Demcizumab

Demcizumab /dɛmˈsɪzᵿmæb/ is a humanized monoclonal antibody which is treating patients with pancreatic cancer or non-small cell lung cancer. Demcizumab has completed phase 1 trials and is currently undergoing phase 2 trials. The results of the Phase two trial will be released in 2017. Demcizumab is being developed by OncoMed Pharmaceuticals and in collaboration with Celgene.[1]

Mechanism of action

Demcizumab blocks Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), a ligand of Notch receptors. Notch signaling has been implicated as a key signaling pathway in cancer stem cells. By treating patients with a combination of Demcizumab and a cytotoxic chemotherapy, it is hoped that a more durable anti-tumor response can be achieved than with chemotherapy alone.

Adverse effects

Demcizumab has been known to cause many adverse effects in patient. The most common side effects are hypertension, fatigue, anemia, and headaches. More adverse effect are nausea, hypoalbuminemia, dizziness, and dyspnea occurred. Finally, some uncommon side effects are heart related illness forming half way through the study.[2]

Phase 1 Trials

The patients that were chosen are older than 21, life expectancy greater than three months, histologically confirmed melastic, and normal hematologic and clotting parameters. Patients that were excluded received therapy four weeks or earlier, known HIV infection, bleeding disorder, receiving anticoagulants, uncontrolled hypertension, and pregnant or nursing. In addition people that have New York Heart Association Classification II, III, and IV, uncontrolled seizers, active neurological diseases, and significant intercurrent illness are excluded.[3]

Phase 1a trials shows that the drug will be a durable anti-tumor response. In the Phase 1b trials shows the safety and pharmacokinetics that help decide what the maximum tolerated dose is. They dosed fifty-five patients either weekly with a doses ranging from .5 to 5 mg/kg or dosed biweekly with doses ranging from 2.5–10 mg/kg.

The Phase 1 trials show that Demcizumab has a tolerable short term safety profile with common side effects of hypertension and fatigue. The recommended dose is 5 mg/kg until further research have been done.[4][5]

Phase 2 Trials

They are holding 2 phase 2 trials. The Yosemite trial is testing Demcizumab with Abraxane and gemcitabine verses only using Abraxane and gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer. The second phase 2 trial is Denali, which is testing Demcizumab with pemetrexed and carboplatin verses only pemetrexed and carboplatin alone for non-small cell lung cancer patients. The patients were similar to subjects in phase 1 trials of Demcizumab.

The Yosemite trial is a double blind, randomized, 3 arm study in subjects with 1st- line metastatic pancreatic cancer. The primary purpose of the study is to assess the efficacy and safety of Demcizumab with Abraxane plus gemcitabine compared to only standard care. The Phase 2 dose of Demcizumab was 3.5 mg/kg every two weeks for 70 days. The primary objective of the Yosemite study is progression free survival. In addition the secondary objectives are overall survival, response rate, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, safety, and biomarker analysis. The subjects were randomized into three different study arms. The first study are was each subject is receiving standard care plus one course of Demcizumab. The second study arm is the subject will receive standard care plus one course of Demcizubam and another course of Demcizumab after 98-days of completion. Finally, the third arm, each subject will be administered standard care plus a placebo. The Yosemite phase is still currently underway and will be completed in 2017.[6][7][8]

The other phase 2 trial is the Denali trial for non-small cell lung cancer. It is a randomized, 3 arm study in subjects with first-line metastatic Stage IV non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. The tumors must not have an epidermal growth factor receptor or anaplastic lymphoma kinase. The primary objective of this study is progression-free survival. Secondary objectives are response rate, duration of response, overall survival, safety, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics. Each randomized subject will receive carboplatin and pemetrexed for four cycles, followed by pemetrexed maintenance. Subjects in arm 1 will receive chemotherapy plus one course of Demcizumab, patients in arm 2 will receive chemotherapy and one course of Demcizumab every three weeks for four doses and subjects in arm 3 will receive chemotherapy plus one course of Demcizumab followed by another course of Demcizumab starting at day 168. The Denali phase is still currently underway and will be completed at the end of 2016.[9][10]

Commercialization

The OncoMed pharmaceuticals has received phase 1 data that has favorable outcomes for the company. OncoMed believes that their ability to co-develop and co-promote Demcizumab with Celgene in the United States will give the company more success for Demcizumab. OnocMed will be given a 10-16% royalty charge for the co-development and co-promote. The drug will be released in the United States in the year 2020 and will be released in European Union by 2021. The price for Demcizumab will be 25 thousand dollars in the United States and 20 thousand dollars ex-U.S. For pancreatic cancer Celgene will approximately make $600 million in 2022 and $300 million in 2023. For non-small cell lung cancer Celgene will approximately make $1.7 billion in 2027 and $550 million in 2028.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals,. "OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Completes Enrollment of Phase 2 YOSEMITE Clinical Trial of Demcizumab in Pancreatic Cancer". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  2. ↑ Smith, David C.; Eisenberg, Peter D.; Manikhas, Georgy; Chugh, Rashmi; Gubens, Matthew A.; Stagg, Robert J.; Kapoun, Ann M.; Xu, Lu; Dupont, Jakob (2014-12-15). "A Phase I Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of the Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Demcizumab (Anti-DLL4) in Patients with Previously Treated Solid Tumors". Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (24): 6295–6303. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1373. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 25324140.
  3. ↑ Smith, David C.; Eisenberg, Peter D.; Manikhas, Georgy; Chugh, Rashmi; Gubens, Matthew A.; Stagg, Robert J.; Kapoun, Ann M.; Xu, Lu; Dupont, Jakob (2014-12-15). "A Phase I Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of the Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Demcizumab (Anti-DLL4) in Patients with Previously Treated Solid Tumors". Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (24): 6295–6303. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1373. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 25324140.
  4. ↑ Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals,. "OncoMed Presents Data From Phase 1b Trial of Demcizumab in Pancreatic Cancer at the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  5. ↑ Smith, David C.; Eisenberg, Peter D.; Manikhas, Georgy; Chugh, Rashmi; Gubens, Matthew A.; Stagg, Robert J.; Kapoun, Ann M.; Xu, Lu; Dupont, Jakob (2014-12-15). "A Phase I Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of the Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Demcizumab (Anti-DLL4) in Patients with Previously Treated Solid Tumors". Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (24): 6295–6303. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1373. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 25324140.
  6. ↑ "YOSEMITE: Gemcitabine, Abraxane Plus Placebo Versus Gemcitabine, Abraxane Plus 1 or 2 Truncated Courses of Demcizumab in Subjects with 1st-Line Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma". Baylor College of Medicine. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  7. ↑ Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals,. "OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Completes Enrollment of Phase 2 YOSEMITE Clinical Trial of Demcizumab in Pancreatic Cancer". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  8. ↑ "Study of Gemcitabine, Abraxane® Plus Placebo Versus Gemcitabine, Abraxane® Plus 1 or 2 Truncated Courses of Demcizumab in Subjects With 1st-Line Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  9. ↑ "A Study of Carboplatin, Pemetrexed Plus Placebo vs Carboplatin, Pemetrexed Plus 1 or 2 Truncated Courses of Demcizumab in Subjects With Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  10. ↑ Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals,. "OncoMed Initiates Dosing in Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Demcizumab for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  11. ↑ Deepak, Shaunak (2016). "Initiating Coverage With a Buy Ahead of a Year of Possible Partner Opt-Ins".
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