Diminutives in Australian English

In Australian English utility vehicles are almost always referred to in the diminutive as a ute.

Diminutive forms of words are commonly used in every-day Australian English. While many dialects of English make use of diminutives, Australian English uses them more extensively than any other. Diminutives may be seen as slang, but many forms are used widely across the whole of society. Some forms have also spread outside Australia to other English speaking countries.^[1] There are over 5,000 identified diminutives in use in Australian English.^[2][3][4]

Usage

Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd is well known for using Australian colloquialisms such as diminutives.

In Australian English, diminutives are usually formed by taking the first part of a word, and adding an a, o, ie, or y. Alternatively in some cases no ending may be used. While the form of a diminutive is arbitrary, their use follows strict rules. Diminutives are not used creatively. For example, an ambulance paramedic is called an ambo, and is never pronounced ambie or amba. The use of the 'ie' ending, for example in bikie, (a motorcycle club member), does not carry a connotation of smallness or cuteness as it does in other English dialects.

Some diminutives are almost always used in preference to the original form, while some are rarely used. Others might be restricted to certain demographic groups or locations. The use of diminutives also evolves over time with new words coming into use and falling out of favour. Some diminutives have become so common that the original form has fallen out of common usage. For example, Salvos has begun to replace the name Salvation Army to such an extent that some Australians do not recognise the Salvation Army name.^[5][6] Deli has become so universal that delicatessen is rarely used. Some words, such as ute, from utility vehicle, a car with a tray back, have become universal.

Organizations and businesses will often embrace the diminutives given to them by Australians, using them in their own advertising and even registering it as a trademark. McDonald's Australia, for example, has registered the name Macca's and uses that, rather than McDonald's on the iconic golden arches sign outside many of its restaurants.

Some diminutives are rarely used, but widely recognised. For example, chalkie means teacher, however most Australians simply call a teacher a teacher.

Diminutives are often used for place names, and are only recognised by people in the local area, for example, cot, for Cottesloe Beach in Perth, Parra for Parramatta in Sydney and Broady for Broadmeadows in Melbourne. Pub and hotel names in particular are often shortened. For example, pubs called the Esplanade Hotel, such as the Esplanade Hotel in St. Kilda, will often be called the The Espy.

List of Diminutives

This list contains noteworthy and commonly understood diminutives from Australian English.

• Abo, an indigenous Australian. From Aboriginal. Considered highly offensive.
• Aggro, aggressive or angry.^[3]
• Alco or Alkie, an alcoholic.
• Ambo, an ambulance paramedic.
• Arvo, afternoon.^[2][3]
• Aussie, Australian.^[3]
• Barbie, a barbecue, which may refer to either the cooking apparatus itself or the event of cooking food on a barbecue.^[3]
• Beauty , Beaut or Bewdy, beautiful. Used in a much wider sense than the beauty, e.g. fantastic or excellent.
• Bickie, a biscuit, also found in 'big bickies', a large amount of money.^[3]
• Bikie, a member of a motorcycle club, with a connotation of involved in criminal activity. This is equivalent to biker in other forms of English. A motorcycle club is called a bikie club. Outlaw motorcycle clubs may also be called bikie gangs.^[7]
• Blowie, a blowfly. A large buzzing fly common in Australia.^[3]
• Bookie, a bookmaker.^[8]
• Bottlo, a bottle shop/alcohol store.
• Bowlo, a lawn bowling club.
• Brekkie, breakfast.
• Brisie or Brizzie, Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland.^[3]
• Breckie, breakfast.^[2]
• Brickie, a bricklayer. Also widespread in British English.^[9]
• Brushie, a brushtail possum
• Budgie, a budgerigar.^[3] Called a parakeet in the US. Male swimming briefs are called budgie smugglers.^[10]
• Bundy, Bundaberg, Queensland,^[3] also slang for Bundaberg Rum.
• Cab Sav, Cabernet Sauvignon wine.^[1]
• Cardie, a cardigan.^[3]
• Ceno, the Centrelink office. Also used to refer to a weekly payment (pension or otherwise) from the Centrelink office.
• Chalkie, a teacher. From chalk used on blackboards.
• Chewy, chewing gum.^[3]
• Chippie, a carpenter. From wood chips.
• Chockie, a chocolate.
• Chrissie or Chrissy, Christmas.^[3]
• Ciggie, a cigarette
• Cockie, a cockatoo. Commonly a sulphur crested cockatoo. Also slang for Cockroach.^[3]
• Compo, compensation for being injured at work. Generally not used for other forms of compensation.^[3]
• Cossie, a bathing costume.^[3]
• Cranie, a crane driver.
• Croc, a crocodile.
• Cuppa, a cup of tea or coffee.^[2][3]
• Deli, a delicatessen.^[3]
• Dero, a poor (often homeless) person, from derelict.^[1][3]
• Devo, devastated, to be very upset over some event.
• Doco, a documentary.^[11]
• Dripos, referring to rain.
• Esky, a portable insulated container. Derives from the Eskimo brand, which was later shortened to esky.^[12]
• Firie, a fireman.^[1]
• Footy, football,^[2][3] which may refer to the sport of football, the ball itself, or a specific game. Generally, footy refers to Rugby League in Queensland and New South Wales, and to Australian Rules Football in the other states. Association football is either called football or soccer, but never footy. Rugby Union is generally not referred to as footy either. The Nine Network runs two longstanding variety television shows called The Footy Show, one for AFL and the other for Rugby League.
• Freshie, a freshwater crocodile, as opposed to a saltie - a saltwater crocodile.
• Garbo, a garbage collector.^[3][13]
• Greenie, an environmentalist. From the green movement.^[14]
• Jocks, men's briefs (underwear), from the brand name "Jockettes"
• Journo, a journalist.^[3][15]
• Kero, kerosene.
• Kindy or Kinder, kindergarten.^[3]
• Lebbo, mild pejorative for Middle Eastern immigrant, specifically from Lebanon
• Lippy, a lipstick.^[3]
• Maccas, McDonalds fast food restaurants.^[2] This is also reflected in McDonalds' corporate branding.^[16]
• Maggie, magpie
• Metho, methylated spirits.
• Mo, a moustache.^[17] Contributed to the portmanteau "Movember".
• Mozzie, mosquito.
• Muzzies, a slang, mildly disparaging term for Muslims.
• Nasho, a conscript in the army. Derived from national service. Used especially around the Vietnam war. In the Army it was used in a derogatory sense.^[18] The term has fallen out of use as conscription in Australia ended in the 1970s.
• Newie or Newy, Newcastle.
• Pav, pavlova.^[19]
• Pinky, a young, hairless brushtail possum that still resides in its marsupial mother's pouch
• Pokie, a poker machine.^[3][19]
• Pollie, a politician.^[3]
• Povvo, a poor or cheap person. From poverty.
• Postie, a postman or postwoman.^[3]
• Preggo or preggers, pregnant.^[3]
• Prezzies, gifts, presents; use widespread outside Australia.
• Ref referee (noun) or to referee a game (verb).
• Reffo, a refugee.
• Rego, a vehicle registration.^[3]
• Rellie or Relo, a relative.^[3]
• Roo, a kangaroo.^[20]
• Saltie, a saltwater crocodile, as opposed to a freshie, a freshwater crocodile.^[21]
• Salvos, Salvation Army. The term is used officially by the Salvation Army in Australia.
• Sanger, a sandwich. Originally sango, but evolved to its current from by the 1960s.^[22]
• Selfie, a self-shot photograph. This term originated in Australia and has been adopted worldwide via the internet. It became The Oxford Dictionary's 2013 word of the year.^[23][24]
• Semi, a semi-trailer truck.
• Seppo, a derogatory term for an American. Seppo is a diminutive of septic tank which is in turn rhyming slang for yank, which is a diminutive of yankee.^[25]
• Servo, a petrol station, service station.^[2]
• Shottie, a shotgun
• Sickie, a sick day.^[3] Often with a connotation of there being insufficient medical reason for missing work.^[22]
• Smoko, a smoking break while at work. Since smoking has been banned in many workplaces, a smoko has come to mean any rest break at work.^[26][27]
• Spag bol, Spaghetti Bolognese.
• Sparkie, an electrician. From sparking, electric arcing.
• Stubby or Stubbie. A small, wide bottle of beer.
• Subi or Subie, a Subaru car.^[2] Also the suburb of Subiaco, in Perth.
• Subbie, a subwoofer speaker or a subcontractor.^[28]
• Sunnies, sunglasses.^[2]
• Super, superannuation. In Australia, all employers are obliged to set aside a percentage of a workers wages in a superannuation fund.
• Surfie, a surfer.^[29]
• Susso, from sustenance payments, a form of welfare during the Great Depression in the form of food coupons. The word has fallen out of use.
• Tassie, from Tasmania.^[3]
• Tellie or Telly, a television.
• Tradie, a tradesman.
• Trackies, track pants or a tracksuit. Track pants are also known as trackie dacks, dacks being a colloquial word for trousers.^[30]
• Truckie, a truck driver.^[31]
• Turps, alcohol, from turpentine, a toxic solvent historically used to adulterate gin. Usually used to say a person is on the turps - or drinking heavily.^[30]
• Typo, a typographic error.
• Umpie, an umpire at a sporting game.^[3] See also Ref.
• Undies, underwear. This word is used widely outside Australian English ^[32]
• Uni, university.
• Ute, an abbreviation of "utility"; a passenger vehicle with a cargo tray in the rear. Festivals that involve gatherings of utes are popular in rural areas and are called ute musters.
• Veggie or vegie, vegetables, generally not a vegetarian.
• Veggo, a vegetarian. Never a vegetable.
• Wheelie bin, a household waste bin on wheels.
• Wino, an alcoholic, from wine.
• Woolies, Woolworths supermarkets.^[2]

References

1. "Australian slang is not dying, it's making its way up in the world".
2. "Why we shorten barbie, footy and arvo". australiangeographic.com.au.
3. http://alldownunder.com/australian-slang/dictionary-diminutives.htm
4. "A word in your ear: Diminutives". abc.net.au.
5. "Transcript". latrobe.edu.au.
6. "Aussies diminutives". ABC Sydney.
7. http://andc.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/Word%20of%20the%20Month%20%27bikie%27.pdf
8. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bookie
9. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brickie
10. http://andc.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/WOTM%20budgie%20smugglers.pdf
11. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/doco
12. http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins?field_alphabet_value=101
13. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/garbo
14. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/greenie?s=ts
15. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/journo
16. "McDonalds to become Maccas in Australia".
17. Garone, Adam (November 2011). "Healthier men, one moustache at a time" (Video with transcript). TED.com. TED Conferences, LLC. Retrieved 2 November 2014. So in Australia, 'mo' is slang for mustache, so we renamed the month of November 'Movember'.
18. http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins?field_alphabet_value=191
19. http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins?field_alphabet_value=211
20. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/roo
21. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/saltie
22. http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins?field_alphabet_value=241
23. "A brief history of the selfie". abc.net.au.
24. "Selfie: Australian slang term named international word of the year". the Guardian.
25. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Seppo
26. The Australian Tobacco Timeline, University of Sydney
27. Glossary of common industrial relations terms, Department of Employment and Industrial Relations (Queensland)
28. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/subbie
29. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/surfie?s=ts
30. http://andc.anu.edu.au/australian-words/meanings-origins?field_alphabet_value=251
31. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/truckie?s=t
32. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/undies?s=t