Drusus Julius Caesar

Drusus Julius Caesar
Bust of Drusus minor (Prado, Madrid)
Born	7 October 13 BC Rome
Died	14 September AD 23 (aged 35)
Burial	Mausoleum of Augustus
Spouse	Livilla
Issue	Julia Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus II Gemellus
Father	Tiberius
Mother	Vipsania Agrippina

Nero Claudius Drusus, later Drusus Julius Caesar (adoptive name; 14 BC – 14 September AD 23), was the only child of Roman Emperor Tiberius and his first wife, Vipsania Agrippina. He was also a maternal cousin of the Emperor Caligula, a paternal cousin of the Emperor Claudius and a first cousin once removed of the Emperor Nero.

Biography

Drusus Julius Caesar statue from Sulcis, Sardinia, Italy

He was born on 7 October 13 BC with the name Nero Claudius Drusus, and is also known to historians as Drusus II, Drusus the Younger and Drusus Minor. Drusus was named after his paternal uncle the general Drusus the Elder, who was Tiberius' younger brother. He was born and raised in Rome. Drusus was the first grandchild of the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and his first wife Caecilia Attica.

Despite his violent temper, Drusus showed promise in both military and politics. In AD 13, he was made a permanent member of the Senate committee Augustus had founded to draw up the Senate's daily business. However, because Drusus was only related to the Claudian side of the family, rather than both the Julians and Claudians, Augustus forced Tiberius to adopt Germanicus, who was married to Augustus's granddaughter, as his son and heir, removing Drusus from the succession. In 14, after the death of Augustus, Drusus suppressed a mutiny in Pannonia.^[1] In 15 he became a consul. He was also governor of Illyricum from 17 to 20. In 21 he was consul again, significantly with his father Tiberius as his colleague, while in 22 he received tribunicia potestas (tribunician power), a distinction reserved solely for the emperor or his immediate successor.

Grand Cameo of France showing possibly Livilla

Drusus married his paternal cousin Livilla in 4. Their daughter Julia was born shortly afterwards. They had twin sons Tiberius Gemellus and Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus II Gemellus in 19, the latter of whom died while still an infant in 23. In 19, Tiberius' adopted son Germanicus died making Drusus the new heir; Germanicus' wife Agrippina suspected Tiberius of having killed him to allow Drusus to become his heir, but this is unlikely.

It is possible that Livilla was already in a relationship with Sejanus, Tiberius' Praetorian Prefect, before the birth of the twins. Drusus, who was naturally irascible, had once in the course of an argument raised his fist and struck Sejanus in the face. By 23 it looked as if Drusus, who made no secret of his antipathy towards Sejanus, would succeed Tiberius as emperor. For reasons of self-survival, but also because he might have had designs on the supreme power, Sejanus needed to remove Drusus. Ancient sources (Tacitus, Suetonius, Cassius Dio) concur that with Livilla as his accomplice he poisoned her husband. If Drusus was indeed murdered, then it was done so skillfully that his death in 23 gave rise to no suspicion, perhaps in part to his reputation for heavy drinking. In 25 Sejanus asked for Livilla’s hand in marriage but Tiberius forbade it.

Sejanus fell 18 October 31. A few days later on 26 October Sejanus' former wife Apicata committed suicide, but not before addressing a letter to Tiberius claiming that Drusus had been poisoned, with the complicity of Livilla. Drusus’ cupbearer Lygdus and Livilla's physician Eudemus were now tortured, and seemed to confirm Apicata’s accusation. By the end of the year Livilla too had perished, supposedly forcibly starved to death by her own mother, Antonia.

Legacy and depiction in art

Drusus was an avid enthusiast of gladiator fights. In fact, we hear that the sharpest swords were named "Drusian" after him. Drusus is noted to have once come to blows with Sejanus in an argument. An earlier fight with a praetorian guard (possibly Sejanus as well) earned him the ironic nickname "Castor", after the patron god of the praetorians. He features under this name in the novel I, Claudius by Robert Graves, and in its BBC adaptation (in which he was played by Kevin McNally).

He was also portrayed in the 1968 TV series The Caesars by William Corderoy.

He is associated with the gourmand Apicius. Under Apicius' influence he disdained a certain vegetable of the cabbage family, earning a reprimand from Tiberius. Drusus is also recorded as using bitter almonds (five or six at a time) as a prophylactic against drunkenness.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Drusus Julius Caesar

8. Drusus Claudius Nero I                       4. Tiberius Claudius Nero                             9. Claudia                       2. Tiberius                                   10. Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus                       5. Livia Drusilla                             22. Marcus Aufidius Lurco               11. Aufidia                       1. Drusus Julius Caesar                                         12. Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa                       6. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa                             3. Vipsania Agrippina                                   28. Titus Pomponius               14. Titus Pomponius Atticus                       29. Caecilia Metella               7. Caecilia Attica                             30. Pilius               15. Caecilia Pilia                       31. Licinia Crassa

See also

• Roman Empire
• Tiberius

Notes

1. Tacitus, The Annals 1.30

External links

•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Drusus Caesar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.