	A sergeant in Kibenok's unit, he fought fires in the reactor department, separator room, and the central hall.	Hero of Ukraine with the Order of the Gold Star.[21]
Yes	Vershynin, Yuriy Anatoliyovych Вершинин, Юрий Анатольевич	1959-05-22, Zuyevskaya, Kirov, Russian SSR	1986-07-21, Moscow	ARS	Turbine equipment machinist-inspector	In the turbine hall at the moment of explosion; received over 10 Gy (1,000 rad) dose during firefighting and stabilizing the turbine hall. Irradiated by a piece of fuel lodged on a nearby transformer of the turbogenerator 7 during attempts to call the control room.	Ukraine's Order For Courage of third degree;[17] Soviet Union's Order of the Badge of Honor.[21]
	Vorobyov, Volodymyr Kostyantynovych Воробьёв, Владимир Костантинович	1956-03-21	1986-10-02, Chernobyl NPP	helicopter crash	helicopter crew	Helicopter crewman tasked with helping to extinguish the reactor fire with a clay load airdrop, crashed above the reactor. However, crash was not directly related to radiation exposure, as it is obvious from crash video [24] that helicopter rotor hit a construction cable.
	Yunhkind, Oleksandr Yevhenovych Юнхкинд, Олександр Евхновйч	1958-04-15	1986-10-02, Chernobyl NPP	helicopter crash	helicopter crew	Helicopter crewman tasked with helping to extinguish the reactor fire with a clay load airdrop, crashed above the reactor. However, crash was not directly related to radiation exposure, as it is obvious from crash video [24] that helicopter rotor hit a construction cable.

See also

• Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
• Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster

Notes

1. The indicated people are on the list of the original 28 official deaths caused by the Chernobyl accident.
2. The disaster relief operation, as well as the whole work of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, was directly supervised by the Soviet government using exclusively Russian language. Directly translated into wide English use, respective names and terms may differ from their local Ukrainian or Belarusian spelling/pronunciation. Names use eastern European naming conventions.

References

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2. "Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident". WHO. WHO/IAEA/UNDP. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
3. Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts (PDF) (Report).
4. "Health Impacts, Chernobyl Accident, Appendix 2". World Nuclear Association. 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
5. "What causes cancer?". American Cancer Association. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
6. Hempelman, Louis Henry; Lushbaugh, Clarence C.; Voelz, George L. (1979-10-19). What Has Happened to the Survivors of the Early Los Alamos Nuclear Accidents? (PDF). Conference for Radiation Accident Preparedness. Oak Ridge: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. p. 15. LA-UR-79-2802. Retrieved 5 January 2013. See "Discussion" section.
7. Marples, David R. (May 1996). Chernobyl: The Decade of Despair (Report). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. p. 20.
8. "Chernobyl Accident 1986". World Nuclear Association. April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
9. Ebel, Robert E. Chernobyl and Its Aftermath: A Chronology of Events. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
10. Medvedev, Grigori (1991). The Truth about Chernobyl. I.B.Tauris,. p. 86. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
11. Gee, Alistair (April 24, 2008). "Chernobyl Victims Struggle With Consequences of Radiation Exposure". US News and World Report.
12. "Последняя командировка [Архив] - Forum on pripyat.com". Forum.pripyat.com. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
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19. "Лузганова Клавдия Ивановна / Прочие катастрофы / Чернобыльская авария 26 апреля 1986 г". Pomnimih.ru. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
20. "Памятники в Красногорске". Krasnogorsk.ru. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
21. "Chernobyl NPP Heros". Retrieved 28 April 2014.
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23. Sergey Petrov. "Сразу же после аварии на ЧАЭС". Bluesbag6.narod.ru. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
24. "Video of the Chernobyl helicopter crash".
25. "Svetlana Alexievich: Voices from Chernobyl. Dalkey Archive Press: 2005. Originally published as: Чернобыльска. Moліtва. Eдitioнс Oсtojie: 1997" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-07.
26. "Г.Медведев Чернобыльская Тетрадь". Library.narod.ru. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
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28. "Документы ЧАЭС: Свидетельства очевидцев и показания свидетелей " ЧАЭС Зона отчуждения". Chernobil.info. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
29. Lisova, Natasha. "Nation & World | Far from their buried husbands, Chernobyl widows still cope with loss | Seattle Times Newspaper". Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
30. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/30/world/a-soviet-film-maker-at-chernobyl-in-86-is-dead-of-radiation.html
31. "The Chernobyl Disaster: The Severe Days". youtube channel andree965. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2012-10-05.