Mintaka

Mintaka

Orion's Belt, with Mintaka on the right
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Orion
δ Ori A (Aa1 + Aa2 + Ab)
Right ascension 05h 32m 00.40009s[1]
Declination −00° 17′ 56.7424″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.23[2] (2.50 + 3.90[3])
δ Ori B
Right ascension 05h 31m 58.745s[4]
Declination −00° 18′ 18.65″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V) 14.0[5]
HD 36485
Right ascension 05h 32m 00.406s[6]
Declination −00° 17′ 04.38″[6]
Apparent magnitude (V) 6.85[5]
Characteristics
Spectral type (O9.5II + B1V +B0IV[7]) + B3V[8]
U−B color index −1.05[2]
B−V color index −0.22[2]
Variable type Eclipsing binary[9]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)18.50 ± 0.5[10] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 0.64 ± 0.56[1] mas/yr
Dec.: -0.69 ± 0.27[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)4.71 ± 0.58[1] mas
Distance1,200[7] ly
(380[7] pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−5.8[5]
δ Ori Aa1
Absolute magnitude (MV)−5.4[5]
δ Ori Aa2
Absolute magnitude (MV)−2.9[5]
δ Ori Ab
Absolute magnitude (MV)−4.2[5]
Details
δ Ori Aa1
Mass24[7] M☉
Radius16.5[7] R☉
Luminosity190,000[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)3.37 ± 0.15[7] cgs
Temperature29,500 ± 500[7] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)130 ± 10[7] km/s
δ Ori Aa2
Mass8.4[7] M☉
Radius6.5[7] R☉
Luminosity16,000[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)3.9[7] cgs
Temperature25,600 ± 3,000[7] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)150 ± 50[7] km/s
δ Ori Ab
Mass22.5[7] M☉
Radius10.4[7] R☉
Luminosity63,000[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)3.5 ± 0.3[7] cgs
Temperature28,400 ± 1,500[7] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)220 ± 20[7] km/s
HD 36485
Mass~9[8] M☉
Radius5.7[11] R☉
Luminosity3,300[11] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.41[11] cgs
Temperature18,400[11] K
Orbit[3]
Primaryδ Ori Aa1
Companionδ Ori Aa2
Period (P)5.732436 days
Semi-major axis (a)43.1 ± 1.7 R☉
Eccentricity (e)0.1133 ± 0.0003
Inclination (i)76.5 ± 0.2°
Periastron epoch (T)2456295.674 ± 0.062
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary)		141.3 ± 0.2°
Other designations
Mintaka, δ Orionis, 34 Orionis, 88 G. Orionis, FK5 206, HIP 25930, ADS 4134, CCDM J05320-0018, WDS J05320-0018
Mintaka Aa: HD 36486, HR 1851, SAO 132220/132221, BD−00°983, GC 6847
Mintaka Ab: δ Orionis B, CCDM J05320-0018D, WDS J05320-0018Ab
δ Ori B: UCAC3 180-24383, CCDM J05320-0018B, WDS J05320-0018B
HD 36485: δ Orionis C, HR 1851, SAO 132221, BD−00°982, GC 6848, PLX 1261, CCDM J05320-0018C
Database references
SIMBADδ Ori A data
SIMBADδ Ori B data
SIMBADHD 36485 data

Mintaka, also designated Delta Orionis (δ Orionis, abbreviated Delta Ori, δ Ori) and 34 Orionis (34 Ori) is a multiple star some 1,200 light years from the Sun in the constellation of Orion. Together with Alnitak (Zeta Orionis) and Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis), the three stars make up the belt of Orion, known by many names among ancient cultures. When Orion is close to the meridian, Mintaka is the right-most of the belt's stars as seen by an observer in the Northern Hemisphere facing south.

Nomenclature

Delta Orionis is the star's Bayer designation, 34 Orionis its Flamsteed designation. The name Mintaka itself is derived from an Arabic term for 'belt': منطقة or manṭaqa.[12] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[13] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016[14] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Mintaka for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[15]

Observational history

Location of δ Orionis (circled)

Mintaka is the westernmost of the three stars of Orion's belt. It is easily visible to the naked eye, one of the brightest stars in the sky, and has been known since antiquity.

Radial velocity measurements taken by Henri-Alexandre Deslandres at Paris Observatory showed that Mintaka had a variable radial velocity and therefore was a spectroscopic binary.[16] His preliminary orbital period estimate of 1.92 days was shown to be incorrect in 1904 when Johannes Franz Hartmann using photographic plates taken at Potsdam Observatory showed that the orbital period was 5.7 days.[17] Hartmann also noticed that the calcium K line at 393.4 nanometres in the stellar spectrum did not share in the periodic displacements of the lines due to orbital motion of the star and theorized that there was a cloud in the line of sight to Mintaka that contained calcium. This was the first detection of the interstellar medium.[17]

System

Mintaka is a multiple star system with a magnitude 7 star about 52 arcseconds away from the main component and an even fainter star in between. The main component itself is triple: a class O9.5 bright giant and a class B main sequence star orbit every 5.73 days and exhibit shallow eclipses when the star dims about 0.2 magnitudes;[9] and a B-class sub-giant is resolved 0.26" away.[3] At the primary eclipse, the apparent magnitude (of the whole system) drops from 2.23 to 2.35, while it only drops to 2.19 at the secondary eclipse.[18]

The seventh magnitude companion, HD 36485, is an unusual B-type main sequence star and itself a spectroscopic binary with a faint A-type companion in a 30-day orbit.[8]

The 14th magnitude star is thought to be at the same distance, but it isn't clear whether it is physically bound to the primary star and little is known about it.

Mintaka is surrounded by a cluster of faint stars, possibly part of the cluster surrounding σ Ori.[19]

The bright central star of the system is δ Ori A. Its components are generally referred to by researchers as Aa1, Aa2, and Ab, with HD 36485 referred to as Mintaka (or δ Ori) C, and the closer fourteenth magnitude companion as δ Ori B. Confusingly, some catalogues list δ Ori Ab as component B or component D, and Simbad names δ Ori Ab as Delta Orionis B.[5]

Distance

The distance derived from the Hipparcos satellite parallax is 212 ± 30 pc,[1] while spectroscopic distances, comparisons to similar stars, and cluster membership all suggest a value more than double that.[20] This type of unreconcilable discrepancy is not unique to Mintaka and the reasons for it have yet to be clarified.[7]

Etymology and cultural significance

Mintaka was also seen by astrologers as a portent of good fortune.[12]

Orion's belt

Main article: Orion's Belt
Dunhuang Star Atlas - Orion

The three belt stars were collectively known by many names in many cultures. Arabic terms include Al Nijād 'the Belt', Al Nasak 'the Line', Al Alkāt 'the Golden Grains or Nuts' and, in modern Arabic, Al Mīzān al H•akk 'the Accurate Scale Beam'. In Chinese mythology they were also known as The Weighing Beam.

The belt was also the Three Stars mansion (simplified Chinese: 参宿; traditional Chinese: 參宿; pinyin: Shēn Xiù), one of the Twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations. It is one of the western mansions of the White Tiger.

In pre-Christian Scandinavia, the belt was known as Frigg's Distaff (Friggerock) or Freyja's distaff.[21] Similarly Jacob's Staff and Peter's Staff were European biblical derived terms, as were the Three Magi, or the Three Kings. Väinämöinen's Scythe (Kalevala) and Kalevan Sword are terms from Finnish mythology.[12]

The Seri people of northwestern Mexico call the three belt stars Hapj (a name denoting a hunter), which consists of three stars: Hap (mule deer), Haamoja (pronghorn), and Mojet (bighorn sheep). Hap is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto Tiburón Island.[22]

In Spain and Portugal, this asterism is known as Las Tres Marías or As Três Marias, which stand for The Three Marys in Spanish and Portuguese respectively.

In Christian astromythology, Mintaka is also regarded as the third of the three Magi on their way to Bethlehem (Sirius): Caspar, Melchior, Balthasar.

Namesakes

The USS Mintaka (AK-94) was a United States Navy Crater-class cargo ship named after the star.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. Vizier catalog entry
  2. 1 2 3 Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991). The Bright star catalogue (5th Revised ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Observatory. Bibcode:1991bsc..book.....H.
  3. 1 2 3 Tokovinin, A. A. (1997). "MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 124: 75. Bibcode:1997A&AS..124...75T. doi:10.1051/aas:1997181.
  4. 1 2 Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J. L.; Monet, D. G.; Zacharias, M. I. (2012). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: I/322A. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harvin, James A.; Gies, Douglas R.; Bagnuolo, William G.; Penny, Laura R.; Thaller, Michelle L. (2002). "Tomographic Separation of Composite Spectra. VIII. The Physical Properties of the Massive Compact Binary in the Triple Star System HD 36486 (δ Orionis A)". Astrophysical Journal. 565 (2): 1216. arXiv:astro-ph/0110683Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002ApJ...565.1216H. doi:10.1086/324705.
  6. 1 2 Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 355: L27. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Shenar, T.; Oskinova, L.; Hamann, W.-R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pablo, H.; Richardson, N. D.; Waldron, W. L.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Nichols, J. S.; Todt, H.; Nazé, Y.; Hoffman, J. L.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Negueruela, I. (2015). "A Coordinated X-Ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, δ Orionis Aa. IV. A Multiwavelength, Non-LTE Spectroscopic Analysis". Astrophysical Journal. 809 (2): 135. arXiv:1503.03476Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015ApJ...809..135S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135.
  8. 1 2 3 Leone, F.; Bohlender, D. A.; Bolton, C. T.; Buemi, C.; Catanzaro, G.; Hill, G. M.; Stift, M. J. (2010). "The magnetic field and circumstellar environment of the helium-strong star HD36485 = δ Ori C". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 401 (4): 2739. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.401.2739L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15858.x.
  9. 1 2 Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  10. ↑ Pourbaix, D.; Tokovinin, A. A.; Batten, A. H.; Fekel, F. C.; Hartkopf, W. I.; Levato, H.; Morrell, N. I.; Torres, G.; Udry, S. (2004). "SB9: The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 424 (2): 727. arXiv:astro-ph/0406573Freely accessible. Bibcode:2004A&A...424..727P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041213.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Zboril, M.; North, P.; Glagolevskij, Yu. V.; Betrix, F. (1997). "Properties of He-rich stars. I. Their evolutionary state and helium abundance". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 324: 949. Bibcode:1997A&A...324..949Z.
  12. 1 2 3 Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963) [1899]. Star-names and their meanings. New York, NY: Dover Publications. p. 314. ISBN 1-931559-44-9.
  13. ↑ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  14. ↑ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  15. ↑ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  16. ↑ Deslandres, H. (1900). "Variable velocity in line of sight of delta Orionis. (Notes)". The Observatory. 23: 148. Bibcode:1900Obs....23..148D.
  17. 1 2 Hartmann, J. (1904). "Investigations on the spectrum and orbit of delta Orionis". Astrophysical Journal. 19: 268–286. Bibcode:1904ApJ....19..268H. doi:10.1086/141112.
  18. ↑ Zasche, P.; Wolf, M.; Hartkopf, W. I.; Svoboda, P.; Uhlař, R.; Liakos, A.; Gazeas, K. (2009). "A Catalog of Visual Double and Multiple Stars with Eclipsing Components". Astronomical Journal. 138 (2): 664. arXiv:0907.5172Freely accessible. Bibcode:2009AJ....138..664Z. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/664.
  19. ↑ Caballero, J. A.; Solano, E. (2008). "Young stars and brown dwarfs surrounding Alnilam (ɛ Orionis) and Mintaka (δ Orionis)". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 485 (3): 931. arXiv:0804.2184Freely accessible. Bibcode:2008A&A...485..931C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809595.
  20. ↑ Corcoran, M. F.; Nichols, J. S.; Pablo, H.; Shenar, T.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Waldron, W. L.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Richardson, N. D.; Russell, C. M. P.; Hamaguchi, K.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Oskinova, L.; Hamann, W.-R.; Nazé, Y.; Ignace, R.; Evans, N. R.; Lomax, J. R.; Hoffman, J. L.; Gayley, K.; Owocki, S. P.; Leutenegger, M.; Gull, T. R.; Hole, K. T.; Lauer, J.; Iping, R. C. (2015). "A Coordinated X-Ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, δ Orionis Aa. I. Overview of the X-Ray Spectrum". Astrophysical Journal. 809 (2): 132. arXiv:1507.05101Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015ApJ...809..132C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/132.
  21. ↑ Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. p. 228.
  22. ↑ Moser, Mary B.; Stephen A. Marlett (2005). Comcáac quih yaza quih hant ihíip hac: Diccionario seri-español-inglés (in Spanish and English). Hermosillo, Sonora and Mexico City: Universidad de Sonora and Plaza y Valdés Editores.

Coordinates: 05h 32m 00.4s, −00° 17′ 57″

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