India–European Union relations

European Union–India relations

European Union
India
Diplomatic Mission
Delegation of the European Union to India, New Delhi Indian Mission to the European Union, Brussels
Envoy
Ambassador Tomasz Kozlowsk Ambassador Manjeev Singh Puri
Indian PM Narendra Modi with the President of European Council Donald Tusk, and the President of European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, at the EU-India Summit, Brussels, 2016

The Republic of India maintains an ongoing dialogue with the supranational Institutions of the European Union which is separate from the bilateral relations with sovereign member States of the European Union.

In Asia the positive public perception of Europe is highest in India.[1]

India, the world's most populous democracy, has strategic partnerships with France, the United Kingdom and Germany.[2]

The foremost areas of programmed India-EU-28 cooperation are in the domains of education, cultural exchanges, joint-research in science & technologies, and law enforcement.

EU-India cooperation

Achievements

Administrative map of the Eurozone and European Union

India and the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) maintain an ongoing dialogue for the delivery of humanitarian relief supplies and assistance during natural disasters (floods, cyclones and earthquakes) and man-made crisis. ECHO has a long history of assistance as a donor of relief supplies & financing, project planning & coordination, and the in-field deployment of speciality skill-sets in South Asia.

Erasmus Mundus Action 2 project of the European Commission has organized a partnership between prominent universities in Europe and India.[3]

Jean Monnet Chair at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi was created to help increase the visibility of the European Union in India.

The inaugural EURAXESS Science slam in India was organized in partnership with the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune on 29 September 2013. The second edition was in partnership with Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai on 1 November 2014. The third edition was held on 30 October 2015 at the Alliance française in Bangalore. The 2016 edition will take place on 18 November 2016 in Hyderabad.[4]

The Asia Urbs programme, an initiative of the European Commission, has actively assisted INTACH in heritage conservation activities all over India including at Gingee Fort and Pondicherry.[5]

Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient in Pondicherry, which specializes in Indology research, has documented the archaeological heritage of South India with co-financing from the European Union.

Computer-aided taxonomic identification system of mangrove species of South-East India and Sri Lanka at French Institute of Pondicherry received assistance from the ASI@IT&C programme of the European Commission.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is contributing towards augmenting ESA Galileo satellite navigation system and GPS service in northern Europe by sharing data from the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). ISRO Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle has launched Miniaturized satellites of several European universities and opened payload capacity on Indian CubeSats to European scientific experiments. India relies on Arianespace[6] for the launch of I-3K-class satellites to geosynchronous transfer orbits.

Statue of Nataraja at CERN near building A40. Gifted by Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), India

Physicists from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) have participated in experiments at CERN since the 1970s. Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) provided superconducting dipole and quadrupole magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN Meyrin site. The world's largest magnet, weighing about 50,000 tons, is being designed at BARC and will be part of the CERN Iron Calorimetric (ICAL) detector for trapping atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in Earth's atmosphere.[7]

India is participating in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project by providing one-tenth of the components for gigantesque nuclear facility at Cadarache in France.[8] ITER-India, a specially empowered group within the Institute for Plasma Research is overseeing the in-kind commitments from India to ITER.[9]

Opportunities

The demographics and urban modernisation programmes of several Indian metropolitan areas has led to services and infrastructure requirements comparable to mid-sized European countries :

Metropolitan area Population (Mn) Comparable demographics
Delhi 42.0  Spain or  Poland
Mumbai 20.7 Scandinavian countries ( Denmark +  Sweden +  Norway)
Kolkata 14.6  Netherlands
Chennai 8.9  Sweden
Bengaluru 8.7  Austria
Hyderabad 7.7   Switzerland
Pune 7.5  Bulgaria
Ahmedabad 7.2 Baltic states ( Estonia +  Latvia +  Lithuania)
Projected economies of India and China compared to US between 2009-2050.

European multinational companies are global technology leaders in several niche high-value-creation domains within industry verticals like aviation & aerospace, civil nuclear power, rail transportation, waste management, military hardware, life-sciences & medicare, leisure & tourism, textiles & apparels, etc.

Several European universities have vibrant student-exchange and research partnerships with Indian educational institutions. European Commission support for joint research and heritage conservation projects have enjoyed widespread acclaim in India.

India ranks amongst the fastest growing healthcare, education, insurance, ICT, logistics, hospitality, transport and public infrastructure markets in the world.

India in Europe

Europe is an important destination for Indian students seeking to pursue under-graduate and post-graduate education overseas. United Kingdom is the prime destination for Indian students within the European Union.[10]

Ayurvedic traditional medicine and Yoga have been popular in Europe since its introduction into Europe in the mid-19th century.

Indian fine arts and culture is well received in Europe. India has regularly held cultural events in Europe : L'Année de l'Inde (France 1985), Bombaysers de Lille (France 2006), Europalia India (Belgium 2014), Namasté France (France 2016).[11][12][13][14]

Europe is popular with Indian tourists. Indian movies filmed in outdoor locations have popularized European [15] destinations : the Alps, French Riviera and cities like Paris, London, Lyon, Prague, Budapest, Dublin, Rome and Venice. Indian movies are regular entrants in film festivals in Europe. Bollywood is increasingly represented at the annual Cannes Film Festival. Picturesque European locations have hosted lavish weddings for Indian billionaires.[16][17][18]

Efforts by Indian multinational companies, operating in industrial engineering and ICT domains, to cover European markets via quality-price competition and by providing innovative goods & services substitutes has seen mixed results due to structural shortcomings and regulatory difficulties.[19][20][21][22]

Europe in India

Volvo public transport bus of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation.

Iconic brands from companies headquartered in the European Union and which enjoy universal recognition in India include Airbus, Alstom, Axa, BNP Paribas, Dassault, Bic, Michelin, Saint-Gobain, Sodexo, Hermès, Cartier, Louis Vuitton, L'Oréal, Chanel, Dior, Decathlon, Lacoste, Montblanc, Renault, Volvo, Philips, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Bosch, Marks & Spencer, HSBC, Standard Chartered, Nokia, Capgemini, Piaggio, Ferrari, Fiat and Gucci.[23]

Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Pune host a steadily growing base of European economic migrants who have created niche high-value-addition Small and medium-sized enterprises in engineering, biotechnology and ICT sectors as joint ventures with Indian partners. European start-up ventures in ICT technology increasingly use Indian back-offices and development centres during their kick-off phase to maximize seed money. Some European actors have focused their acting careers on Bollywood movies and by modelling in advertisements for the Indian market.[24] Examples of the more prominent European actress-models in Bollywood are Elli Avram, Suzanne Bernert, Claudia Ciesla, Hazel Crowney, Amy Jackson, Kalki Koechlin, Alice Patten.

Trade and investment

Airbus A320 passenger jet aircraft of flag carrier airline Air India

In 2015, the Indian economy grew at 7.5%. The performance of the Indian economy made it the fastest growing large economy on the planet (China registered 6.9% growth).[25]

IMF economic forecasts for India predict 7.3% GDP growth for India in 2015-16 and 7.5%in 2016-17.[26]

The European Union (EU28) is India's second largest trading bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade (Gulf Cooperation Council is the largest trading bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade[27]).

India was the European Unions' 9th largest trading partner in fiscal year 2014-2015.[28][29]

Whilst EU-India trade has continued to progress in absolute terms for the past several decades (aided in part through the inclusion of trade data of new member States in successive waves of Enlargement of the European Union), the past couple of years have shown a decrease in trade: bilateral trade declined to €76 billion in 2012 and further still to around €73 billion in 2013.

EU-India trade in goods grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 (EU15 with 15 member States) to €77.6 billion in 2015 (EU28).[30]

2014-15 EU28-India trade data for goods demonstrate that about 16.9% of all Indian exports went into the EU and about 11% of all Indian imports were from the EU.[30]

Annual EU-India trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2 billion in 2002 (EU15) to €17.9 billion in 2010 (EU27)[31] before dipping to 14.0 billion in 2015 (EU28).[32]

The European Union's commercial presence in India has been dropping at an alarming rate: market-share in India for goods and services from the European Union has fallen by more than 50% over the past decade. EU-India trade in goods as a percentage of India's total trade has continuously declined going from 26.5% in 1996-97 (EU15) to 13.9% in 2011-12, 13.2% in 2013-14 (EU27) before a slight upturn to 13.3% in 2014-15 (EU28).[33]

France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.[28] Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Spain and Poland are the other more prominent European Union countries who trade with India.[34]

Fiscal incentives in offshore financial centres and low-tax jurisdictions favour the British Crown dependencies, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Ireland as tax-optimizing routes for channelling equity and capital investments into India. Widespread use of favourable double-taxation bilateral treaties and Special purpose entity structures (Structured investment vehicle held Off-balance-sheet) substantially distorts statistical data on business relations between India and individual member States of the EU28.

EuroStat data shows that European FDI to India grew from €1.56 billion in 2004 to a peak of €13.83 billion in 2011 before dropping sharply to €5.48 billion in 2012 [35] and €4.3 billion in 2013.[36] (Note: As a measure of comparison, Remittances to India by the Indian diaspora worldwide was US$72bn for the 2014-2015 fiscal period and US$71bn for 2013-14).[37][38][39]

Indian investments into the EU28 were €1.1 billion in 2014-15 and EU28 investments into India was €5.3billion in 2014-15.[40]

Corus integrated steel mill at Velsen-IJmuiden, Netherlands. Acquired in 2007 by Tata Steel

Jaguar Land Rover, the iconic British multinational car manufacturer was purchased in 2008 by the Indian conglomerate Tata Group[41][42][43] who is the largest private-sector industrial employer in the United Kingdom.[44] Several Indian-owned companies have value-creating operations and manufacturing facilities within the European Union : BeNeLux (Crompton Greaves, Binani Industries, Tata Consultancy Services, Jet Airways, Dishman Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals), Poland (Videocon & Zensar Technologies), France (Bharat Forge), Czech Republic (Infosys), United Kingdom (Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Tata Motors), Sweden (Tech Mahindra), Germany (Biocon), Italy (Mahindra & Mahindra), Romania (Wipro).[45]

Paradigm of emerging markets and global geopolitical reconfiguration

The importance of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in redefining what are the poverty drivers for India. A. K. Shiva Kumar development economist.

India views the ongoing global power shift [46] from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean as an opportunity to lift millions of persons out of extreme poverty and a March to Modernity.[47] Indians, observing the Chinese geopolitical ascension,[48] have concluded their country can only be taken seriously in 21st.century world affairs if it can speak from a position of economic strength. Investors and companies have been encouraged to tap the aspirations of the 1.2 billion strong[49] Indian market for goods & services and profit from Indian Ocean trade through the Make in India initiative launched by the Government of India.[50][51] The challenge facing India is to successfully leverage the country's youth dividend[49][52][53][54][55][56] towards achieving the Indian Century [57][58][59] and to avoid hubris that India's economic growth is inevitable.[60][61][62][63]

The global contribution to world's GDP by major economies.[64] Before the 18th century, China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output.
Gross Domestic Produce (GDP) based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) valuation of top 10 countries and trade blocks (Source: IMF 2016)

India, just as other Indo-Pacific regional powers (Japan, Vietnam & Indonesia), are no longer content with peripheral influence in global discussions.[65][66] Several countries in the Indo-Pacific region seek a radical reordering of the post-WWII global hierarchy of power.[67][68] Minor powers have grown enough in self-confidence to form new partnerships in order to further national interests and political goals.[69] The consensual view in Asia is that America will continue to remain relevant in world affairs for the foreseeable future, but already no longer enjoys uncontested supremacy.[70][71][72][73][74][75] Reflecting upon the extent to which the stakes have risen in the power politics at the global high table, US President Barack Obama implored Americans to "win the future by out-innovating, out-educating and out-building the rest of the world".[76] Relentless efforts by American think-tanks and government officials to reassure alliance partners about American primacy in global affairs flies in the face of a steady stream of setbacks and challenges from Central Europe right through to the Indo-Pacific region (EU nations joining the AIIB, Russian annexation of Crimea, dismemberment of Ukraine, redrawing of colonial borders by loosely affiliated non-State entities,[77] clandestine WMD (nuclear weapons & ballistic missiles) developed by Israel & North Korea, stalled Israeli–Palestinian peace process, forceful assertion on maritime claims by China).[78][79][80]

The rising political significance of Latino-Hispanic American, African American and Asian American electorates[81][82] has changed the traditional dynamics of electoral politics in the USA. The US political spectrum has mutated out of its Eurocentric mould and become truly global: influential Asian, African and Hispanic voices have been nominated to senior government and corporate offices; resulting in a reordering of ideas, priorities and strategies.[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

The European Union - still reeling from the combined effects of the global economic slowdown, European sovereign debt crisis, a re-assertive Russia,[91] European migration crisis and several high-profile corporate scandals - appears rudderless in trying to find solutions to reverse the surge of Euroscepticism, anti-establishment and anti-globalization movements.[92][93][94][95][96] Uncertainties in Brussels over the future state of the European Union are directly reflected in EU-India relations. India's publicly stated positions on security cooperation with the USA, Russia, Vietnam & Japan, and trade prioritization efforts aimed at ASEAN, Japan and the USA have clearly been at the expense of the European Union. In October 2015, Hans Kundnani a senior fellow of the German Marshall Fund (GMF) observed that Europeans were increasingly "out of sync" with India.[97] Washington's pivot to Asia has exposed intrinsic weaknesses in the Europe Union's foreign (CFSP) and defence (CDSP) policies. US-India strategic entente has moved India closer to the transatlantic perspective of the European Union coming out of Washington.[98][99] The European Union leadership at Brussels, far from fostering an atmosphere of trust and cooperation, has succumbed to political interference from bilateral relations and allowed lobbyists to drive the EU-India dialogue into irrelevance.[100] In Asia, the effectiveness of Europe's discourse and self-portrayal as a global political norm-setter in doubtful.[101][102][103][104][105] Acceptance of the European Union as a normative power in a multi-polar world is challenged by emerging powers.[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116] Apart from trade, developmental aid, maritime escort duties against pirates and symbolic military exercises; European countries have little else to show in the Indo-Pacific region due to budgetary and geopolitical constraints. Niche high quality-price exports from Europe are steadily being squeezed out of traditional market segments. In India, product substitution of manufactured goods from domestic and regional suppliers, has seen the European Union's market-share drop by more than 50% over the past decade.[117]

For the 2012-2013 (April–July) period, India's top 10 trading partners according to data published by the Indian Ministry of Commerce:[118][119]

Rank Country Total Trade bn US$ Trade Share %
1  China 49.5 8.7
2  United States 46.0 8.1
3  United Arab Emirates (UAE) 45.4 8.0
4  Saudi Arabia 36.3 6.4
5   Switzerland 16.7 2.9
6  Iraq 15.5 2.7
7  Singapore 15.4 2.7
8  Indonesia 14.8 2.6
9  Germany 14.7 2.6
10  Hong Kong 14.6 2.6

On 7 October 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President François Hollande made a rare joint address at the European Parliament to recognise the seriousness of the ongoing socio-political turmoil within Europe and warned that the European Union was on the verge of breakdown. Francois Hollande cautioned European member-states to show solidarity in jointly solving common problems both within Europe and in its immediate neighbourhood, failing which "end of Europe" and "total war" could become inevitable.[120][121][122][123] It had been 26 years since the leaders of France and Germany jointly addressed the European Parliament: Francois Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl made a joint appeal for solidarity towards East Germans just weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[124][125]

Controversial actions on migrants, sovereign debt and diesel engine exhaust gas control [126] by German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble and Volkswagen respectively have boomeranged out of control and severely compromised Germany's arduous 70-year long image makeover.[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] Europe-wide acceptance of Germany's leadership role of the European Union hangs in the balance after widespread dismay at the rigid political stance adopted by the German government and perceptions that the harsh conditions which Germany sought to impose upon Greece during the Greek sovereign debt crisis were overbearingly punitive.[137][138][139][140][141] Portrayal of Germany as a normative model of honesty, efficiency and ethics (incessantly repeated by German officials, mass media and private citizens during the Greek sovereign debt crisis)[142] came undone following revelations of fraud at a global level on an industrial scale by Volkswagen.[143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150] Time Magazine termed the actions of Volkswagen as "superbly engineered deception, with 11 million VW diesel cars fitted with special software that enabled them to cheat on emissions tests.(...) German industry was supposed to be above this sort of thing–or at least too smart to get caught."[151] A reality-check of the geopolitical power of individual members of the G4 nations at the 2015 UN General Assembly and practical aspects of Asian geopolitical compulsions have influenced India's choice to refocus on strategic bilateral engagements with France and UK who are UNSC P5 member States. The inevitability of a security reordering in Eurasia, impending transformation of the political landscape within the European Union due to the unchecked rise of Euroscepticism, fast deteriorating security situation on the Eastern and Southern periphery of the European Union, assertive manoeuvring by Russia & China in their traditional areas of influence, eventuality of alliances to counterbalance and prevent German dominance of Western Europe, and the improbability of Germany acceding to the UNSC have already been factored in by Indian strategic planners.[152][153][154][155][156]

Map of overland route from India to Britain. (Source: "A journey from Merut in India, to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, and France, during the years 1819 and 1820", Thomas Lumsden 1822.)
Geopolitical map of the Eurasian region

Perpetuation of State borders in the Eurasian continent - which contain several hotly contested demarcation lines which date back from the European Colonial period in Asia: (Nine-dotted line, Sykes–Picot Agreement,[157][158] Durand Line, McMahon Line, Radcliffe Line); appear increasingly elastic [159][160][161] in the face of geopolitical, socio-economic and technological transformations.[158][162][163][164][165][166][167] Colour revolutions and the Arab Spring have destabilized the Caucasus and Western Asia respectively setting-off unintended repercussions right across the Eurasian continent: revival of historic rivalries between Turkey (Ottoman Empire) & Iran (Persia),[168][169][170] emergence of the Daesh[171] and a proxy war involving regional and global powers.[172][173][174][175][176][177][178][178] India has been reluctant to get involved in the Middle-Eastern turmoil due to ethnic Persianate roots and historic cultural influence of India's 172 million Muslim population (14.2% of the country's population according to the 2011 census).[179][180][181] The Government of India has prohibited Indian nationals from traveling to Syria & Iraq and issued directives allowing police to detain persons suspected of having served as mercenaries.[182][183]

Dr.Manmohan Singh, India's former Prime Minister, observed that the concurrent geopolitical re-emergence of China and India has initiated a period of "cooperation and competition" in the Indo-Pacific region: "it is an era of transition and consolidation. Inclusive economic growth remains the bedrock of our country's future. Infrastructure, education, development of skills, universal access to healthcare must be at the core of our national policies. Being a strong and diversified economy will provide the basis for India playing a more important global role. Hence the primary focus of India's foreign policy has to remain in the realm of economic diplomacy,". Commenting on the ongoing turmoils in Ukraine, West Asia and North Africa, Dr. Singh observed: "Competing and conflicting interests among Western and regional powers have led these countries to support rebel groups in countries like Iraq and Syria. These rebel groups have joined hands with extremist Jihadist groups to create the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Chaos and civil war have been the bitter harvest of the flawed policies of regime change in Arab countries, leading to unprecedented violence and human suffering, forcing Arab and Afghan refugees to flee in hundreds of thousands to Europe. The impact of these developments on a weak European economy will only add to the doubts about sustained economic recovery in the EU,".[184]

The primacy of Western-led post-World War II supranational institutions and Bretton Woods system in shaping the outcomes of Asian affairs is no longer a given.[185] Asian countries having not forgotten their colonial past and bitter lessons learnt from the 1997 Asian financial crisis, are unwilling to negotiate with external powers on matters affecting state sovereignty. The BRICS are committed to building a multipolar world order and have agreed to coordination on core interests of individual members.[186][187][188][189][190][191] Western sanctions against Russia prompted China to conclude a $400 billion energy accord,[192] effectively neutralizing efforts to drain Russian finances.[193][194][195][196] BRICS are wooing investors with the allure of best potential for economic growth.[197] Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), North–South Transport Corridor, Asian Highway Network, New Eurasian Land Bridge and Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) has received increased attention at Track-2 initiatives of the RIC (Russia, India & China) countries.[198][199]

Muscle flexing by China on the Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control (LAC)[200] against the backdrop of prominent displays of military might (live test of an ASAT weapon in 2007 by China in response to a 1985 satellite-kill by the USA) and challenges (the Hainan Island incident where the President of the USA was forced to apologise to China to ensure the safe return of the crew of a US Navy intelligence gathering aircraft which was intercepted by PLAN fighter planes) has rekindled an arms race across the Indo-Pacific region.[201]

India has staked a claim to playing a central role in the Asian Century [202][203][204][205] by embarking upon a programme to modernise and diversify assets of the Strategic Forces Command, raise the profile of the Andamans and Nicobar Command (ANC), build strategic petroleum reserves, and renew civilizational ties with regional countries. India has prioritized the strengthening of strategic partnerships - with Russia, Vietnam, Japan, Singapore, Oman & Iran - in order to offset and forestall an irrecoverable shift in strategic balance of power in Asia emanating from a resurgent China seeking to advance its One Belt, One Road initiative.[206][207][208] Agreements to install ocean surveillance capabilities in Madagascar, Fiji, Seychelles (Assumption Island),[209] Mauritius (Agaléga) & Maldives seeks to shelter India's strategic interests and diaspora.[210][211][212][213][214] India's national security planners have sought to consolidate India's presence and extend influence in countries which are key to China's One Road, One Belt with special focus on Oman, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Vietnam. India has increased security dialogues and military exercises with Vietnam, Japan, Australia and USA while concurrently undertaking confidence building measures with China with the aim of maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.[215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222]

The tendency of Indians to get either enraged or swooned by lofty rhetoric when it comes to China prompted Kishore Mahbubani, dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, to advise unwavering attention to the improvement of societal aspirations and caution against over-reach : "it is in India's interest to bide its time, remain calm, not get distracted by geopolitics and instead focus on core strengths. India has the advantage, even on China, because of a young population. Put aside the border for now, engage China, take advantage of their competencies".[223] Speaking out against a distorted portrayal of China in the Western media, Chandran Nair of South China Morning Post deplored journalism which betrayed deep-rooted ideological biases.[224] His view are echoed by Singapore's Foreign Minister K. Shanmugam, who during the 2014 Hong Kong protests said: "There has been much anti-China bias in Western media's reporting".[225]

Jaguar Cars on display at 2012 Delhi Auto Expo. Jaguar Cars was acquired by Indian conglomerate Tata Motors to rapidly enter the global mid-size luxury/executive car market.

The scale and speed of economic development in the Indo-Pacific region,[226][227] in both absolute and relative terms,[228] has profoundly shaken public self-confidence in Western countries[229][230][231] and stunned observers.[232][233] In 2014, Asia-Pacific (+29%) accumulated wealth faster than Europe (+6.6%) and North America (+5.6%). However, America leads in absolute numbers with $370,000 (including life and pension assets) per household and Europe follows with $220,000.[234] US sub-prime credit default related to student debt and auto loans stands unresolved and has been flagged as a significant bubble risk.[235][236]

The merging of an "economic Asia" - wherein corporations are easily wooed with the pan-Asian win-win logic of cooperation and integration - and a "security Asia" structured upon delicately balanced zero-sum reasoning of competition and disintegration; has presented unique scenario for the future according to Evan Feigenbaum and Robert Manningan: "economic Asia" could become "an engine of global growth", while "security Asia" could, in the worst-case scenario, lead to great power war.[237] Recent developments indicate that while India and China are increasingly competing on geopolitical matters, the two countries are simultaneously willing to bridge differences and cooperate on trade.[238][239][240][241]

North–South Transport Corridor (NSTC) showing terrestrial and maritime trade routes
Historic terrestrial and maritime trade routes of Asia

China-India driven economic growth, fresh opportunities to develop new geographical zones due to improved Sino-Indian relations,[242] observed collateral consequences on local populations & economies caused by recent US-led military interventions in Iraq & Afghanistan, conspicuous absence of the US President at the APEC Indonesia 2013 summit due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013,[243][244][245] budgetary constraints of the US military,[246] improvements in anti-access area denial (A2/AD) capabilities by littoral States to counter maritime power projection assets,[247] limitations in the US air-sea battle doctrine,[248] risks of conflict escalation,[249] historic intra-regional rivalries,[250][251][252][253][254] the fact that post-WWII American interventions in major conflicts in Asia have not been victorious (stalemate in the Korean peninsula, Vietnam debacle, ineffectual US-led COIN operations in Afghanistan) and the unconvincing US pivot to Asia, dissolved the appetite amongst Asian countries to support a US-led China containment policy.[255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262] US economic, political and military dominance is in relative decline compared to emerging powers.[263][264][265] Asian countries increasingly view the US primarily as a market for manufactured goods and as a highly capable provider of security infrastructure.[266][267][268]

Geopolitical map of the Heartland theory from Halford Mackinder's 1904 The Geographical Pivot of History

Geopolitical re-balancing by regional powers has allowed several Asian microstates and LDCs to extract significant economic advantages and concessions while staying on the sidelines of regional power-play.[269][270][271][272][273][274] Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, had a word of caution regarding strategic hedging in the regional power-play and pointed to Singapore's proximity to India and China: "Singapore knows it's place in the world".[275]

Asia's emerging economies have enthusiastically embraced clever, innovative, frugal and shrewd market-access strategies to face-up to global competition.[276] The 2015-2016 Indian budget foresees co-development of manufacturing hubs in Southeast Asian countries.[277] In March 2015, foreign minister Sushma Swaraj announced that India's 2015 target for trade with ASEAN is $100 billion and both sides are aiming to double it to $200 billion by 2022.[278] India has accelerated initiatives to resolve insurgency in Northeast India[279] to promote economic development within the Seven Sister States.[280][281]

The improvement and optimization of inter-Asian trade through future mega infrastructure projects, like the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor and Thai Kra Isthmus Canal,[282] are increasing seen as viable and vital to the continuation of economic integration of regional markets.[283][284][285][286][287][288] In May 2014,[289] India announced prioritization of Asian Highway Network regional cross-border connectivity programmes like the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project with Myanmar and the Trilateral India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway to Thailand.[290][291][292] Bangladesh and Myanmar, both fast emerging as nodal road and rail connectivity transit routes, have received special attention in India's foreign and trade development policies.[293]

Heads of State and Government from BRICS nations join hands to express cooperation and solidarity ahead of the 2016.

Inadequate representation in global security and governance architectures and the tendency of the G7 to pre-emptively set the agenda for the G20[294][295][296][297][298] has led India to complement traditional international forums such as the United Nations Security Council, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) with special interest groupings such as BRIC/BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), East Asia Summit (EAS), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Indian-Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation (BCIM), Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).[299][300]

India aspires to an incontournable role in the Asian pivot to Asia.[301][302][303] Between 2004 and 2014 Western think-tanks, especially in the US and UK, failed to pick-up on tell-tale signs of impending transformations to the Indian political scene : swings in electoral voting patterns in rural areas (60% of India's 1.2billion population live outside urban population centres), large-scale nationwide citizen-led protests around specific societal agendas (anti-corruption, right to information), and rapid changes in priorities of the growing middle-class electorate. The association of improvements in basic education, vibrant & unrestricted mass media journalism, penchant for political debate in Indian society,[304] and the huge increase in Indians working and studying abroad has changed how Indians perceive themselves in the global arena in general and Asia in particular. Proximity to Dubai and Singapore - both immensely popular business and tourism destinations besides hosting huge Indian diaspora - has influenced the imagination of Indians in terms of possibilities for wealth creation through trade & infrastructure development.

Academics have raised concerns about the relaxed institutional attitude in the West to rapid metamorphosis in Asia.[305][306][307] In 2010, John Doggett of McCombs School of Business, University of Texas issued a wake-up call: "China and India are beating us at our own game".[308][309] Highlighting the "inability to keep pace with the transformations" in Asia by Western countries, Michael Kugelman - South and Southeast Asia expert at the Woodrow Wilson International Center - advocated a change in mind-set and the necessity for Western countries to make their presence felt in India.[310][311][312] Explaining the need for a review of available expertise on India centric matters, Jakob De Roover of University of Ghent in Belgium opined: "India and the West could together look for solutions to the problems that we share. Instead, Western commentators reproduce old colonial stories about India as an immoral culture. This gives them a twisted relationship to the Indian people. On the one hand, they keep turning towards the same class of Indian journalists, activists, and intellectuals for ‘local knowledge’. But these native informants merely talk the talk of the West to the West."[313] Western think-tanks have morphed into place-holders for politicians and bureaucrats employing armies of lobbyists instead of analysts who are researchers or academics.[314]

Asian regional powers are unwilling to forfeit any notion of an independent foreign policy and thereby become a tool in the global exercise of power.[315][316] Speaking at the 2015 Shangri-La Dialogue, the Indian Minister of State for Defence Rao Inderjit Singh postulated that Asian countries will increasingly attend to their national security and internal markets through structured dialogue within Asian multilateral structures like ASEAN and SCO rather than be over-reliant on formal alliances with external powers.[317]

American capacity to shape global outcomes (Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Ukraine) has been ineffectual. Recent US rebalancing and alliance-building activities in the Indo-Pacific region have demonstrated that Asian states are unwilling to settle for a Western-dominated global order and blindly acquiesce to an American-led construct of geopolitical frameworks, rules-based trade and mobility mechanisms which do not adequately address the interests of Asian countries.[318][319][320] Singapore's Minister for Defence, Dr Ng Eng Hen observed: "By virtue of its economic and military heft, China's leadership role in international affairs is a given. We cannot pretend that China is just like any other major economy. By its actions or lack thereof, China de facto sets norms and even rules for the global system."[321] Stressing the importance of encouraging the acceptance or continuation of universal principles Dr.Ng emphasised: "And it is in everyone's interest to maintain a balance of powers, so that dominant powers would take into account the interests of small and large states.[322]

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015.

The rise of authoritarian capitalism has dealt a blow to assumptions that political systems, in the post-Cold War era, will converge as liberal democracies and be shaped along Western values.[323][324][325][326][327] The majority of Asian states have had autocratic leaders who curtailed civil liberties and imposed restrictions on democratic institutions within their countries. Asian populations have accommodated authoritarian leaders (Examples: Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia & Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore),[328] showing preference for stable socio-economic development, progressive reduction of wealth-gap and continuation of nuclear family structures over principled stands on human-rights and democracy promotion.[329][330][331][332][333][334][335] Philosophical and religious beliefs play an important role in the acceptance by Asian populations of slow-paced economic growth spanning over several generations at a time when the lives of their Western contemporaries are driven by quarterly financial results and speculative financial markets.[336][337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350][351]

Social engineering of Asian societies along western values of liberalism and individualism has seen mixed results across Asia.[352][353][354][355][356] In Asia, many aspects of the 'American way of life' and the 'European social model' have been adopted as economic benchmarks concurrent to demands for stricter statutory controls on indecent exposure, public nudity, pornography, etc.[357][358][359][360][361] "A permanent feature of American opinion and action in foreign policy is the wish, the hope, that other nations might turn from the 'error of their ways' and become democracies," says historian Jacques Barzun and spelt out limitations to democracy promotion: "it cannot be fashioned out of whatever people happen to be around in a given region; it cannot be promoted from outside by strangers; and it may still be impossible when attempted from inside by determined natives." Former US deputy Secretary of State William J. Burns, who heads the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace opined: "Our own preachiness and lecturing tendencies sometimes get in the way, but there is a core to more open democratic systems that has an enduring appeal," (...) "respect for law and pluralism creates more flexible societies, because otherwise it's hard to hold together multi-ethnic, multi-religious societies."[362] India's former finance minister Palaniappan Chidambaram identified the fundamental error in US foreign policy: "Believing that there is a U.S.-imposed solution to every problem."[363]

The non-Western rational of Asian diplomacy in the post-Colonial era appears to balance nationalist aspirations, developmental opportunities, shared cultural roots and historical legacies.[364][365] Asia's future is powerfully shaped by "History and nationalism, not ideology," according to Nayan Chanda.[366][367][368]

Paucity of senior-most bureaucrats from India, China and Russia within Western think-tanks has left Western nations struggling to identify the ever-evolving dynamics of decision-making and fully comprehend Asian perspectives on geopolitical issues; determinants which are fundamental to assessing key trends and anticipating policy shifts. The Government of India through its Official Secrets Act places strict constrains on practitioners of foreign policy and proscribes unauthorised biographies and unvetted publications by serving and retired senior civil servants and defence personnel. The United States diplomatic cables leak damaged careers and reputations and has instilled a sense of reticence within the political and diplomatic establishment to express divergent ideas and opinions or share privileged information.

The appointment in January 2015 of former Indian Ambassador to the US, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, as Foreign Secretary [369][370][371] seeks to reassure Western countries about Indian strategic intentions in Asia.[372][373][374] Subrahmanyam Jaishankar is the father of Dhruva Jaishankar - a German Marshall Fund (GMF) Transtlantic Fellow in Washington.[375]

Bilateral ties with European sovereign nation-states

Policy determinants and comparative assessment criteria

Two World Wars (WW1 & WW2) followed by the United Nations-mandated decolonization process dramatically reduced the sphere of influence of European colonial powers in the Asia-Pacific region. The Cold War fixated the attention of Europeans to the North Atlantic region, with occasional forays into sub-Saharan Africa undertaken essentially to maintain control over former colonies and protect commercial rights over raw-materials.

The turn of the century stock-market collapse (2000 Dot-com bubble) and military engagements (2001 Afghan expedition & 2003 Iraq invasion)[376][377] initiated a downward trend for the European Union's socio-political project. The 2008 Russo-Georgian War and the 2009 European sovereign debt crisis, following the 2007 US sub-prime mortgage market meltdown, derailed the academically theorized narrative about European identity, regional stability, political unity, inclusive growth and shared development.[378][379][380]

A succession of controversial political appointments to the highest offices of the Institutions of the European Union - who have failed to garner favourable public opinion for their vision of the European project and demonstrate leadership required to steer the European project - has resulted in successful electoral challenges to prevent any further devolution of sovereignty from the national parliaments to the Institutions of the European Union in Brussels. European electorates have become deeply suspicious of the democratic deficit, corporate lobbying activities and opacity of political arrangements brokered in Brussels.[381][382][383][384][385][386][387][388][389][390][391][392][393][394][395] The transition from authoritarian rule to libertarian democracy has not been fully completed by Eastern European countries and is affecting the elimination of corruption & nepotism, religious & ethnic tolerance, humanitarian solidarity, respect of human rights, etc.[396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405][406][407][408][409][410][411][412][413]

The 2013 Ukrainian crisis and the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation unsettled the Baltic states and revived Cold War-era fears in former Warsaw Pact countries. Any political solution to the European refugee crisis needs accommodation by Russia and the normalisation of relations between Brussels and Moscow.[414] European public-opinion is against the engagement of armed-forces in combat operations in external conflict zones [415] and against military involvement to aid any other NATO member state who is under attack.[416][417]

A disorderly Brexit by the UK from the European Union could have consequences far beyond the European Union.[418]

Referring to ongoing global geopolitical rebalancing and how China and India perceive the European Union, André Sapir opined that the European Union leadership needed to understand its place in the world: "Brussels is not Washington".[419]

"The EU is not and never will be a superpower" because the EU lacks "the substance of superpowers" due to shortcomings in the EU foreign & military policy according to David Miliband, the former UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, who explained the requirements: "reach [and] possess the capacity to arrive quickly anywhere with troops that can impose their government's will".[420] Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd opined: "In geopolitical terms Europe is now irrelevant".[421][422][423][424]

With less than a 1000 career diplomats, staffing is the weak spot of Indian diplomacy. In a fast-changing geopolitical context, India's bilateral relations with influential EU countries (where clear and fast political leadership can be expected) are prioritized over multilateral EU-28 discussions (which besides being lengthy, quite often end in unsatisfying compromises).

Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents (except Antarctica) from 1950 to 2100. The lower and upper boundaries of the shaded regions correspond to low and high variants (lower and upper bounds) of the projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

The future demographics of Europe is most favourable to France where the fertility rate is closest to the replacement level.[425] The econometrics of an aging Europe point to serious socio-economic issues for Germany,[426][427] Italy, Spain and Poland in the years ahead.[428] Initiatives to offset population shrinkage through selective immigration schemes has faced hostile public and political sentiment.[429] Northern and Eastern European countries resist immigration and have adopted onerous residency permit requirements to dissuade migrants.[430][431][432][433][434][435][436] Protection of ethnic composition of communities and cultural identity have entered the political discourse.[437][438][439][440][441]

India is faced with huge challenges to manage its vast population reserve and correctly transition from the burden of overpopulation to empowering Indians to drive domestic growth.[442] [443][444][445] The process of technology transition & human capital capacity-building initiated in India during the 1960s started bearing its fruits in the mid-1990 and dove-tailed neatly with the adoption of economic reforms rendered inevitable after the end of the Cold War. Reduced venture capital facilities forced educated entrepreneurs to leverage intra-familial/neighbourhood angel investors to create technology start-ups right from the beginning of the digital Revolution, many of which have matured into niche/sectoral leaders (Biocon, Reddy Labs, Sun-Ranbaxy, Dishman, Wipro, Infosys, Larsen & Toubro, Welspun, Suzlon, Vedanta, Reliance). Prudent opening-up of the Indian economy has allowed long established domestic business conglomerates (Tata, Mahindra, Birla, Bajaj, Kirloskar, Godrej, TVS, Essar) to select optimums in production–possibilities in preparation for competition in the domestic markets from global heavy-weights. Corporate India is increasingly using the public-private partnership model to cater to India's vast public infrastructure requirements.

Cultural affinity for education - with emphasis on sciences & the arts - within the increasingly affluent Indian middle-class and the vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem have enabled sustainable improvements on socioeconomic indicators. Local companies continually leverage India's vast demographic reserve through apprenticeship-based employment and thereby contribute to the expansion of the skilled workforce.

Trend analysis of key economic indices and benchmarks (Purchasing power parity, Gross national income, Gross domestic product, Debt-to-GDP ratio, Foreign-exchange reserves, Balance of payments, Balance of trade, Inflation, Knowledge Economic Index, International Innovation Index) correlates to the shrinking knowledge, technology and digital divide which separates heavily populated emerging countries from advanced economies. Globalisation has demonstrated the dangers of Chinese-style copycatting, exposed the limits of quick-fix jugaad and highlighted the need for indigenous path-breaking innovations.[446] Emerging economies are multiplying innovation launch-pads through the development of specialized centres of excellence for knowledge addition.[447][448]

India has already bridged critical technologies, made advances in frontier technologies, built-up strategic assets and achieved the critical mass of skilled human capital necessary for its knowledge economy and information society drive domestic growth.

EU Group of Six

France and Germany, colloquially referred to as the 'Franco-German couple', are the principal driving force behind the European project.[449] France, Germany, UK & Italy form the EU-4 with each controlling a 8.4% share of votes within the Council of the European Union. The EU-4 with the addition of Spain and Poland who have 7.8% share of votes form the EU-G6.[450] On 23 June 2016 electorate in the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. UK Prime Minister Theresa May has committed to triggering Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty by end of March 2017 and completing the Brexit process to leave the EU within a 2-year time-frame.[451]

The United Kingdom and France, both veto wielding permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC) and nuclear-weapon States (NWS) as permitted under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), are the only two European Union countries with built-up capacity to influence global security issues.[452] External relations of the European Union on geopolitical matters are subject to foreign policies adopted in [453] London and Paris. The United Kingdom and France are established global geopolitical powers and recognized as such in Asia.

Germany, which has the largest economy in Europe, is the biggest contributor to the budget of the European Union thereby allowing Berlin an important say in the day-to-day working of the Institutions of the European Union. The rapidly ageing German socio-economic fabric is overdependent on export-driven growth[454][455][456] whose life-lines are directly linked to the increasingly contested European project. Assertion of German leadership within the European Union faces stiff opposition to Germany's vision for the European Union in southern and eastern European countries,[457][458] an ominous unease about a dominant Germany,[459] memories of Germany's Nazi-era legacy which remain unforgotten, and currently shifting global power-centres. Restrictions imposed through the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany effectively subordinates Germany to the Four Powers (USA, UK, France & Russia). General consensus within the United Nations that Europe is already over-represented within the UN Security Council is a critical obstacle for Germany's bid to become a permanent member of the UNSC.[460][461][462][463][464][465][466][467][468][469] In Asia, Germany is viewed as an established Europe-centric geoeconomic power.[470] Germany is a geopolitically insignificant entity in Asian power politics.

NHIndustries NH90 Caïman of the Marine nationale engaged in cross-deck operations from the Indian aircraft carrier INS Viraat during Indo-French joint naval exercises VARUNA 2015
Undivided India. Pre-independence map of 1922 British India by J. G. Bartholomew published in the Imperial Gazetteer of India (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England).
Map of the European Union in the world (with overseas countries and territories (OCT) and outermost regions (OMR)).
INS Shakti (A57) Deepak-class fleet tanker of the Indian Navy was built in Italy by Fincantieri

Future Perspectives

Foreign relations of India. Dark blue Countries which have key strategic, military and economic relations with India; Blue Countries which have key strategic and economic relations with India; Light Blue Countries which have favourable relations with India; Red Countries which have ongoing border/territorial disputes and/or have fought wars
Dark orange: The Indian subcontinent. Light orange: Other countries culturally linked to India, notably Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Champa (Southern Vietnam), Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore. Yellow: Regions with significant Indian cultural influence, notably Afghanistan, Tibet, China's Yunnan Province and the Philippines.

On 23 February 2015, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) published a paper [562] summarizing the current status of engagement with the European Union, listing India's national priorities, stating its core interests and outlining the direction and contours for the future EU-India relationship:

Speaking at the 2015 Shangri-La Dialogue, the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs Gen.(Rtd)V. K. Singh, opined : "It's been an interesting year for the MEA. The increased emphasis on our immediate neighbourhood was long overdue. Most importantly, I think the one message that has gone out to our own people is that Indian lives, wherever they may be, are of paramount importance. I also like to believe our missions and embassies across the globe are far more accessible to our own people than they were before. We live in a changing world where the challenges are endless. MEA is the face of this new India for the rest of the world. We have excellent people fully committed to looking after our interests in every corner of the world. The message to all Indians should be loud and clear – we are always there to look after their interests. The foreign policy has been tweaked to further the interests of India."[563]

Indian citizens being registered for evacuation from Yemen on board an Indian Navy warship during 2015 Operation Raahat

Acknowledging the changing security paradigm in Asia, the Indian Minister of State for Defence Rao Inderjit Singh, underscored the importance of national preparedness to efficiently accommodate challenges generated in the management of the global commons: "New concepts like food security, energy security, water security, information security and security of navigation have emerged in strategic discourse. We have also come to look upon natural disasters and mass epidemics as security threats, as they can often disrupt our lives and societies much more dramatically than even military threats. These new and holistic conceptions of security have led to new forms of security cooperation between nations. Earlier, countries used to secure themselves from traditional military threats by adopting forms of neutrality or by aligning themselves in mutual defence arrangements with other countries. In our age, we have evolved a new form of security cooperation, one that is based on regular, structured dialogue between different nations rather than on formal alliances."[564]

Delivering a lecture on "State Security, State Craft and Conflict of Values", National Security Adviser Ajit Doval declared: "Power is not as good as you have it, but as good as you can exercise it."[565][566][567]

Signalling that global alignment in a multi-polar world had replaced India's traditional Cold War-era foreign policy of non-alignment, Minister of State for Coal, New and Renewable Energy, Piyush Goyal stated: "The shift from 'non-alignment' to 'global alignment' was based on long-term vision and helped India gain greater acceptability in the world," and went on to clarify that India could not afford to remain isolated as a balancing power in a globalized world wherein the country was fast emerging as a leading power.[568]

In a thinly veiled warning to anti-national elements, Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting Col.(Rtd)Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore put them on notice: "India's enemies should not rest in peace. Govt will do whatever it takes to neutralise nation's enemies"[569][570]

EU28-India institutional relationship

The European Union, after the Lisbon Treaty entered into force, can be characterized as a transnational sui generis political and legal entity.[571] The Institutions of the European Union derive their authority based upon sovereign rights delegated by member states to Brussels. Institutions of the European Union have no sovereign rights but may enter into treaties (subject to ratification in national parliaments of EU member states) in those fields where competence has been fully delegated to the European Union.[572] Under international law, sovereign legitimacy resides in the national capitals of the member States of the European Union.

History

Council of Europe Schengen Area European Free Trade Association European Economic Area Eurozone European Union European Union Customs Union Agreement with EU to mint euros GUAM Central European Free Trade Agreement Nordic Council Baltic Assembly Benelux Visegrád Group Common Travel Area Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Union State Switzerland Iceland Norway Liechtenstein Sweden Denmark Finland Poland Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Greece Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Italy France Spain Austria Germany Portugal Slovenia Malta Cyprus Ireland United Kingdom Croatia Romania Bulgaria Turkey Monaco Andorra San Marino Vatican City Georgia Ukraine Azerbaijan Moldova Armenia Russia Belarus Serbia Albania Montenegro Macedonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo (UNMIK) Kazakhstan
A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements.

India was one of the first countries to develop relations with predecessors of the European Union. In 1963, India initiated a diplomatic dialogue with the European Economic Community (EEC).[573] The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement were the foundational agreements for the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and the European Union initiated a "Strategic Dialogue". A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements was published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits.[574]

In 2014, the European Commission initiated the process of development aid 'graduation' to divert assistance away from India and other emerging and growth-leading economies in order to focus resources on least developed countries.

India and the European Commission (with a negotiating mandate from the European Council) initiated negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) called the Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.[575][576][577][578][579] Civil society and public interest groups in India, Brazil and EU countries have objected to the proposed India-European Union FTA.[580][581] Burak Akçapar, Ambassador of Turkey to India opined that social clauses of the EU-India FTA will cost India $6billion in lost exports.[582]

As of November 2015, trade negotiations remained deadlocked after failing to resolve differences related to matters such as intellectual property rights (IPR),[583] the levels of permissible FDI, market access, domestic-sourcing obligations in multi-brand retail, manufacture of generic medicines, anti-dumping safeguards, greenhouse gas emissions, civil nuclear energy generation legislation, farming subsidies, replacement of traditional cash-crops with sterile genetically engineered and patented variants, regulation & safeguards for the financial and insurance sectors, cooperation on tax evasion & money laundering, overseas financing and monitoring of NGOs in India, work visa restrictions, technology transfer restrictions, cooperation on embargoes (Russia[584] & Iran), etc.

With reference to the EU-India FTA, professor Rajendra Jain of the Centre for European Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University opined: "The reason that there was no headway in the talks was due to a mismatch of the levels of ambitions and expectations. There has to be a give and take, (...) I think the EU has had a tendency of over negotiating at times. There has to be realism in the negotiations when they resume. It is time to stop looking for a perfect deal."[585]

Brussels-New Delhi relationship

"New Delhi has very limited bandwidth for officials from Brussels, all of whom have important sounding titles but with often dissimilar perspectives on overlapping mandates"; asserted the former Canadian diplomat and Rector of the United Nations University (UNU) David Malone, bluntly assessing the qualitative effectiveness of elaborately crafted EU-India Joint Action Plans as : "these measures lead mainly to dialogue, commitments to further dialogue, and exploratory committees and working groups, rather than to significant policy measures or economic breakthroughs.".[586] Former French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine echoed the sentiment saying "EU spends too much time issuing well meaning statements rather than dealing with the hard realities of a rough world".[587] The former British High Commissioner to New Delhi, Sir Michael Arthur, warned that the relation with the European Union was already in a state of regress[588] because India very much sees the world in terms of Nation states; a view shared by Shashi Tharoor, presently the Chairman of India's Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs, who opined that the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the Institutions of the European Union has little added-value to offer India over and above what it can already obtain through bilateral relations with strategic partners in Europe (France and UK continue to be influential geopolitical players as UNSC P5 members and who when joined by Germany form the EU-3 troika which accounts for the bulk of EU-India trade). "The danger is that New Delhi will write Europe off as a charming but irrelevant continent, ideal for a summer holiday but not for serious business." said Tharoor and observed that India-EU relations lack substance and strategic weight on matters of core interest to India.[589][590]

A report published in October 2015 by members of the European Council for Foreign Research (ECFR) after a field-trip to meet lawmakers, academics and entrepreneurs in India stated: "The North–South divide pits Europe as a giver of lessons against an India that often will not accept them – an India that can say "No". Add this to India's defensive and anti-interventionist international stance and Europe's increasingly centrifugal trends, and India–Europe relations begin to look like a car crash."[591]

Europe's shortcomings on the topics of law & order, human-rights and commercial practices has diminished the European Union discourse on normative behaviour and practices : concerns expressed by the United Nations regarding the treatment of migrants & asylum seekers,[592][593][594][595] shelving of cases of brutality by law & order officers, human trafficking, instances of racial profiling, opacity regarding enquiries at detention centres and of child abuse (Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre, Catholic Church sexual abuse cases, Marc Dutroux Belgian paedophile trafficking network, Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal), money laundering activities by criminal gangs, half-hearted investigations into participation by several EU-28 countries in the CIA extraordinary rendition programme, inconclusive inquiries into the illegal use of torture by or in the presence of European special forces and intelligence operatives at 'black sites',[596][597][598][599] revelations of mass surveillance programmes which indiscriminately target the private lives of ordinary citizens,[600][601] feeble prosecutions against institutions and individuals responsible for business manipulations and market distortions (price-fixings,[602] ententes,[603] cartels,[604] valuations,[605] ratings, statutory labellings[606][607][608] and subsidies misuse by oligopolies), political complaisance towards assets sheltered by HNWI in fiscal-havens and charities (trusts & foundations),[609][610][611] aggressive tax avoidance by corporations through profits transfer pricing arrangements,[612][613][614] missing trader VAT fraud,[615] money-laundering through European banks using fake-invoice trade-based techniques, continuation of institutionalized discrimination directed at ethnic groups (Rights of the Roma in the European Union and eviction of Chagossians), employment discrimination against minorities, homophobia, nepotism, etc.,

In 2014 the European Parliament consented to the appointment of Udo Voigt, a far-right MEP from Germany who has been convicted for glorifying the Nazi Party's Waffen SS, to the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.[616][617][618][619]

Several high-profile corporate scandals have exposed failures in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) wherein large conglomerates based within the European Union have manipulated and illegally bypassed health, safety, environmental or financial regulations. The 2013 meat adulteration scandal, Libor fixing scandal and 2008 Siemens bribery scandal are examples of recent scandals involving unethical business practices by European multinational corporations which have inveigled unsuspecting customers. In March 2015, Finnwatch a NGO based in Finland accused Finnish multinational engineering company Wärtsilä of suspect labour practices which included paying workers subsistence minimum wage salaries which are barely enough to live on.[620] Human rights groups and the International Labour Organization have been deeply critical of the use of forced labour provided by the military junta in the construction of the Yadana natural gas pipeline by the French oil giant Total S.A. in Myanmar.[621][622] In September 2015, US investigators revealed that German car-maker Volkswagen had illegally installed "defeat devices" in vehicles with the aim of cheating pollution control lab tests on cars that in reality emitted between 10 and 40 times the US emissions standard.[623][624] "Using a defeat device in cars to evade clean air standards is illegal and a threat to public health," said Cynthia Giles, the assistant administrator for enforcement at US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[625] Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, head of the Center of Automotive Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen said: "This disaster is beyond all expectations,". According to US law firm Hagens Berman who has launched a class-action suit against Volkswagen: "While Volkswagen tells consumers that its diesel cars meet emissions standards, vehicle owners are duped into paying for vehicles that do not meet this standard and unknowingly pay more for quality they never receive,".[626]

India perceives certain aspects of European human rights agenda (social clauses) and some statutory labour requirements or precautionary measures in environmental safety as protectionist non-tariff trade barriers.[627] Recurrent trade restrictions on Indian products decided by the European Commission (around 700 generic medicines were black-listed in 2015[628][629] which followed an earlier import ban on fruits and vegetables from India in 2014[630][631]) and the European Parliament resolution in 2015 on alleged human rights violations by India are examples of recent actions which were unhelpful impediments to the improvement of European Union-India relations.

Global cumulative energy-related carbon dioxide emissions between 1890-2007. Data Source: International Energy Agency (2009)

Comparisons of per capita consumption and wastage of food, water and energy, between the European Union and developing countries quickly polarises the discourses on environment protection and climate change.[632] Pollution control is a topic where citizens within emerging economies (India, China, Indonesia) are themselves demanding that their governments act decisively on issues of air, water & soil quality with stricter legislation for industrial waste management and improved norms to tackle hazardous pollutants.

In Asia, European diplomats are perceived as pretentious and patronizing.[633] European interlocutors are said to appear stuck in the past, oblivious to 21st century Asian geopolitical realities and seemingly ill-trained to understanding Asia.[634][635] European officials are known to persist with clichéd narratives and complaints that India is under-resourced.[636][637] Both sides stand accused of arrogance.[638][639][640][641]

Visiting politicians and senior bureaucrats from South Asian countries are known to lack basic sense of social decorum and diplomatic finesse while on official representation. Lack of preparation in diplomatic protocol, cultural norms, culinary skills and restroom etiquette makes them prone to committing faux-pas to the embarrassment of their hosts, muted helplessness of embassy staff and amusement of the press-corps. Chinese officials are known to pay attention to their outward appearance and practice their roles/actions which are carefully choreographed before-hand to the minutest detail. In June 2015, an Indian Parliamentary delegation invited to the European Parliament in Brussels included a delegate who wore sports shoes to a meeting with the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz.[642][643]

EU-India Strategic Dialogue

The under-performing European Union-India Strategic Dialogue has been qualified as high on rhetoric and low on substance.[644][645][646][647][648][649][650][651][652]

Brussels has little to interest New Delhi because the geopolitical and economic aspects of the consultative dialogue with the Institutions of the European Union are pre-adjudicated through bilateral relations with Washington, Beijing, Moscow, Paris, London and Berlin. On global security issues, French and UK foreign and defence clout easily outranks the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).[653]

Indian dialogue with Institutions of the European Union is conditioned through the lenses of bilateral strategic relationships with EU-3 countries, state of France–Germany relations, the overall European balance of power, and specific trade opportunities with sovereign member States of the European Union.[654][655][656]

The heads of State or Government of EU member states have become increasingly assertive in dealing with critical global issues and frequently bypass EU foreign policy structures on matters of national interest, thereby undermining the roles of Brussels-based actors.[657]

Historically low number of top-level visits to India by the principle figure-heads of the European Union (President of the European Council, President of the European Commission and President of the European Parliament) is an indicator of where New Delhi stands within the European Union's priorities.[658]

Indian Prime-Minister Narendra Modi travelled on official visits to France and Germany in April 2015 for strategic bilateral discussions with French President François Hollande and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Earlier plans to meet the new leadership of the Institutions of the European Union in Brussels were cancelled.[659]

Ideologically principled statements from the Institutions of the European Union and electorally motivated European Parliament resolutions on inadequacies in minority rights & religious freedom in India, allegations of human-rights violations and differing views on bilateral trade & market access disputes, have collectively led to a frosty relationship between Brussels and New Delhi.[660][661]

Contentious trade negotiations between the European Commission and New Delhi, repetitive haranguing on Human Rights issues by the European Parliament, the inability of the European Union to be an independent global security provider or credible broker, and the impotence of the Institutions of the European Union in shaping geopolitical outcomes are oft cited reasons which have prevented the Strategic Dialogue from maturing to its full potential as a Strategic relationship.[662][663][664][665]

Fredrik Erixon, who has advised the British & Swedish governments as also the World Bank, explains that difficult trade talks are the visible part of a much wider chasm separating European Union (EU) and Asian governments: "the problems are far more about institutions and regulations than about tariffs." Ericson opines that Asia and Europe are by and large politically insulated from each other: "Europe has no real influence on Asia's political direction, being neither an inspiration nor an irritation.(...) It is not much different the other way around either, and Asia or individual Asian governments do not command much influence in Europe."[666] While Europeans complain that India is obsessed with the United States of America, Indians find it difficult to suppress frustration that Europe pays far more attention to authoritarian China than a democratic India.[667]

A study prepared in June 2015 for the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs painted a bleak outlook for the EU-India relationship in the absence of still-elusive course corrections: "An EU-India summit is not likely to happen in the short term. Moreover, extraordinary political solutions are now needed to break the deadlock, restart trade negotiations and develop strategic cooperation in security matters. Strong political and strategic understanding together with cooperation built between India and major EU Member States is not being translated at EU level. (...) Somehow, there is also a perception in India that bilateral ties with large Member States are much more important than EU-India ties and policy makers focus, therefore, on major Member States rather than the EU."[117]

Juxtaposition of the Greek sovereign debt default, mass-exodus migration crisis within the Schengen free-movement area, deft geopolitical manoeuvring by a resurgent Russia, and high-profile cases of corporate fraud have severely dented European Union's standing in the world and raised questions about Europe's ability to manage problems at home.[668][669]

Spillovers from national agendas onto EU-India dialogue

Historic rivalries, regional alignments during the Cold War era and domestic socio-economic considerations have instilled a sense of paranoia in most Asian countries when it comes to border issues.[670][671][672][673] Fishermen operating in historic fishing grounds frequently have their boats and equipment impounded by maritime agencies from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh for fishing in disputed coastal waters.[674] The smuggling of contraband items (especially arms & ammunition by militias and separatist outfits), the 2008 Mumbai attacks by sea-borne terrorists, the appearance of privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP)[675] and loosely regulated floating armouries in the Indian Ocean region has made India adopt a rigid stance on matters of maritime security and transport of weapons. Increased militarisation of the Indian Ocean has seen the Government of India reassert jurisdictional control over maritime boundaries and review the operational management of sea-lanes and maritime zones. While India has consistently endorsed the freedom of navigation and overflight in international waters and airspace, it has demanded improvements in the management of legitimate air/sea traffic and stricter monitoring of vessels flying a flag of convenience.

Background & context

Determinants which influence relations between Europe and India.

Current state of affairs

GoI@Delhi

GoI@Brussels

EU28@Brussels

EU28@India

Ancillary Developments

Political
Maldives Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal Sri Lanka India Myanmar Thailand Cambodia Laos Vietnam Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Afghanistan Pakistan Turkmenistan Iran Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan China Russia Turkey Japan Mongolia South Korea Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Mekong–Ganga Cooperation Association of Southeast Asian Nations Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Turkic Council Economic Cooperation Organization Gulf Cooperation Council Asia Cooperation Dialogue
A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Asian regional organisations v • d • e
Membership and expansion of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
Trade
Treemap of exports from India.
Defense & Security

India

Jana Gana Mana national anthem of India

Country Profile

Population graph of India is lotus shaped (Source: United Nations World Population Prospects 2014 )
Indian middle class: 77% of Indian households are expected to have annual income ranging from 90,000-1,000,000 Indian rupees ($1650-$18,350) by 2025, up from 45% in 2005 Source:McKinsey Indian consumer goods market report[910]
The GDP contribution of various sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013, as its economy has diversified and developed.

Statistical SWOT data useful to understanding India.

Total population: 1.271 billion which equates to one-sixth (17.5%) of the world's population

Indian nominal GDP is ranked 7th. ($2.25 trillion/€2.086tn) in the world and PPP GDP is ranked 3rd. ($8.72 trillion/€8.086tn). Sectorial GDP growth in 2015 for Agriculture +17%, Industry +29.7% and Services +45%

Median age of the population is 25.1 years. 29.1% are aged less than 15 years [911] with over 50% aged under 25 years and 65% below the age of 35. 158 million are within the age group of 0–6 years.

13 million new job seekers enter the labour market each year[912]

45,000 doctors graduate annually in India according to Medical Council of India.[913] 360,000 engineers graduate annually from universities and institutes recognised by the All India Council for Technical Education of which about 35 per cent were computer-science engineering students.[914][915]

The Indian middle class is generally accepted to be around 60 million households (5% to 6% of the overall population).[916][917]

In 2006, 22 percent of Indians lived under the poverty line.[918][919]

Majority of Indians live outside urban population centres. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[920] lived in about 638,000 villages[921] and the remaining 27.8%[920] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[922]

Overseas Indians:[923] 21,909,875 ; NRI: 10,037,761 ; PIO: 11,872,114

Religions: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 Census) [924][925][926][927]

Languages: 22 languages are recognized as official languages. In India, there are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers.

Transformative reemergence

Main article: Indian Century
Bahá'í Lotus Temple, located in New Delhi, India. Structural engineering consultancy undertaken by Flint & Neill, UK.

India has often been described as a noisy democracy with incessant and rumbustious activism.[928][929][930][931] The ever-growing availability of internet access, participative social-media journalism, a myriad of radio & television stations and massive print media has led to a culture where political debate has become an integral part of Indian society. Indians, while conscious of their colonial past as subjects of the Mughal Empire and European powers thereafter, are rapidly discarding contemporary ideas about India's place in the world.

Public opinion in favour of a strong and united India received a boost following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The rapidity with which economic and political structures became dysfunctional in breakaway Republics of the Soviet Union alerted Indians to the hazards of secession. The shaping of Indian development along traditional societal values was prompted by the persistence of economic turmoil in Western countries which laid bare intellectual fault-lines of uncontrolled capitalism[932] and the destructive nature of unrestricted consumerism.[933][934][935][936][937][938] The credibility of Western nations as guardians of democracy and human rights nose-dived following revelations of torture and prisoner abuse in Iraq, Afghanistan and black sites.[939][940]

The Indian economy has sailed through global economic turmoil relatively unscathed due to its low exposure to global markets, maturation of domestic markets and orthodox asset management by domestic financial institutions. India's two largest banks are both headed by women CEOs : Arundhati Bhattacharya at State Bank of India and Chanda Kochhar at ICICI Bank.

Indians take pride in their country's civilizational past, the primacy of democratic structures of governance and the ongoing developmental progress.[941]

Indians rank among the most optimistic in the world with regards to their economic future [942][943] and view education as a passport to a good life.[944]

Strategic relationships

British Aerospace Hawk 132 advanced jet trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force at Toulouse, France

The Republic of India is an Asian leader in its own right and has been unwilling to subordinate itself to anyone else.[945] While India aspires to achieve geopolitical and commercial parity with China, it has at the same time been unwilling to align its national interests to serve global or regional powers.[946][947]

India is not part of any military alliance. In 2012, the Attorney-General of India informed the Supreme Court that the Government, following a well-settled principle of State policy, steadfastly refuses to enter into any SOFA-like military treaty or alliance with other countries.[948] In August 2015, India publicly reiterated this principle at an ITLOS hearing in Hamburg.

Strategic assets under the purview of the Indian Nuclear Command Authority provide a credible second-strike capability beyond strengthening land borders and securing unrestrained access to air/sea lanes of communications. Transformation efforts, through infrastructure modernisation and skills capacity-building, are under-way in all branches of the Indian Armed Forces to acquire air-sea-land dominance capabilities necessary to exercise control over the 15,200 km (9,445 mi) land frontier and 7,517 km (4,671 mi) coastline.

INS Vikrant currently being fitted-out at Cochin Shipyard is the lead-ship of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers for the Indian Navy

Bulk of global maritime trade passes through two sea lines of communication choke-points which are close to India : the Six Degree Channel adjacent to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands dominates the entrance to the Strait of Malacca and the Nine Degree Channel located between Lakshadweep Islands and the Indian mainland sees the passage of nearly all merchant shipping between Europe, the Middle-East and Western Asia (which face the western Malabar seaboard of India) and South-East Asia and the Far-East (which stretches out beyond India's eastern Coromandel seaboard).[949]

The 4,056 km (2520 mi) long disputed land border between India and China, called the Line of Actual Control (LAC), remains an important policy determinant in Sino-Indian relations. The Narendra Modi government has been ambivalent in its dealings with China: concurrently pursuing policies to steadily augment bilateral commerce and trade in non-strategic sectors, while standing firm on matters of national security and publicly competing with China for regional influence.[950][951][952] India has rejected joining any China containment grouping but has clearly signalled that India will ascertain that its core trade and security interests are not constrained by a Chinese-dominated security configuration in the Indo-Pacific.[953][954][955][956][957][958][959]

History is an important determinant in modern India's political and commercial relations with countries in its neighbourhood. Starting from the Mughal era and through the course of the British Raj several colonies, settlements and protectorates in the Indian Ocean region were at different times administered from India. For a major part of the 20th century the Indian Rupee and Persian Gulf rupee, both minted in India, was the legal tender of many countries in the Indian Ocean region (Aden, Oman, Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius).

India has over 30 strategic relationships and include the European Union, ASEAN, Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, Japan, South Korea, France, United Kingdom, Germany, USA, Iran, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Nigeria, Mauritius, Seychelles, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Indonesia and Australia.[960][961][962][963][964]

In November 2011, The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published India's Strategic Partners: A Comparative Assessment and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points : Russia (62) comes out on top, followed by the United States of America (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and Japan (34).[2]

Substantial Indian diaspora in Nepal (14.7% of Nepalis), Myanmar, Malaysia (8.7% of Malaysians), Fiji, Mauritius (68.3% of local population are of Indian origin), United Arab Emirates (30% of the UAE population[965]), Saudi Arabia, Bahrain (19% of Bahrainis) and Oman (17.5% of Omani population) gives India strategic leverage[966][967] in the Indian Ocean region. Narendra Modi has signalled that he values the Indian diaspora.[968][969] Affirming its responsibility to protect,[970] the Indian government has taken a firm stance on human security by asserting that it will react decisively using all instruments of foreign policy (diplomacy and military power projection), if the well-being of the citizens or the overseas diaspora is adversely affected.[971]

The Government of India has intervened overseas at times of humanitarian crisis (2015 Operation Maitri in Nepal, 2014 Operation Neer in Maldives) and to assist Indian diaspora and citizens of neighbouring countries in conflict zones (2015 Operation Raahat in Yemen, 2011 Operation Safe Homecoming in Libya, 2006 Operation Sukoon in Lebanon and the 1990 Gulf War airlift from Kuwait-Iraq. Guinness World Records lists the 1990 Gulf War air-lift of 170,000 Indians (by India's national air-carrier Air India) as the largest air-evacuation in history.[972]

Regional geopolitics, energy security considerations, absence of United Nations consent for sanctions, and a fundamental divergence of perspectives on root-causes (Atlanticist driven expansion of European Union & NATO)[973] have conditioned Indian participation on the sanctions regime against two of India's foremost strategic partners: Russia[974] and Iran. Iran plays a prominent role in India's plans to unlock abundant energy supplies and mineral resources in Central Asia, besides providing a bridgehead to rival the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).[975][976][977][978]

In 2010, the President of the United States of America Barack Obama, declared his firm belief that the US-India relationship will be shepherded into "one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century."[979]

2014 Indian General Elections

Main article: Politics of India
What are the factors which create poverty in India? Ambassador Danièle SMADJA, Former Head of the Delegation of the European Union to India.

The 2014 Indian General Elections, a monstrous affair with 815 million registered voters (66,38% turnout); 8230 candidates; 543 electoral constituencies; 11 million election personnel,[980] saw the political emergence of the upwardly mobile 20-something generation (close to half of the 1.25 billion Indian population is aged under 25-years), record numbers of first-time voters, greater participation by women, extensive use of Social media, the fading importance of caste-politics and erosion of hereditary vote-banks.

2012 Jan Satyagraha non-violent protest to demand access to land and livelihood resources for poor landless, homeless and marginalized communities

Whilst sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and fight against corruption were the main topics of concern to the Indian electorate, other concerns which influenced voters were cross-border insurgencies, freedom & rights of minorities and media, access to basic health-care & medicines, education infrastructure & skills development, food security, land-use & ownership, environment management & pollution control, fishing rights & maritime security, fresh-water management, availability and price of fuel & energy security and maritime security. The elections transformed the Indian political landscape by ushering in a Government whose electoral manifesto promised a corruption-free growth-centric economic revival.

Long-term economic and labor policy towards sustaining the self-employed livelihoods of millions of small land-owning/land-holding cash crop farmers and small family-run convenience stores against unequal competition and financial subservience to business conglomerates in the FMCG, multi-brand retail and agrochemical sector became a major focus area during the election campaign. Political parties have increasingly become sensitive to civil uprisings in rural electoral constituencies where State and Central government policies have failed to tackle widespread bureaucratic corruption, stem farmers' suicides and lower debt bondage.[981]

Total suicide rates per 100,000 people in India (BLACK) compared against farmer suicide rates (GREEN). Source: Gruère, G. & Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence-based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), p.316-337

India Against Corruption protests led by Anna Hazare in 2011 and 2012, prompted the BJP and AAP to adopt good governance as the basis for their election campaign and prepared the platform for investigations into allegations of corruption, hoarding of black money and tax avoidance by multinational corporations or high-net-worth individuals (HNWI). Netizens orchestrated a name and shame campaign of corrupt officials within government departments using internet based tools such as the popular whistle-blower anti-graft website IPaidABribe.com.[982]

A series of ghastly sexual crimes (including the highly publicised Nirbhaya case) affected collective conscience. The failure to prosecute politically connected individuals in criminal cases eroded public trust in the judicial system.

Percent labor employment in India by its economic sectors (2010).[983]

BJP promised to crack down on the notoriously work-shy civil servants, transform the lackadaisical work atmosphere in government offices, scrutinize links between bureaucrats and business houses & corporations, curb perks of top bureaucrats, punish officials misusing public property & privileges (red beacons on personal vehicles, free-memberships to recreational clubs, free-tickets to commercial events, assigning government staff for private work, etc.), and link careers of government employees to job attendance and performance.[984][985][986][987][988] Foreign visits and study tours by bureaucrats and ministers are to become linked to concrete outcomes.[989]

Trust in the UPA government nose-dived in the aftermath of the 2010 Wikileaks Cablegate[990] disclosures which exposed the depth of US access and links to senior Indian bureaucrats and politicians (with instances mentioning children and close relatives who live in the USA or work for American companies). The 2013 Edward Snowden whistle-blower campaign laid-bare the extent of US government surveillance assets and capabilities targeting India.

Italian-born Sonia Maino-Gandhi the matriarch of the Nehru–Gandhi family, a polarizing figure-head and the de facto head of the UPA coalition Governments of Manmohan Singh till 2014, is facing a leadership succession crisis within the Indian National Congress (INC) party.[991][992] Regional and State-level allies of the INC who were UPA coalition partners, sensing the mood of the people, have disassociated themselves from Rahul Gandhi.[993] Entrance into politics by Priyanka Gandhi-Vadra is fraught with uncertainty due to ongoing investigations into business dealings brokered by her husband Robert Vadra.[994][995][996][997][998] The INC, after dominating Indian politics for most of the post-Indian independence period, faces an uncertain future.[999] The political elimination of dynastic heirs from prominent political families who have dominated Indian politics for decades (Palaniappan Chidambaram, Salman Khurshid, Oscar Fernandes, Sachin Pilot) has resulted in the advent of a new breed of Indian politicians who feel no obligation to stick to traditional approaches and constraints in domestic and foreign relations. Shashi Tharoor is weighed down by an ongoing investigations into the unnatural death of his wife Sunanda Pushkar.

Boycott of Narendra Modi

Narendra Modi was the Chief Minister of Gujarat between 2001 and till the Bharatiya Janata Party victory in the 2014 Indian General Elections following which he was appointed as the Prime-Minister of India in 2014.

In the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat riots, Western diplomats in India held Narendra Modi complicit for administrative inaction. European diplomats as well as visiting European Union politicians and officials refused to meet Narendra Modi from 2003 till the 2012 announcement by the Special Investigation Team (SIT) that it could find no "prosecutable evidence" against Modi.[1000][1001][1002][1003][1004] The Indian Supreme Court cleared Narendra Modi of all responsibility for the riots.[1000][1005]

During the 10-year long boycott of Narendra Modi by the European Union and USA, the Chief Minister built-up foreign investment and trade relations with China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Between 2001 and 2014, Gujarat forged ahead on all economic indicators with double-digit industrial growth and saw Narendra Modi re-elected 4 times as Chief Minister of Gujarat .[1006] One of the world's leading news magazines TIME, in its edition of 26 March 2012, had Narendra Modi on its cover page with a story titled "Modi Means Business".[1007]

BJP-led NDA government

The BJP-led NDA coalition government has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament) but is weak in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament). The BJP government announced a roadmap of improvements to implement electoral promises and make India more attractive to overseas investors and entrepreneurs.[1008]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has promised to "create an India that none could talk down to in the international stage."[1009]

From the time of assuming the leadership of India, Narendra Modi has managed to keep the radical Hindutva fringe of the BJP party under control, rein in overzealous Ghar Wapsi activities and forestall any damage to his legacy by as Prime-Minister of India caused due to religious or minority related strife.

Narendra Modi initiated Mann Ki Baat a monthly radio address and revamped the website of the PMO to allow for direct interaction with the Prime Minister [1010] and encourage citizens to participate actively in improving the nation.

In May 2015, the NDA government published a progress report of its first year in office. While public endorsement for the conduct of foreign relations by NDA government and the raising of India's stature in the world has been widespread, opinions are evenly divided on the scope, pace and results of economic reforms.[1011][1012] The weakest areas, where the government has the least to show in terms of improvements, are in the domains of law & order and human rights (log-jammed judicial system, brutality & abuse of detainees by police & security forces, human trafficking & illegal trade of organs, crackdown on sexual & hate crimes, and gender equality).[1013][1014]

The NDA government is yet to fulfil its pre-electoral promise to fully declassify files related to Subhas Chandra Bose,[1015] the Indian nationalist who became the leader of Azad Hind, and attempted to secure India's independence by leading the Indian National Army against Britain during WWII. Narendra Modi had pledged that the files would be released so as to settle the controversy regarding the disappearance of the freedom fighter.[1016]

The biggest challenge to the current BJP-led NDA government comes not from the decimated Indian National Congress party,[1017][1018][1019][1020] but instead from the young Indian electorate who expect that the Modi government deliver on his 2014 electoral campaign promise : Achhe din anne wale hain (English: Good days are coming).[1021][1022]

On a personal level, Narendra Modi's vanity could lead to his undoing with the domestic electorate and overseas interlocutors and has led to highly visible 'own goals' : the notorious name-bearing Modi suit worn during Obama's visit to India, obsessive use of selfies on social media which borders on spamming, propensity to claim ownership of existing programmes and ideas through re-branding, etc.

In September 2015, an opinion survey conducted by Pew Research Center revealed that support for Narendra Modi in India stood at 87% and was highest among two crucial demographic groups: 18- to 29-year-olds and rural Indians.[1023][1024]

Human capital development & Diaspora

Narendra Modi has reached out to the diaspora to reverse the brain drain of intellectuals and promising students.[1025][1026][1027]

The UNDP estimates that India loses $2 billion a year because of the emigration of computer experts to the U.S.[1028] Indian students going abroad for their higher studies cost India a foreign exchange outflow of $10 billion annually.[1029]

Overseas Indians file more patents in their country of residence than in India.[1030] Thomas Friedman, in his recent book, The World is Flat, explains this trend in terms of brain drain, whereby the best and brightest elements in India emigrate to the U.S. in order to seek better financial opportunities.[1031] A joint study by Duke University and UC Berkeley revealed that Indian immigrants to the US have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the UK, China, Taiwan and Japan combined.[1032] A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that Indians are the second largest group of Asian-born engineers (23%) following the Chinese (51%). Her research showed that in 1998, seven percent of high-technology firms in Silicon Valley were led by Indian CEOs.[1033] A recent study shows that 23% of Indian business school graduates take a job in United States.[1034]

Income creation in the USA through knowledge-based employment by Asian Indians has outpaced every other ethnic group according to U.S. Census data.[1035] Indian American households are the most prosperous in the USA with a median revenue of US$88000, followed by Chinese Americans at US$65000. The average household revenue in the USA is US$50000.[1036]

Administrative reform

While on the 2014 general elections campaign trail, Narendra Modi popularized the slogan of "Maximum Governance, Minimum Government." Investor surveys conducted by Hong Kong-based Political & Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd. had ranked India's paper-pushing Babu bureaucracy as the worst among 12 Asian countries for almost two decades.[1037]

Immediately after his ascension as Prime Minister of India, Modi told a gathering of the most senior civil service bureaucrats that their careers and advancements are linked to their abilities to demonstrate leadership attributes within their ministries and successfully implement government policies.[1038] Narendra Modi consolidated his grip over the Cabinet Secretariat which runs the Indian bureaucratic system by keeping key portfolios within the purview of the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) and thereby making it the nerve-centre of the BJP government.[1039]

Modi reined in corporate access to senior government offices and has declared that he is committed to making public administration more transparent and efficient. Modi issued directives ordering bureaucrats to refrain from social venues while on government duty and attend to government work from their offices.[988][1040][1041]

Expressing unhappiness over the pace and scope of bureaucratic reforms, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) disbanded the Planning Commission, sidelined under-performing officials through bureaucratic reshuffles and unceremoniously curtailed the careers of several senior-most bureaucrats including Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh and Director General of DRDO Avinash Chander. Senior officials who became involved in controversies have either been fired or demoted to less prestigious postings as was the case with Home Secretary Anil Goswami and the former Indian Deputy Consul-General in New York Devyani Khobragade.[1042]

Economic & trade policies
Self-employment through a family-owned spice-shop in Varanasi.

Presenting the Union Budget of India for 2014–2015, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley announced that the government would pass legislation to crack banking secrecy in foreign tax havens and verify discordances[1043] in the lifestyle of government officials against their known and declared sources of income.[1044][1045][1046] Emphasis was laid on the creation of value-addition and employment opportunities at the level of Micro and Small Scale Enterprises in India.[1047] The Indian budget for 2015-2016 is built upon the assumption that the country can sustain a growth rate of 7% to 8%.[1048]

Narendra Modi, known for thinking out of the box on foreign policy issues,[1049][1050] had cultivated relations with the overseas Indian diaspora and engaged the leadership of China when he was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014. A Neighbourhood first policy which included a significant refocus on Sino-Indian relations with the view of a rapprochement was announced during the Swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi on 26 May 2014. In August 2014, Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj unveiled the Act East policy as the continuum to the Look East policy. India aspires to be a "leading power, not just a balancing power" explained Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, reflecting on the importance of bordering States by saying "you cannot be a leading power if your neighbourhood is not with you, you need it to root for you."[1051]

Modi set into motion a process to renew [1052][1053] and rebalance foreign relations depending upon India's national interests and 21st century realities.[1054][1055] The recalibration of relations is based upon emerging opportunities for cooperation in a multi-polar world where India has better representation [1056] and also in the ability of individual countries to participate in the Post-2015 Development Agenda through delivering economic growth in India.[1057]

The PMO of Narendra Modi overhauled[1058] the MEA in order to transform Indian diplomacy from a reactive bureaucracy to a proactive & entrepreneurial mind-set along the models of JETRO (Japan), KOTRA (South Korea) and TAITRA (Taiwan).[1059] Officers posted to Indian Missions overseas were ordered to act as force multipliers for the Indian economy by focusing on issues like identifying of market opportunities, foreign trade promotion & facilitation for Indian companies, overseas acquisition of energy supplies, securing raw-materials for domestic manufacturing industries and safeguarding multi-modal air-sea-land trading routes. In June 2015, the government announced that it intends to build capacity at the MEA through recruitment from academic circles and the private sector.[1060]

European Union

Ode to Joy anthem of European Union
European Union

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government
of the European Union

Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Central Bank
Court of Auditors
Other bodies
Policies and issues
Elections
Law
European Council

The European project is in a state of flux with ever-increasing risks of political Balkanization.[1061][1062][1063][1064][1065][1066][1067]

Socio-political challenges to the European project

Poor economic growth across the European Union has led to mounting Euroscepticism,[1068] the rise of Xenophobia,[1069][1070] and successful electoral challenges to the devolution of power from sovereign Member states of the European Union to Institutions of the European Union.[1071][1072][1073][1074][1075][1076][1077] France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Greece have signaled that they will not permit the transfer of any more sovereign powers to the Institutions of the European Union[1078][1079][1080] with the UK going as far as scheduling a referendum on 23 June 2016 to decide on whether to stay or leave the European Union.

Unscheduled change of governments in EU countries due to the debt crisis
Unscheduled change of governments in Euro countries (marked RED) due to European sovereign debt crisis
Per capita transfers to/from EU member states through EU budget for the years 2007-2013. BLUE countries were net donors; RED countries were net recipients. The larger the country the more each inhabitant of the country will contribute/receive. (Source: Eurostat)
Banner by migrants showing an appeal for tolerance: We the people of Sudan are not criminal, just people who ran away from war.
National government positions on the 2015 European Union immigration quota plan for asylum seekers in the EU
  Approval
  Opt-out (de facto refusal)
  Refusal

Economic setbacks and deficiencies

Shadow economy per capita in the European Union (Source: Eurostat & University of Linz)
Unemployment rates in selected European countries and in the EU28 between January 2004 and April 2014.(Source: Eurostat)[1196]
Anti-Euro Plus Pact protest on 19 June 2011 at Plaza de la Virgen Blanca, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Debt-to-GDP ratio of European Union countries (Source: Eurostat, 31 May 2015)
Debt profile of eurozone countries
Debt profile of eurozone countries

Several EU member-states are in economic decline in both relative and absolute terms leading to a de facto Multi-speed Europe.[1197][1198][1199][1200] Persistence of low economic growth and increased cost of living have affected the level of disposable incomes and domestic debt-to-savings ratios.[1201] Globalization has brought increased competition in both internal and export markets for companies based within the European Union.[1202] European Union growth stimulus policies - artificially created monetary expansion to combat deflationary pressures through credit & fiscal easing - is only postponing absolute economic decline and burdening future generations with humongous debt repayments in the absence of innovation-led growth.

Unbalanced demographics and lopsided Employment-to-population ratio has resulted in extension of the retirement age, applied budgetary pressure on social security & welfare service systems (medicare, pensions), and accelerated rural depopulation. Increasing skill-erosion of the employable workforce due to technology evolutions is impacting all segments of value-addition.[1203] Stiff competition for market-access and ever-growing difficulties to retain market-shares in the global arena is impacting businesses who are unable to afford the sustained capital investment requirements for continuous product development, quicker time-to-market and superior customer management. Constraints linked to continuous skills-development and latencies in transforming legacy processes, technologies and infrastructure have had a direct impact on employment and market opportunities.[1204]

Re-localization of manufacturing infrastructure by multinational corporations (MNCs) to low-cost countries has led to de-industrialisation. The reduction of human intervention through automation of production and logistics processes has reduced employment opportunities.[1205][1206] Differing taxation regimes[1207] within the European Union have led to aggressive tax optimization and avoidance by conglomerates and small and medium-sized enterprises.[1208] Favourable commercial tax credit agreements[1209][1210][1211][1212] and the rampant misuse of special purpose entity (SPE)[1213] based in certain EU28 member States (UK, Ireland, Netherlands, Luxemburg & Belgium)[1214][1215][1216] have allowed large corporations to avoid,[1217] minimise or indefinitely defer tax dues.[1218][1219] Populist movements all over the European Union have campaigned for policies which target loopholes allowing tax avoidance by transnational corporations and scrutinize incentives and subsidies given to factories where automation of manufacturing processes has improved productivity and enriched share-holders but diminished job prospects for non-specialized workers.[1220][1221][1222][1223] Governments have been slow to move away from neoliberal policies and adopt measures which advance the public good of local communities through public-private initiatives which nurture grass-roots innovation, promote social partnering entrepreneurship and sustain job creation in self-employing SMEs.

Creditors of Greece between 2011 and 2015 (Source: Wiener Zeitung, June 2015[1228]
Digital Agenda for Europe

Highlighting the social implications of the global competition for intellectual capital, rapid improvements in education & technology assimilation, the dominance of Asian countries in Lights out semiconductor foundries and ICT sectors and the massive demographic advantage which countries like India & China have leveraged as they move up the technology ladder[1245] and bridge existing technology gaps; Thomas Friedman reflected on the changing times in Western societies saying : "my parents used to say to me: Finish your dinner -- people in China are starving. I, by contrast, find myself wanting to say : Finish your homework -- people in China and India are starving for your job."[1246]

Close to a million jobs are expected to lie vacant in Europe by 2020 due to a lack of technological skills, according to the European Commission which warns that Europe is not graduating enough IT specialists to keep up with demand.[1247] Flagging the importance of tailoring education in Europe to skills requirements at every point of the value-addition Smiling curve, the European Commission adopted the Europe 2020 programme and initiated the implementation of the Digital Agenda for Europe.[1248]

Latest OECD rankings of proficiency in arithmetic and sciences has seen European 15-year-old school students trail their Asian counterparts: the top 5 spots being taken by Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan & Taiwan.[1249][1250]

L'Atelier, an open access road-mobile Fab lab involving University of Technology of Compiègne deployed to the 2015 Libre Software Meeting in Beauvais, France.

Schools are refocusing education curricula around STEM sciences and emerging technologies to meet the skills requirements of Industry 4.0. Schools in the UK are introducing software code building right from elementary school (Scratch being the most popular learning tool used to introduce children to software programming). Universities are generalizing the Fab lab concept where continuous project-work in mechatronics amalgamates software coding, electronics and telecommunications with materials and manufacturing technologies.

Student interns and junior managers are being encouraged to accumulate experience of living and working in foreign markets to gain a better understanding of inter-cultural differences.[1251]

Nick Gibb, England's Schools minister says: "We want all schools to consider the needs of their pupils to determine how technology can complement the foundations of good teaching and a rigorous curriculum, so that every pupil is able to achieve their potential." Tom Bennett, the UK government's expert on pupil behaviour, said teachers had been "dazzled" by school computers. Andreas Schleicher, education director at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, urged schools to ensure that children gain a good grasp of reading, writing and mathematics, opining that school technology had raised "too many false hopes (...) If you look at the best-performing education systems, such as those in East Asia, they've been very cautious about using technology in their classrooms," (...) Those students who use tablets and computers very often tend to do worse than those who use them moderately.". In September 2015, a survey conducted by the OECD into the impact of heavy investments in digital technology within the classroom, showed that Pisa test results for reading, mathematics or science showed "no noticeable improvement".[1252] In October 2015, a study by researchers at the University of Washington, Stanford University and the Mathematica policy research group discovered that on-line pupils fell far behind counterparts who studied within the classroom. The National Study of Online Charter Schools found "significantly weaker academic performance" in maths and reading in 'virtual schools' when compared with the conventional school system.[1253]

Faraduino, an Arduino compatible educational robotics toy developed by Middlesex University Teaching Resources (UK).

Open-source microcontroller (Arduino) and single-board computer (Raspberry Pi) platforms have kick-started public interest in hackerspaces and initiated a maker culture all over the world. Social transformations are expected as collaborative innovation through cost-effective manufacturing facilities using 3D printing, laser cutting and CNC machining which are already helping home-based entrepreneurs to rapidly prototype crowdsourced products and measure product attractivity through crowdfunding mechanisms.[1254][1255]

Public perceptions

In Asia, the positive public perception of Europe is highest in India.[1]

Institutional bias and discriminatory behaviour against minority groups and persons of color continues to persist in Europe.[766][767][1256][1257][1258][1259]

The tendency of Western social academics to over emphasise the importance of the caste system for all matters pertaining to India has made Europeans prone to explaining away India via the caste system.

The morbid fascination of European tourists with Hindu cremation rituals is perceived as lack of sensitivity besides being a gross invasion of privacy. Hoards of tourists flock to cremation grounds on the banks of the Ganges, especially in Varanasi (Bénarès), to photograph funeral pyres.

Asian countries are often the object of populist rants against cheap imported goods using exploited labour who live in miserable poverty. Low-cost imports from Asian countries artificially augment the purchasing power capacity of European consumers while concurrently allowing multinational companies and corporate traders to make disproportionately large profits. In 2013, the Wall Street Journal exposed the exploitative operating margins of Western branded-apparel retailers - who sourced garments from Asia - as being between 5 and 20 times the price paid to the manufacturer.[1260]

India suffers from a severe image deficit in Europe.[508][1261]

Results of 2014 BBC World Service poll.
Views of India's influence by country[1262]
Sorted by Pos-Neg
Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg
 Germany 16 68 16 -52
 Spain 20 50 30 -30
 Israel 9 34 57 -25
 France 40 49 11 -9
 Canada 38 46 16 -8
 China 27 35 38 -8
 United Kingdom 45 46 9 -1
 United States 45 41 14 4
 Brazil 41 36 23 5
 Turkey 35 29 36 6
 Indonesia 47 24 29 23
 Japan 34 9 57 25
 Russia 45 9 46 36
 Nigeria 64 22 14 42

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of India.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to India - European Union relations.

References

  1. 1 2 Mutual Perceptions of Asia and Europe in a Changing Global Environment (Asia-Europe Foundation) 2011
  2. 1 2 Why Does India Have So Many 'Strategic Partners' and No Allies?
  3. ↑ "EU woos Indian students; education fair at Pragati Maidan on Sept 30". The Pioneer. 27 September 2016.
  4. ↑ "EURAXESS Science Slam India 2016". Europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  5. ↑ "Ancient Futures". The Hindu. 27 November 2009.
  6. ↑ "Indo-French love affair for rockets spans across Europe, Asia and South America". The Economic Times. 16 October 2016.
  7. ↑ India's Bhabha Atomic Research Center Designing World's Largest Magnet for CERN
  8. ↑ ITER : India's Role in the World's Largest-Ever Scientific Project
  9. ↑ Inox India to make critical parts for Fusion Reactor in France
  10. ↑ European survey reveals intentions of international students, compares legislation
  11. ↑ "Namaste France and Bonjour India to strengthen Indo-French cultural ties". Sunday Guardian. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  12. ↑ "Namaste France festival kicks off in Paris". Business World. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Sarod maestro Ustad Amjad Ali enthralls crowd at 'Namaste France Festival' in Paris". Yahoo News. ANI. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  14. ↑ "Inauguration of Namaste France Festival in Paris". Ministry of External Affairs Govt. of India. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  15. ↑ Bollywood: Shooting movies in France (French Embassy in India) 2012
  16. ↑ A Lavish Wedding to Remember: Italy Meets India in a Lavish Wedding to Remember
  17. ↑ Diamond fortune puts £10m sparkle on wedding celebrations
  18. ↑ Welcome to the $78 million wedding
  19. ↑ "Stuck on the runway". The Economist. 8 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Infosys, TCS, Wipro struggling to match growth rates in Europe as top customers cut back expenditure". Economic Times. 13 May 2015.
  21. ↑ "Make in India: Five Indian auto component suppliers set to make it to the global top 100 list". Economic Times. 17 February 2015.
  22. ↑ "GVK fiasco: Why the Indian government needs to be careful in the fights it picks". The Hindu. 9 October 2015.
  23. ↑ Nimisha, Nair (19 March 2013). "Top Ten Italian Companies in India: Ferrari, Fiat, Gucci And More". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  24. ↑ German model-cum-actor Andy Von Eich: I like the drama of Bollywood
  25. ↑ "India outpaces China in 2015 economic growth". BBC. 8 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "IMF cuts global growth forecast as China slows". The Hindu. 20 January 2016.
  27. ↑ "Gulf Arab nations seek India to rein in Iran". Times of India. TNN. 27 August 2012.
  28. 1 2 "A range of statistics to compare the EU with Brazil, Russia, India and India Foreign Trade". EUROPA. 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  29. ↑ "World trade developments" (PDF). WTO. 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  30. 1 2 "EU-India Trade" (PDF). European Commission. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  31. ↑ "India-EU Bilateral Trade Relations". ficci-ineupf.com. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "EU-India Trade". European Commission. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Gulshan Sachdeva (18 June 2015). Evaluation of the EU-India Strategic Partnership and the potential for its revitalisation. European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. p. 14.
  34. ↑ "EU: Relations with other Asian partners". European Council for Foreign Relations. 18 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Gulshan Sachdeva (18 June 2015). Evaluation of the EU-India Strategic Partnership and the potential for its revitalisation. European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. p. 16.
  36. ↑ "India-EU Relations Website Brief -July 16 2015" (PDF). indian government website. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  37. ↑ "Remittances from GCC to India hit $72b". Khaleej Times. 8 December 2015.
  38. ↑ "India tops global remittances list; received $70 billion in 2013: World Bank". The Economic Times. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  39. ↑ Gupta, Poonam (1 December 2005). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from India. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1-4518-6243-0. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  40. ↑ "EuroStat data for Foreign direct investment, EU-28, 2011–14". EuroStat. European Commission. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  41. ↑ "Tata Buys Jaguar Land Rover for $2.3 Billion". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  42. ↑ "Tata: the Indian powerhouse behind Jaguar Land Rover success". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "Tata Motors : Jaguar Land Rover said to favour Europe rather than US for new plant". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  44. ↑ "Argument What Future For Emerging Markets?". Foreign Policy. 31 August 2015.
  45. ↑ Indian companies are going Dutch
  46. ↑ Why the world must listen more carefully to Asia's rising powers
  47. ↑ Narendra Modi win a mandate for good governance (BBC News)
  48. ↑ "The China Decade". Time Magazine. 20 August 2015.
  49. 1 2 "India is set to become the youngest country by 2020". The Hindu. 17 April 2013.
  50. ↑ India Under Prime Minister Modi: A Conversation with former US Ambassador to India Kathleen Stephens (Asia Foundation) 2015
  51. ↑ Indian Ocean In Focus: China-India-US Jostling For Power (EurAsiaReview) 2015
  52. ↑ "How can India capitalize on its population growth?". Deutsche Welle. 4 September 2015.
  53. ↑ "The World Has a Problem: Too Many Young People". New York Times. 5 March 2016.
  54. ↑ "Demographics, reforms, globalisation can make India a $5-trillion economy by 2025". Economic Times. 3 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "Tech millionnaire gathers 'geek squad' coders to develop humanitarian apps". The Guardian. 16 May 2015.
  56. ↑ "Is a Youth Revolution Brewing in India?". New York Times. 27 August 2012.
  57. ↑ India hopes for ‘demographic dividend’
  58. ↑ India's demographic challenge (The Economist) 2013
  59. ↑ "The Indian Century?" (Spring 2015). City Journal.
  60. ↑ "Is hubris raising its head in India, again?". Live Mint. 10 November 2014.
  61. ↑ "Brazil: a cautionary tale for India". Live Mint. 18 March 2015.
  62. ↑ "The long road to a $20 trillion economy". Live Mint. 13 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "India: The next superpower?". Fortune. 25 January 2015.
  64. ↑ Data table in Maddison A (2007), Contours of the World Economy I-2030AD, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922720-4
  65. ↑ "Does Asia's rise mean peace and prosperity or rivalry and war?". ABC. 14 September 2015.
  66. ↑ "UNSC expansion: India still far away from a permanent seat". Catch News. 16 September 2015.
  67. ↑ "BRICS: realistic alternative with a stuttering motor". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. SIPRI. 11 June 2015.
  68. ↑ "A lesson in the geopolitics of infrastructure finance". The Japan Times. 21 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Sri Lanka: A Lesson for U.S. Strategy". The Diplomat. 26 August 2015.
  70. ↑ Raizada, Ramesh (2012). Twenty-First-Century World Powers and Changing Alignments. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-7618-5714-3.
  71. ↑ "An Indian Ocean Region shared by India and China". The Island. 11 April 2015.
  72. ↑ "What happens when China becomes No.1 ?". Straits Times. 24 April 2015.
  73. ↑ "The desperate plight of a declining Superpower". Middle East Online. 31 May 2015.
  74. ↑ "Is Global Power Shifting from Washington to Beijing?". NATO Association of Canada. 13 August 2015.
  75. ↑ "America's place in a multi-polar world". BBC. 27 April 2015.
  76. ↑ "State of the Union 2011: US risks losing its global supremacy, Barack Obama warns". The Telegraph. 25 January 2011.
  77. ↑ "The hot Saudi-Iran cold war". The Hindu. 15 June 2015.
  78. ↑ "America's Days as a Global Superpower Are Numbered. Now What?". The Nation. 28 May 2015.
  79. ↑ "Delusionary Thinking in Washington". The Huffington Post. 28 May 2015.
  80. ↑ "Conservatives are in denial: America is no longer a superpower (and it hasn't been for years)". Salon. 30 May 2015.
  81. ↑ "The Desi Factor in U.S.-India Relations". Foreign Policy. 21 October 2015.
  82. ↑ "'Indian-Americans basis for transformation of India-US ties'". Deccan Herald. 16 February 2014.
  83. ↑ "The Diversifying Electorate—Voting Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin in 2012 (and Other Recent Elections)" (PDF). US Bureau of Census. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  84. ↑ "The GOP's major 2016 problem — in 3 maps". Washington Post. 6 January 2015.
  85. ↑ "In two minds". The Economist. 6 June 2015.
  86. ↑ "How black, Latino and Asian American voters delivered Obama's victory". KPCC. 8 November 2012.
  87. ↑ "Blacks outvoted whites in 2012, the first time on record". CNN. 9 May 2013.
  88. ↑ "How Immigration Reform and Demographics Could Change Presidential Math". New York Times. 30 April 2013.
  89. ↑ "Meet the new political elites, same as the old political elites". Washington Post. 10 August 2015.
  90. ↑ "Demographics and the 2016 Election Scenarios". Clear & Real Politics. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  91. ↑ "Strategic Surprise In West Asia". Outlook India. 28 September 2015.
  92. ↑ Vimont, Pierre (30 June 2015). "The Path to an Upgraded EU Foreign Policy". Carnegie Europe.
  93. ↑ "EU Envoy David O'sullivan Juggles Litany of Crises". The Washington Diplomat. 1 July 2015.
  94. ↑ "Denazification – Urgently Needed in Europe". Centre for Research on Globalization. 17 June 2015.
  95. ↑ "Page 1 A global actor in search of a strategy European Union foreign policy between multilateralism and bilateralism" (PDF). Publications Office of the European Union. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation.
  96. ↑ "European Ideal At Stake". Indian Express. 23 September 2015.
  97. ↑ "Is Europe Out of Sync with India — and Asia?". German Marshall Fund. 6 October 2015.
  98. ↑ "China spurs Narendra Modi's pivot to Washington". Financial Times. 8 October 2015.
  99. ↑ "Why Europe needs America, a little". Brookings Institution. 29 September 2015.
  100. ↑ "European Union: A bridge too far for PM Narendra Modi, yet to hold summit with India's biggest trading partner". Economic Times. 28 September 2015.
  101. ↑ "The EU is fractured ... it should learn from Asia". The National. 24 November 2015.
  102. ↑ "What Europe Should Learn From Asia's Crisis". Bloomberg. 20 July 2015.
  103. ↑ "Look East: what Europe can learn from India about handling migrants". CatchNews. 14 September 2015.
  104. ↑ "Europe has lessons to learn from India". Indian Council on Global Relations. Gateway House. 20 November 2012.
  105. ↑ Mahbubani, Kishore. "The lessons that smug Europe should learn from Asia" (PDF). Mahbubani.net. Kishore Mahbubani. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  106. ↑ Tuominen, Hanna. "The Changing Context of Global Governance and the Normative Power of the European Union". Global Power Europe - Vol. 1. Global Power Shift. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 201–218. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32412-3_12.
  107. ↑ "Europe should take a page from India's book to solve its problems". The National. 30 September 2015.
  108. ↑ "The Decline of the European Union: Insights from Historical Sociology". 2015 Biennial Conference of the European Union Studies Association. University of Montreal. 6 March 2015.
  109. ↑ "The Syrian refugee crisis and the erosion of Europe's moral authority". Brookings Institution. 15 September 2015.
  110. ↑ Manners, Ian (31 May 2001). Normative Power Europe: The International Role of the EU (PDF). Rutherford College, University of Kent.
  111. ↑ Meunier, Sophie; Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (September 2006). "The European Union as a conflicted trade power". Journal of European Public Policy, special issue: The European Union and the New Trade Politics. Taylor and Francis. 13 (6): 906–925. doi:10.1080/13501760600838623. Pdf.
  112. ↑ Fiott, Daniel. "The European Union's Normative Power in a Multipolar World" (PDF). EUSA Biennial Conference 2011. College of Europe Foundation.
  113. ↑ Pei-Chen, Wang. "Normative Power Europe and Asia- Europe Relations" (PDF). Occasional Paper N° 10 (May 2012). University of Freiburg (Germany). Southeast Asian Studies.
  114. ↑ "EU Politics Could Look to Multiethnic India for Strategies". Yale University. Yale Global. 11 November 2014.
  115. ↑ Mukherjee, Amit. "What Europe can learn from India". IMD Lausanne. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  116. ↑ "Squabbling Europe should learn how to forge a union - from India". South China Morning Post. 2 October 2015.
  117. 1 2 Gulshan Sachdeva (18 June 2015). Evaluation of the EU-India Strategic Partnership and the potential for its revitalisation. European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. p. 37.
  118. ↑ "Structural Changes in India's Direction of Foreign Trade" (PDF) (2014). PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
  119. ↑ "Export Import Data Bank". Ministry of Commerce, India.
  120. ↑ "End of Europe if EU states fail to stay united: Hollande". Radio France International. 7 October 2015.
  121. ↑ "Back Integrated EU or Quit, France Tells UK". The New Indian Express. 8 October 2015.
  122. ↑ "Merkel and Hollande Come Under Attack in European Parliament". Newsweek. 8 October 2015.
  123. ↑ "Merkel and Hollande Plead for Unity on Refugees in Europe". Wall Street Journal. 7 October 2015.
  124. ↑ "Francois Hollande warns of total war, end of Europe". The Asian Age. 7 October 2015.
  125. ↑ "Germany and France try to turn tide of European skepticism". Gulf News. 7 October 2015.
  126. ↑ "VW kills Germany's squeaky clean image". Globe & Mail. 29 October 2015.
  127. ↑ "VW scandal drags down Germany's brand". Deutsche Welle. 12 October 2015.
  128. ↑ "Out of prejudice or fear, Germans steer clear of Greece". Deutsche Welle. 29 July 2015.
  129. ↑ "Gallows at PEGIDA demo under investigation by Dresden prosecutors". Deutsche Welle. 13 October 2015.
  130. ↑ "Right-wing PEGIDA rally draws thousands in Dresden, takes aim at Merkel". Deutsche Welle. 12 October 2015.
  131. ↑ "Greek referendum exposes Merkel's weaknesses". Deutsche Welle. 6 July 2015.
  132. ↑ "VW crisis, emerging markets hit German investor morale". Reuters. 13 October 2015.
  133. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal hits German sentiment hard". Econotimes. 13 October 2015.
  134. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal diminishes German investor confidence to an all time low". Auto Today. India Today. 13 October 2015.
  135. ↑ "Merkel 'gambling away' Germany's reputation over Greece, says Habermas". The Guardian. 16 July 2015.
  136. ↑ "Has Merkel 'gambled away' Germany's reputation over Greece?". France 24. 17 July 2015.
  137. ↑ "Germany Finds Itself Cast as the Villain in Greek Drama". Time Magazine. 15 July 2015.
  138. 1 2 "Greece May Have to Sell Islands and Ruins Under Its Bailout Deal". TIME. 13 July 2015.
  139. 1 2 "Germany doesn't want to save Greece. It seems to want to humiliate Greece.". Washington Post. 12 July 2015.
  140. ↑ "The Greek Bailout Has Shaken Germany to the Core". Newsweek. 28 July 2015.
  141. ↑ "Humiliation of Greece underlines the dying dream of European union". South China Morning Post. 14 July 2015.
  142. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal shoves Berlin off high ground". Times of India. 24 September 2015.
  143. ↑ "From Volkswagen to migrants, Germany is more selfish and less different". The Telegraph. 22 September 2015.
  144. ↑ "An Unreliable Germany and the Volkswagen Debacle". New York Times. 28 September 2015.
  145. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal tarnishes German 'green' credentials, industry pride". Economic Times. 23 September 2015.
  146. ↑ "Price to pay in Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal: Billions of dollars, loss of public trust". Sacramento Bee. 24 September 2015.
  147. ↑ "Diesel cars are 'killing people', says former Labour minister". BBC. 1 October 2015.
  148. ↑ "Deceit hurts German people most". Auto News. 28 September 2015.
  149. ↑ "Can new boss Matthias Muller save VW from choking on its own fumes?". Management Today. 25 September 2015.
  150. ↑ "German car industry's political clout". The Straits Times. 2 October 2015.
  151. ↑ "The Volkswagen Scandal Will Do Major Damage to Germany". Time Magazine. 1 October 2015.
  152. ↑ "To the new order, strategically". Indian Express. 4 February 2015.
  153. ↑ "The looming New Cold War and its consequences". IISS. 5 February 2015.
  154. ↑ "Why a new Cold War with Russia is inevitable". Brookings Institution. 30 September 2015.
  155. ↑ "The United States Doesn't Want to Reform the U.N. Security Council". Foreign Policy. 29 September 2015.
  156. ↑ "Cold War is back: German peace activist". The Hindu. 4 October 2015.
  157. ↑ "Islamic State captures last Syria-Iraq border post". Channel 4 News. 22 May 2015.
  158. 1 2 "Middle East map carved up by caliphates, enclaves and fiefdoms". BBC. 1 June 2015.
  159. ↑ "Iraq, Syria: Borders aren't endlessly flexible, but they change". Boston Globe. 6 July 2014.
  160. ↑ "Breaking Up Is Good to Do". Foreign Policy. 14 January 2011.
  161. ↑ "Global disarray as institutions falter". Bangkok Post. 17 August 2015.
  162. ↑ "The past few months have changed the West in striking ways". The Telegraph. 23 September 2016.
  163. ↑ "Forget Sykes-Picot. It's the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East.". Foreign Policy. 10 August 2015.
  164. ↑ "Why the Middle East is not our fault". NewsWeek. 4 June 2015.
  165. ↑ "Beijing's bendable principles". The Japan Times. 2 June 2015.
  166. ↑ "Ajit Doval slams Beijing's McMahon hypocrisy". Times of India. 23 May 2015.
  167. ↑ "Simply seeking to contain Daesh is our best option". ABC. 22 September 2015.
  168. ↑ "Syria conflict: UN assembly highlights divisions". BBC. 29 September 2015.
  169. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey are getting serious about Syria — and that should worry Assad". Business Insider. 13 May 2015.
  170. ↑ "Putin's grand strategy for West Asia". The Hindu. 29 September 2015.
  171. ↑ "What ISIS Really Wants" (March 2015). The Atlantic.
  172. ↑ "A game-changer in Latakia?". The Economist. 26 September 2015.
  173. ↑ "Foreign Policy: Breaking Up (Countries) Is Good To Do". NPR. 14 January 2011.
  174. ↑ "Turkey will not send ground troops into Syria: Davutoglu". Times of India. 27 July 2015.
  175. ↑ "The origin of nations: Geographical boundaries have rarely withstood test of history". Times of India. 28 January 2014.
  176. ↑ "Syria conflict: Diplomatic goals behind Putin's military build-up". BBC. 27 September 2015.
  177. ↑ "IS conflict: France launches air strikes in Syria". BBC. 27 September 2015.
  178. 1 2 "Battle for Iraq and Syria in maps". BBC. 24 September 2015.
  179. ↑ "Home Ministry tells Delhi High Court: Fighting IS can lead to 'sectarian' conflict in India". The New Indian Express. 17 September 2015.
  180. ↑ "Turkey knows better how many Indians have joined IS: Syrian envoy". The Hindu. 6 September 2015.
  181. ↑ "Powers of persuasion". The Economist. 25 July 2015.
  182. ↑ "Indians can't be allowed to travel abroad to fight Islamic State, govt says". Times of India. 17 September 2015.
  183. ↑ "Suspected Islamic State sympathisers detained at Trivandrum Airport". Times of India. 15 September 2015.
  184. ↑ "Strained ties between India, Pakistan affecting growth of South Asia: Manmohan Singh". Economic Times. 1 October 2015.
  185. ↑ "Asia-Pacific consequences of global disorder". Bangkok Times. 21 August 2015.
  186. ↑ Billington, Michael. "BRICS in Motion To Form the New 'International Community'" (5 September 2014). Executive Intelligence Review.
  187. ↑ "Western powers largely alone in condemnation of Russia". The Globe and Mail. 24 July 2014.
  188. ↑ "China's Triangle Diplomacy". Global Research. Centre for Research on Globalization. 23 December 2014.
  189. ↑ "Why Did BRICS Back Russia on Crimea?". The Diplomat. 31 March 2015.
  190. ↑ "Russia, China and India building new multipolar world order". PRAVDA. 15 January 2015.
  191. ↑ E. Calder, Kent (29 May 2012). The New Continentalism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17102-0.
  192. ↑ "Putin's China Energy Deals May Hide Paper Tigers as Growth Slows". Bloomberg. 4 September 2015.
  193. ↑ "As Putin looks east, China and Russia sign $400-billion gas deal". Reuters. 21 May 2014.
  194. ↑ "Give Diplomacy With Russia a Chance". New York Times. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 8 September 2014.
  195. ↑ "Why Putin Fears China". Bloomberg L.P. 16 February 2015.
  196. ↑ "Threats against Russia are stuck in the past". The Telegraph. 8 March 2014.
  197. ↑ "Sick of Eurozone crisis? Come over to BRICS". Observer Research Foundation. 19 March 2015.
  198. ↑ "To Stop War, Join the BRICS Mass Movement for Development" (6 March 2015). Executive Intelligence Review.
  199. ↑ "Can China and Russia Squeeze Washington out of Eurasia?". The Nation. 6 October 2014.
  200. ↑ "India: War, Peace, And The Education Crisis". Forbes. 11 May 2015.
  201. ↑ "Indian Navy Role in Yemen and Beyond Highlights Range of Objectives". East West Centre. 28 July 2015.
  202. ↑ India's Foreign Policy: Big Shift Or Pragmatic Makeover? (Centre for Non Traditional Security (NTS) Studies, & Nanyang Technological University) 2015
  203. ↑ Will Modi realise his superpower aspirations? (Part 1: Trimurti of his foreign policy could be his greatest strength) 2015
  204. ↑ Will Modi realise his superpower aspirations? (Part 2: South Asia's future rests on Modi's next moves) 2015
  205. ↑ "Modi Marks Out His Territory". The Maritime Executive. 15 March 2015.
  206. ↑ Middle Kingdom Syndrome: Face the Dragon Skillfully as Indo-US Ties Improve
  207. ↑ "India abroad: A year of continuity and change". Times of India. 24 May 2015.
  208. ↑ "Why are there so many military bases in Djibouti?". BBC. 16 June 2015.
  209. ↑ ""There is no lease" says SPDF chief of staff – India to help build facilities for Seychelles defence forces on Assumption". Seychelles News Agency. 21 March 2015.
  210. ↑ "India Signs Pacts to Develop Infrastructure in Mauritius, Seychelles". Voice of America. VOA. 12 March 2015.
  211. ↑ "Naval muscle should fetch economic returns". Tribune India. 20 March 2015.
  212. ↑ "India seeks its place in Indian Ocean ahead of Modi's China visit". The Indian Express. 12 March 2015.
  213. ↑ "India's Neighborhood Is Changing -- How Should New Delhi Respond?". The Diplomat. 17 March 2015.
  214. ↑ "Muddying the waters". Arab News. 8 March 2015.
  215. ↑ "India, Japan and Australia: Asia's new geopolitics". DNA. 6 August 2015.
  216. ↑ "India and Australia to hold 1st joint naval exercise". Times of India. 14 June 2015.
  217. ↑ "After LAC face-off, India & China to hold joint exercise". Times of India. 17 September 2015.
  218. ↑ "Australia Wants to Join India, US and Japan in Naval Exercises: Defense Minister". The Diplomat. 5 September 2015.
  219. ↑ "Asia's New Geopolitics Takes Shape Around India, Japan, and Australia". The Diplomat. 28 July 2015.
  220. ↑ "S-E Asia's embrace of Japan and India". Straits Times. 21 August 2015.
  221. ↑ "Wary of Offending Japan, India Sits on Chinese Invite to WW II Memorial Parade". Sunday Standard. 2 August 2015.
  222. ↑ "India, China to Hold Military Exercise Despite Border Skirmish". The Diplomat. 24 September 2015.
  223. ↑ "From NY to New Delhi, it's like going from a funeral to a wedding". Times of India. 12 January 2011.
  224. ↑ "Distorted view of China overlooks its many positive achievements". South China Morning Post. 11 September 2013.
  225. ↑ "Hong Kong protests: Western media reports biased against China, says Shanmugam". The Straits Times. 4 October 2015.
  226. ↑ "PWC Global Annual review 2014". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  227. ↑ "Neither Greater Asia nor Greater Europe: America's "Chaos" versus a Silk World Order". Global Research. 3 July 2015.
  228. ↑ "Europe Confident China Has Replaced or Will Replace U.S.; Asia, Not So Sure". Pew Research Centre. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  229. ↑ "The decline of US power?". BBC News. 10 July 2015.
  230. ↑ "Emerging and Developing Economies Much More Optimistic than Rich Countries about the Future". Pew Research Centre. 9 October 2014.
  231. ↑ "Economics Is Too Important to Be Left to Economists". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 23 September 2015.
  232. ↑ Poor and Powerful - The Rise of China & India and its implications for Europe (PDF). German Development Institute. p. 56. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  233. ↑ Meunier, Sophie. "Yin and Yank: Relations between Public Opinion towards China and the US in Europe". Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University.
  234. ↑ "Asia-Pacific is wealthier than Europe". The Economist. 17 June 2015.
  235. ↑ "The Next Subprime Crisis, Auto Loans, Won't End Well". Forbes. 28 January 2015.
  236. ↑ "Student Debt Is Worse Than You Think". New York Times. 7 October 2015.
  237. ↑ "Economic and military power in Asia". European Council on Foreign Relations. 20 April 2015.
  238. ↑ "Interpreting Modispeak on China". The Hindu. 14 May 2015.
  239. ↑ "Exercises in Kunming and Bay of Bengal underscore India's balancing act". The Hindu. 12 October 2015.
  240. ↑ "China And India: Are Their Interests Converging?". Forbes. 20 September 2015.
  241. ↑ "China, India have many rivalries, some areas of cooperation". Yahoo News. AFP. 14 May 2015.
  242. ↑ "Trade route proposed in India-China conclave". The Hindu. 2 December 2014.
  243. ↑ "US needs a counter-strategy in Asia". The Strait Times. 19 March 2015.
  244. ↑ Asia questions Obama's 'pivot' to the region
  245. ↑ Signals on the Apec sidelines
  246. ↑ Military index shows U.S. weakness
  247. ↑ "Who's afraid of America?". The Economist. 13 June 2015.
  248. ↑ "What if the U.S. Gave an "Air-Sea Battle" and No One Came to Fight?". Center for International Maritime Security. 15 February 2014.
  249. ↑ "South China Sea: Conflict Escalation and 'Miscalculation' Myths". The Diplomat. 25 September 2015.
  250. ↑ "The uses of history". The Economist. 29 August 2015.
  251. ↑ "Power play in the South China Sea". East Asia Forum. 6 October 2016.
  252. ↑ Military index shows U.S. weakness (Heritage Foundation) March 2015
  253. ↑ Assessing US Military Power
  254. ↑ "China's Naval Abilities Test Asia's Insecurities". Wall Street Journal. 27 May 2015.
  255. ↑ "US-China: Shifting sands". Financial Times. 21 June 2015.
  256. ↑ Mackinder Revisited: Will China Establish Eurasian Empire 3.0?
  257. ↑ Historic Thai Canal Plan Resurfaces
  258. ↑ How a Thai Canal Could Transform Southeast Asia
  259. ↑ Thailand and the Coup Trap
  260. ↑ Thailand's junta resurrects plan to build Andaman port
  261. ↑ Andaman and Nicobar Command should get a fleet: CINCAN
  262. ↑ China's Second Coast: Implications for Northeast India
  263. ↑ "What Will China's New Normal Look Like?". Barron's. 17 March 2015.
  264. ↑ "Mapping the New Silk Route". CKGSB. 24 March 2015.
  265. ↑ "The dark side of a fully wired world". The Australian. 7 February 2015.
  266. ↑ "The World After America Is Coming Into Focus As Obama Sets Retreat". The Sun New York. 25 March 2015.
  267. ↑ "The World after America". National Review. 25 March 2015.
  268. ↑ "The United States and Asia" (America and the World 1991). Foreign Affairs.
  269. ↑ "Shyam Saran: India and a fragmented globe". Business Standard. 10 March 2015.
  270. ↑ "The era of U.S. primacy isn't over, but it is set to change". The Daily Star. 20 March 2015.
  271. ↑ "Halford Mackinder's Last View of the Round World". The Diplomat. 23 March 2015.
  272. ↑ "American Power and the Global Financial Crisis: How About Now?". Forbes. 12 March 2015.
  273. ↑ "The American Century Isn't Over". TIME. 12 March 2015.
  274. ↑ "The Biggest Threat to America's Future Is … America". The New Yorker. 17 March 2015.
  275. ↑ "Singapore's Perspectives on Asia and Europe". Chatham House. 28 March 2014.
  276. ↑ "The rise of new economies". BBC. 26 November 2014.
  277. ↑ "Manufacturing hubs to power 'Act East' policy". Times of India. 1 March 2015.
  278. ↑ "India, Asean aim to double trade target to $200 bn by 2022". Live Mint. 12 March 2015.
  279. ↑ "Insurgency in NE will not impact BCIM connectivity: India". The Economic Times. 12 June 2015.
  280. ↑ "Manipur and India's 'Act East' Policy". The Diplomat. 25 February 2015.
  281. ↑ "The spoils of peace". The Economist. 8 August 2015.
  282. ↑ Thai Coup Alienates US Giving China New Opening (Yale University) March 2015
  283. ↑ "BCIM Corridor a game changer for South Asian trade". East Asia Forum. 18 July 2014.
  284. ↑ "BCIM Corridor a game changer for South Asian trade". Myanmar Newswire. 18 July 2014.
  285. ↑ China Says Progress Made in Silk Road Projects
  286. ↑ Project Mausam: India's Answer to China's 'Maritime Silk Road'
  287. ↑ Narendra Modi's ‘Mausam’ manoeuvre to check China's maritime might
  288. ↑ China says progress made in 'Silk Road' and 'Maritime Silk Road' projects
  289. ↑ "Keynote Address by Secretary (East) at International Conference on Cross-border Connectivity in New Delhi". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 12 May 2014.
  290. ↑ "South China Sea security architecture to figure in India-ASEAN dialogue". Eastern Mirror. 10 March 2015.
  291. ↑ "India to reopen the Road to Mandalay". The Telegraph. 24 June 2014.
  292. ↑ "Asean's missing links need to be bridged". The Straits Times. 5 March 2015.
  293. ↑ "Lot to gain from South Asian connectivity: WB economist". The Daily Star. 29 September 2015.
  294. ↑ "Policy Cooperation in the G20: The Role of Middle Powers and Proposals for the Turkish Presidency in 2015" (PDF) (March 2015). Chatham House.
  295. ↑ "The G7 Summit: An Exclusive Club—But a Global Role". Council for Foreign Relations. 3 June 2015.
  296. ↑ "G20? For accord, G7 is best". Sydney Morning Herald. 19 October 2014.
  297. ↑ "G20 summit: Brics build momentum to challenge G7". The Telegraph. 30 November 2014.
  298. ↑ "The world is ready for a global economic governance reform, are world leaders?". Bruegel. 29 October 2014.
  299. ↑ "India's Foreign Policy approaches in the post Cold War period". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Banaras Hindu University. 30 April 2014.
  300. ↑ "Story of four lost regional groupings". Business Line. 26 May 2014.
  301. ↑ Asia's Pivot to Asia
  302. ↑ Geography and Indian Strategy
  303. ↑ "Asia's leaders must work together to solve their problems and leave the US out of it". South China Morning Post. 19 May 2015.
  304. ↑ "India and China: a race of two halves". BBC World News. 16 August 2007.
  305. ↑ "Innovate or Perish". The Island. 31 August 2015.
  306. ↑ "Beyond the 'responsible stakeholder' illusion". Deutsche Welle. 22 September 2015.
  307. ↑ "US-China: Shifting sands". Financial Times. 21 June 2015.
  308. ↑ "China and India Are Beating Us At Our Own Game". YouTube. McCombs School of Business.
  309. ↑ "What Western startups can learn from India". The Globe and Mail. 28 August 2015.
  310. ↑ "The curious case of NSA & Indo-US relations". RT. 11 July 2014.
  311. ↑ Friday Five By Five Q&A: Michael Kugelman on the Obama India Trip
  312. ↑ Fix the Link to Pakistan, Bond With India
  313. ↑ India's Daughter and BBC – Belgian Professor speaks out (Jakob De Roover, University of Ghent, Belgium)
  314. ↑ "The dodgy side of Brussels think-tanks". The Economist. 17 April 2009.
  315. ↑ "Asia's leaders must work together to solve their problems and leave the US out of it". South China Morning Post. 19 May 2014.
  316. ↑ "India's role in Asia may not fit 'Indo-Pacific' agenda". Australian Financial Review Magazine. 30 August 2015.
  317. ↑ "New Forms of Security Collaboration in Asia: Rao Inderjit Singh". Rao Inderjit Singh, Minister of State for Defence, India (Shangri-La Dialogue 2015 Second Plenary Session). IISS Singapore. 30 May 2015.
  318. ↑ "The Making of Modern Indian Diplomacy - A Critique of Eurocentrism". Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. 9 July 2010.
  319. ↑ "The world only sees China: Ignore Southeast Asia at your peril - pundits". Malaysia Chronicle. 13 September 2015.
  320. ↑ "Rising Asia: spheres of influence could wipe out globalism". The Australian. 5 September 2015.
  321. ↑ "Remarks by Minister for Defence, Dr Ng Eng Hen, at 52nd Munich Security Conference Panel Discussion on "China and the International Order(s)". MinDef Singapore. Singapore Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  322. ↑ "Dr Ng: China's role in setting global order critical". MinDef Singapore. Singapore Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  323. ↑ "The West's Failure of Imagination". Wall Street Journal. 3 August 2015.
  324. ↑ "When The Wall Fell, Asia Rose". Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty. 11 November 2009.
  325. ↑ "The EU and Global (Dis)Order". Carnegie Europe. 2 July 2014.
  326. ↑ "Remaking multiculturalism after 7/7". Open Democracy. 28 September 2005.
  327. ↑ A. Diggins, Chloe. "Examining Intersectionality: The Conflation of Race, Gender, and Class in Individual and Collective Identities" (2011, Vol. 3 No. 03). The Student Pulse.
  328. ↑ "Lee Kuan Yew". Wall Street Journal. 22 March 2015.
  329. ↑ "Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Speaks Candidly with TIME". Time. 23 July 2015.
  330. ↑ "How Lee Kuan Yew made Singapore strong: Family values". Washington Post. 23 March 2015.
  331. ↑ "Singapore withdraws gay penguin book from libraries". BBC. 10 July 2014.
  332. ↑ "A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew" (March–April 1994). Foreign Policy.
  333. ↑ "China chain imposes 'filial piety tax' on employees". BBC. 14 October 2015.
  334. ↑ "Chinese court orders woman to visit mother". BBC. 2 July 2013.
  335. ↑ "Does Asia Still Need 'Traditional' Western Expats?". Wall Street Journal. 13 September 2015.
  336. ↑ "The end of capitalism has begun". The Guardian. 17 July 2015.
  337. ↑ "Amazon employees reveal company's brutal work culture". Times of India. 16 August 2015.
  338. ↑ "Ayn Rand killed the American dream: Our free-market economy only works for the 1 percent". Salon. 21 June 2015.
  339. ↑ ""Asian Values" and Democracy in Asia". United Nations university. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  340. ↑ A. Bell, Daniel (7 August 2007). "East Meets West: Human Rights and Democracy in East Asia". Princeton University Press.
  341. ↑ "Why You Should Care About Family Office Values". INSEAD. 27 May 2015.
  342. ↑ ""Asian-Values" Discourse and the Resurrection of the Social". Positions: East Asia cultures critique (Volume 7, Number 2, Fall 1999). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 573–592.
  343. ↑ "The Asian Values Discourse". University of Toronto. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  344. ↑ "Quick Impossible Fixes". Outlook. 19 September 2015.
  345. ↑ "What's wrong with finance". The Economist. 1 May 2015.
  346. ↑ "What's Wrong With American Business Culture And The Economy". Business Insider. 31 July 2013.
  347. ↑ "Ethical Breakdowns" (April 2011). Harvard Business Review.
  348. ↑ "Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home" (September–October 1996). Harvard Business Review.
  349. ↑ "The Role of Government in Promoting Industrialization under Globalization: The East Asian Experience". National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) Tokyo, Japan. 28 November 2003. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  350. ↑ "The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business". University of Aveiro, Portugal. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  351. ↑ "WESTERN SYSTEM VERSUS CHINESE SYSTEM" (PDF). China Policy Institute, University of Nottingham. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  352. ↑ "Why have we given the West authority to determine limits of management studies?". Economic Times. 3 July 2015.
  353. ↑ "What 18 Year Olds Tells Us About Singapore's Future". The Straits Times. 10 October 2010.
  354. ↑ "Comprehensive education". The Economist. 7 March 2015.
  355. ↑ "What is China's 'new normal'?". BBC. 24 September 2015.
  356. ↑ "How the World Perceives the New American Dream" (October 2015). The Atlantic. 10 October 2015.
  357. ↑ "Great Firewall rises: darkness descends as China tightens online censorship". South China Morning Post. 18 February 2015.
  358. ↑ "Porn websites ban: Govt puts the onus on ISPs". Live Mint. PTI. 5 August 2015.
  359. ↑ "India porn ban: How the government was forced to reverse course". BBC. 8 August 2015.
  360. ↑ "Porn corrupts young minds, ban it: Women lawyers' body petitions SC". Indian Express. 27 September 2015.
  361. ↑ "Govt climbs down on porn ban, says can't do moral policing". Hindustan Times. 11 August 2015.
  362. ↑ "Are Western Values Losing Their Sway?". The New York Times. 12 September 2015.
  363. ↑ "What's Wrong With U.S. Foreign Policy?". Time. 21 May 2015.
  364. ↑ Datta-Ray, Deep Kisor (2010). The making of modern Indian diplomacy: a critique of Eurocentrism. University of Sussex.
  365. ↑ "Public Lecture: "L'invention de la Politique Étrangere de l'Inde" at École Normale Supérieure (Paris)". École Normale Supérieure (ENS). 16 June 2015.
  366. ↑ "A Tale of Two Asias". Foreign Policy. 31 October 2012.
  367. ↑ "US-India ties in the age of Xi Jinping". South Asian Monitor. 11 September 2015.
  368. ↑ "The unnatural nature of peace and prosperity". The Straits Times. 17 April 2015.
  369. ↑ India's Ambassador to the United States: Who Is Subrahmanyam Jaishankar?
  370. ↑ The Jaishankar I know
  371. ↑ "A 'Pax Indica-Americana' for South Asia?"
  372. ↑ "Indian envoy to US says 'romance phase of courtship' has ended, hard slog ahead"
  373. ↑ Beyond The Obama-Modi Bromance
  374. ↑ A case for the Doctor
  375. ↑ Dhruva Jaishankar, Transtlantic Fellow, German Marshall Fund
  376. ↑ "The World; No, Chirac Didn't Say Shut Up". New York Times. 23 February 2003.
  377. ↑ "Chirac lashes out at 'new Europe'". CNN. 18 February 2003.
  378. ↑ "Europe is blowing itself apart over Greece - and nobody seems able to stop it". The Telegraph. 7 July 2015.
  379. ↑ "Painful lessons must be learned by Europe: it will always need America to clean up its mess". The Guardian. 19 July 2015.
  380. ↑ "Disunion in the EU and lots of moral preening as refugee crisis grows". Fox News. 10 September 2015.
  381. ↑ "Skepticism Prevails as Europe Prepares to Go to the Polls". Time. 13 May 2014.
  382. ↑ "Countdown to missed opportunity for EU economy". Reuters. 23 November 2014.
  383. ↑ "New leadership seeks to rebuild EU self-confidence". Reuters. 21 December 2014.
  384. ↑ "EU's three big problems all linked". Reuters. 1 September 2014.
  385. ↑ "Further examples of the EU's wild extravagance". Daily Express. 3 December 2014.
  386. ↑ "Herman van Rompuy has won the Euro jackpot, but we're paying". The Telegraph. 3 December 2014.
  387. ↑ "Emotional Intelligence for EU Democracy". Carnegie Europe. 26 January 2015.
  388. ↑ "Paris, Berlin look to shake up euro zone leadership". Reuters. 31 May 2013.
  389. ↑ "The EU Beyond the Crisis: The Unavoidable Challenge of Legitimacy". Carnegie Europe. 8 October 2013.
  390. ↑ "Junk Juncker and the whole EU crew". The Telegraph. 29 June 2014.
  391. ↑ "Le Donald, and Western Democracy's Populism Problem". Foreign Policy. 21 August 2015.
  392. ↑ "Europeans see EU going in the wrong direction: Survey". EurActiv. 6 June 2013.
  393. ↑ "EC president accused of hypocrisy over Luxembourg tax schemes". The Guardian. 11 November 2014.
  394. ↑ "Keep up the pressure for a No vote, Left warned". The Telegraph. 26 May 2005.
  395. ↑ "'Haiku Herman' quietly leaves EU stage". EUObserver. 1 December 2014.
  396. ↑ "Big, bad Visegrad". The Economist. 30 January 2016.
  397. ↑ "Eastern Europe lacks 'culture of political discussion'". Deutsche Welle. 21 July 2012.
  398. ↑ "The hidden history of the CIA's prison in Poland". Washington Post. 23 January 2014.
  399. ↑ Matthew Day (10 December 2014). "Polish president admits Poland agreed to host secret CIA 'black site'". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  400. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Europe - Polish agents tell of CIA jails". bbc.co.uk.
  401. ↑ "Senate report 'proves Lithuania hosted CIA jail': detainee's lawyers". Reuters.
  402. ↑ "Former USSR: A democratic deficit". Financial Times. 18 August 2011.
  403. ↑ "Eastern Germany 'more susceptible' to 'xenophobic radicalization'Eastern Germany 'more susceptible' to 'xenophobic radicalization'". Deutsche Welle. 31 August 2015.
  404. ↑ "Inside Europe -Far-Right on the rise in Austria?". Deutsche Welle. 1 October 2015.
  405. ↑ "Europe's democratic deficit grows wider by the day". The Telegraph. 5 November 2011.
  406. ↑ "EU report finds rampant racism, xenophobia in Hungary". Deutsche Welle. 9 June 2015.
  407. ↑ "Eastern Europe's Compassion Deficit". New York Times. 8 September 2015.
  408. ↑ "Neo-Nazis form expanding networks beyond national borders". Deutsche Welle. 21 September 2013.
  409. ↑ "Pöttering: 'Romania joined the EU too soon'". Deutsche Welle. 14 July 2012.
  410. ↑ "Austerity-hit Europe has democratic deficit, says Nobel winner Amartya Sen". Yorkshire Post. 11 June 2015.
  411. ↑ "Italy's extreme right-wing on the rise". Deutsche Welle. 9 November 2013.
  412. ↑ "Right-Wing Extremism in Poland Gathers Momentum". Deutsche Welle. 4 March 2006.
  413. ↑ "Germans Take Clear Stance on Homophobia in Eastern Europe". Deutsche Welle. 6 June 2006.
  414. ↑ "Russia's Putin Holds the Cards in Europe's Crises". Wall Street Journal. 1 October 2015.
  415. ↑ "High Confidence, Little Use? European Public Opinion on Armed Forces and Their Role in Defense and Conflict Management". New York University. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  416. ↑ "Not ready for a post-American world: European views on NATO". Brookings Institution. Pew research. 16 June 2015.
  417. ↑ "Poll: Many in NATO Nations Reluctant to Give Military Aid to Ukraine". Voice of America. 10 June 2015.
  418. ↑ "Brexit and Transatlantic relations: An American's view". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. National Foreign Trade Council. 19 September 2016.
  419. ↑ "Emerging markets and Europe: time for different relationships?". Bruegel. 7 September 2015.
  420. ↑ "(FCO) Europe 2030: Model power not Superpower - Bruges Speech by the Rt Hon David Miliband MP Foreign Secretary" (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  421. ↑ "Globalization and World Order" (PDF). The London Conference 2014. Chatham House. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  422. ↑ "The global financial crisis" (February 2009). The Monthly. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  423. ↑ "In geopolitical terms Europe is now irrelevant". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  424. ↑ "Outlook on the Global Agenda 2015" (PDF). 2015 World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  425. ↑ "France's baby boom secret: get women into work and ditch rigid family norms". The Guardian. 21 March 2015.
  426. ↑ "The Graying of Germany's Small Business Managers". Wall Street Journal. 28 July 2015.
  427. ↑ "Germany dominance over as demographic crunch worsens". The Telegraph. 1 June 2015.
  428. ↑ "Germany's demographics: Young people wanted". Financial Times. 24 August 2015.
  429. ↑ "EU refugee flow finds echo in India". The Hindu. 14 October 2015.
  430. ↑ "E.U. Passes Tough Migrant Measure". New York Times. 19 June 2008.
  431. ↑ "Born Irish, but With Illegal Parents". New York Times. 25 February 2008.
  432. ↑ "Ethnic minorities could face more discrimination as a result of immigration reforms". Herald Scotland. 13 October 2015.
  433. ↑ "Patients may have to show passports". Daily Mail. 13 May 2015.
  434. ↑ "Why immigration controls resemble apartheid in their adverse consequences for freedom". London School of Economics. 15 September 2015.
  435. ↑ "Finland struggling to attract top talent from abroad". Helsinki Times. 14 October 2015.
  436. ↑ Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015. OECD & European Union. 2 July 2015. ISBN 9789264232303. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  437. ↑ "France, UN Condemn Favoritism for Christian Refugees in Europe". Voice of America. 8 September 2015.
  438. ↑ "Muslims threaten Europe's Christian identity, Hungary's leader says". The Washington Post. 3 September 2015.
  439. ↑ "Looking for a home". The Economist. 27 August 2015.
  440. ↑ "Belgium Struggles to Resolve an Old Identity Crisis". Wall Street Journal. 19 July 2008.
  441. ↑ "Pork or nothing: how school dinners are dividing France". The Guardian. 13 October 2015.
  442. ↑ Saikia Phukan, Rumani. "Overpopulation in India – Causes, Effects and How to Control it?". Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  443. ↑ "What do you do with millions of extra graduates?". BBC News. 1 July 2014.
  444. ↑ "India's population policies, including female sterilisation, beset by problems". Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  445. ↑ "India: Industrial evolution". Financial Times. 5 May 2014.
  446. ↑ "No Country For Makers". Outlook. 6 October 2014.
  447. ↑ "The Future and How to Survive It" (October 2015). Harvard Business Review.
  448. ↑ "Global Teams That Work". Harvard Business Review. October 2015.
  449. ↑ "Note from Berlin: All quiet on the Merkel front". European Council for Foreign Research. ECFR. 22 September 2016.
  450. ↑ Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power, Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, pp 43-45. ISBN 9780465029556. Published 2012.
  451. ↑ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC. 3 October 2016.
  452. ↑ "European Union And Asian Security – Analysis". EurAsia Review. SAAG. 31 August 2015.
  453. ↑ "Deutsche Bank: Why we should all be deeply concerned". Sky News. 28 September 2016.
  454. ↑ "Port of Hamburg Shows Germany Is Vulnerable on China Trade". Wall Street Journal. 26 August 2015.
  455. ↑ "Germany could be Europe's next big problem". Business Insider. 2 March 2016.
  456. ↑ "Deutsche Bank Troubles Dent Europe's Economic Engine". Bloomberg. 28 September 2016.
  457. ↑ "The Autumn of Our Discontent?". Carnegie Europe. 25 August 2015.
  458. ↑ "Deutsche Bank troubles denting Germany's role as European anchor". EconoTimes. 28 September 2016.
  459. ↑ "Greek Crisis Shows How Germany's Power Polarizes Europe". Wall Street Journal. 6 July 2015.
  460. ↑ International Institutions and Economic Development in Asia (PAFTAD (Pacific Trade and Development Conference Series) ed.). Routledge. 21 December 2010. p. 41. ISBN 978-0415497541. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  461. ↑ The Authority of the Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter:Legal Limits and the Role of the International Court of Justice (Developments in International Law (Book 8) ed.). Springer. 30 May 2001. ISBN 978-9041116413. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  462. ↑ The EU's Role in World Politics: A Retreat from Liberal Internationalism (Routledge Advances in European Politics) (Routledge Advances in European Politics ed.). Routledge. 18 May 2011. p. 28. ISBN 978-0415679459. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  463. ↑ "It's time to expand the UN Security Council. But who gets a seat?". Christian Science Monitor. 20 January 2011.
  464. ↑ "African Union to push for Africa's voice in UN". The Herald. 25 January 2016.
  465. ↑ "To the new order, strategically". Indian Express. 3 Feb 2014.
  466. ↑ "PM Modi's no-loss game with G4 gamble for UN security council reforms". The Economic Times. 27 September 2015.
  467. ↑ "Reform eludes UN Security Council". The Hindu. 17 September 2015.
  468. ↑ "Voice The United States Doesn't Want to Reform the U.N. Security Council". Foreign Policy. 29 September 2015.
  469. ↑ "That Elusive Seat". Indian Express. 26 September 2015.
  470. ↑ "The Greek crisis and an imperfect EU". The Hindu. 2 July 2015.
  471. ↑ France and India: Decoding the Strategic Partnership
  472. ↑ "There's no nuking Indo-French ties". Hindu Business Line. 29 June 2015.
  473. ↑ "Why Bengal is to India what France is to the world". The Telegraph. 5 September 2015.
  474. ↑ "Guadeloupe French seek PIO status". Times of India. 8 April 2015.
  475. ↑ Africa's population to double to 2.4 billion by 2050. The Daily Telegraph. 12 September 2013.
  476. ↑ "India-France Relations: Look to the Indian Ocean". The Diplomat. 4 June 2015.
  477. ↑ "The French Connection Just Got Stronger". The New Indian Express. 27 January 2016.
  478. ↑ "India and France sign 16 agreements, PM Modi hails growing friendship". Times of India. 24 January 2016.
  479. ↑ "France, India must deepen engagement". Asian Age. 27 January 2016.
  480. ↑ "Full text of Joint Statement issued by India, France". The Hindu. 25 January 2016.
  481. ↑ "What was on President Francois Hollande's mind? French envoy decodes". India Today. 27 January 2016.
  482. ↑ "Be my guest: The R-Day strategy". The Hindu. 26 January 2016.
  483. ↑ "Consolidating ties with France". The Hindu. 27 January 2016.
  484. ↑ "French Troops to Make Historic Appearance at India's Republic Day Parade". Wall Street Journal. 26 January 2016.
  485. ↑ "French regiment is back in India after 232 years". Times of India. 27 January 2016.
  486. ↑ "Trade is booming; will diplomacy follow?". The Hindu. 3 July 2015.
  487. ↑ "We could see an Indian as PM of UK in our lifetime: Keith Vaz". Times of India. 7 August 2015.
  488. ↑ "Reparations from the Raj". The Statesman. 2 August 2015.
  489. ↑ Thomas R. Trautmann (1997). Aryans and British India. Aryans and British India at Google Books
  490. ↑ "Why the Indian soldiers of WW1 were forgotten". BBC World Service. 2 July 2015.
  491. ↑ "Of Oxford, economics, empire, and freedom". The Hindu. 10 July 2005.
  492. ↑ Broadberry and Gupta, Stephen & Bishnupriya (18 October 2009). INDIAN GDP BEFORE 1870: SOME PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES AND A COMPARISON WITH BRITAIN (PDF). University of Warwick.
  493. ↑ Tomlinson, B.R.Tom. "India in the World Economy, 1750-2010" (PDF). SOAS, University of London. SOAS. pp. 1, 5, 10.
  494. ↑ Louis, Roger (15 May 2007). "Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization". I. B. Tauris.
  495. ↑ Malone, David (14 April 2015). "To court India, Canada must play the long game". The Globe and Mail.
  496. ↑ "India may approach Britain on bringing back Kohinoor". Zee News. 22 July 2016.
  497. ↑ "Indian MPs demand Kohinoor's return". BBC News. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
  498. ↑ "Return Kohinoor to India, UK MP Keith Vaz says". Times of India. 28 July 2015.
  499. ↑ "Uneasy the head that wears the crown". The Hindu. 29 November 2015.
  500. ↑ Syria Debate: Government Defeat On Military Action, Sky News, (29 August 2013)
  501. ↑ "Voice Does America Need New 'Special Relationships'?". Foreign Policy. 4 August 2015.
  502. ↑ "Britain's Drift From the Global Stage Becomes an Election Issue". New York Times. 28 April 2015.
  503. ↑ "The Crisis of World Order". Wall Street Journal. 20 November 2015.
  504. ↑ Alasdair Pinkerton (October 2008). "A new kind of imperialism? The BBC, cold war broadcasting and the contested geopolitics of south asia". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 28 (4): 537–555. doi:10.1080/01439680802310324.
  505. ↑ "BBC flayed for not terming Mumbai gunmen as terrorists". The Indian Express. The Indian Express Limited. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  506. ↑ Sheela Bhatt (14 December 2008). "The BBC cannot see the difference between a criminal and a terrorist'". Rediff India Abroad. Rediff.com India Limited. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  507. ↑ "Rape, India's Global Image & British Media". In News. 29 March 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  508. 1 2 2014 World Service Poll BBC
  509. ↑ "Germany's neo-Nazi investigation exposes institutional racism". The Guardian. 13 November 2012.
  510. ↑ Salentin, Kurt. Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany (International Journal of Conflict and Violence ed.). University of Bielefeld, Germany.
  511. ↑ Wage Discrimination and Occupational Segregation of Foreign Male Workers in Germany (PDF). Zentrumjiir Europiiische Wirtschajtsjorschung (ZEW). March 1995.
  512. ↑ Yentl Solari, Sarah. German Nationality: An Illustration of Institutionalized Discrimination (PDF). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  513. ↑ "How much is 'Made in Germany' really worth?". Deutsche Welle. 20 January 2014.
  514. ↑ "German machinery manufacturers face Chinese challenge" (October 2013). Automotive Products Finder.
  515. ↑ "German machine tool industry aims to catch up with Japan in Thailand". VDW (German Machine Tool Builders' Association). 26 November 2014.
  516. ↑ "The future of German mechanical engineering" (July 2014). McKinsey & Company.
  517. ↑ "'Made in Germany' lies in the 'gutter' after Volkswagen caught cheating". The Telegraph. 21 September 2015.
  518. ↑ "VW scandal more proof something is rotten in European corporations". Market Watch. 22 September 2015.
  519. ↑ "German Cheats". Politico. 28 September 2015.
  520. ↑ "Volkswagen, Bosch oppose request for diesel documents". Reuters. 26 September 2016.
  521. ↑ "VW Diesel Scandal Threatens to Ensnare German Supplier Bosch". Reuters. 18 August 2016.
  522. ↑ "Merkel's Europe: how her men run Brussels". Reuters. 23 October 2013.
  523. ↑ "Why Germany Can't Lead Europe". The New York Times. 16 June 2015.
  524. ↑ "Post-post-nationalist Germany". The Economist. 8 August 2015.
  525. ↑ "Joschka Fischer: Merkel's Greece policy is 'fatal'". The Local. 27 July 2015.
  526. ↑ "Germany's toughness on Greek debt is unseemly, given its own experience with war reparations". South China Morning Post. 20 July 2015.
  527. ↑ "Germany Risks Its Reputation With Idea of Greece Exiting Eurozone". The New York Times. 17 July 2015.
  528. ↑ "Top US award goes to philosophers Jürgen Habermas and Charles Taylor". Deutsche Welle. 11 August 2015.
  529. ↑ "Greek crisis: Merkel placing investors above democracy, says Habermas". The Irish Times. 23 June 2015.
  530. ↑ "The night the dream died". The Japan Times. 12 July 2015.
  531. ↑ "Leadership lessons: The Greece deal fallout". The European Council of Foreign Relationships. 23 July 2015.
  532. ↑ "Greece crisis: Merkel accused of 'destroying Europe'". The Irish Times. 17 July 2015.
  533. ↑ "Dresden tolerance rally goes ahead as PEGIDA marches take place across Europe". Deutsche Welle. 6 February 2016.
  534. ↑ "Leipzig police arrest hundreds after far-right hooligans' violent rampage". Deutsche Welle. 12 January 2016.
  535. ↑ "Sharp rise in right-wing crime in Germany just 'the tip of the iceberg'". Deutsche Welle. 11 February 2016.
  536. ↑ "In Germany, pressure mounts to handle right-wing violence against refugees". Deutsche Welle. 22 February 2016.
  537. ↑ "Planned refugee shelter in eastern German town of Bautzen catches fire". Deutsche Welle. 21 February 2016.
  538. ↑ "Complaints over Internet xenophobia on the rise in Germany". Deutsche Welle. 22 February 2016.
  539. ↑ "'Shameful' video of mob blocking a refugee bus in Germany sparks outrage". Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2016.
  540. ↑ "German chancellor Angela Merkel worried right-wing violence towards refugees could split Germany". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ABC. 1 September 2015.
  541. ↑ "Merkel's tough tactics prompt criticism in Germany and abroad". Financial Times. 15 July 2015.
  542. ↑ "Proof That Merkel Is Europe's Economic Bully". Bloomberg. 9 July 2015.
  543. 1 2 "Merkel's Misstep". Foreign Affairs. 28 July 2015.
  544. ↑ "Europe's confused attitude to German leadership". Financial Times. 21 July 2015.
  545. ↑ "Berlin's tough line splits European public opinion". De Local. 4 August 2015.
  546. ↑ "Greece's Financial Rescue: A Blow To European Unity?". NPR. 13 July 2015.
  547. ↑ "German muscle threatens European solidarity". BBC News. 16 July 2015.
  548. ↑ "Germany waits on result of its quest for a Security Council seat". Deutsche Welle. 12 October 2015.
  549. ↑ "The Greek debt crisis threatens 70 years of peace". The Independent. 25 July 2015.
  550. ↑ "Greece clash sparks fears over German power". Financial Times. 17 August 2015.
  551. ↑ "Refugee Encounter Highlights Merkel's Complicated Image". New York Times. Associated Press. 17 July 2015.
  552. 1 2 Ayca Ariyoruk (3 July 2005). "Players and Proposals in the Security Council Debate". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  553. ↑ "Italy tells India handling of marines case could hurt EU ties". Reuters. 10 February 2014.
  554. ↑ Vautmans, Hilde. "European Parliamentary questions (21 December 2015) E-016046-15 - Relations between the EU and India". Europa.eu. European Parliament. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  555. ↑ "EU-India summit off as Italian marines case rankles". Reuters. 16 March 2015.
  556. ↑ "Italy plays the spoilsport". The tribune. 28 April 2015.
  557. ↑ "India's fails to get MTCR membership, but wins wide support". Gulf News. 12 October 2015.
  558. ↑ "Italy blocking India's entry into elite missile tech group MTCR, bargaining over marines issue". IBC World News. 12 October 2015.
  559. ↑ "A bridge too far for PM Narendra Modi, yet to hold summit with India's biggest trading partner". Economic Times. 28 September 2015.
  560. 1 2 "Embassy of India in Madrid: INDIA-SPAIN RELATIONS". Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  561. ↑ "INS Kalvari, First of Scorpene Class Submarines, Tests Water: 10 Facts". Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  562. ↑ India and the European Union: Future Perspectives 2015 (Indian Ministry of External Affairs)
  563. ↑ "Here is how Modi govt performed in one year; you can rate the ministries". The Indian Express. 25 May 2015.
  564. ↑ "New Forms of Security Collaboration in Asia: Rao Inderjit Singh". Shangri-La Dialogue 2015 Second Plenary Session. IISS. 30 May 2015.
  565. ↑ "Ajit Doval spoke in Mumbai on State Security, statecraft and Conflict of Values". IBC World News. 6 August 2015.
  566. ↑ "NSA Ajit Doval underlines use of power: India should stop punching below its weight". Indian Express. 5 August 2015.
  567. ↑ "The State should go to any end to protect the nation's interest". Indian Express. 6 August 2015.
  568. ↑ "India to gain from new foreign policy of global alignment". The Hindu. 23 August 2015.
  569. ↑ "Won't leave India's enemies, says Rajyavardhan Rathore". India Today. 6 September 2015.
  570. ↑ "India thinking about Dawood and Hafiz, ready to 'neutralize' them, Rajyavardhan Rathore says". Times of India. 6 September 2015.
  571. ↑ Tosiek, Piotr. "The European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon – Still an Intergovernmental System" (PDF). The Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Center.
  572. ↑ Puetter, Uwe. "The European Council and the Council: New Intergovernmentalism and Institutional Change". Oxford University Press.
  573. ↑ "Reconsider relations with the European Union". India Today. 18 May 2012.
  574. ↑ History of European Union and the Republic of India partnership (EEAS)
  575. ↑ India-EU Trade Economic and Technological cooperation (Website of the Indian Mission to EU)
  576. ↑ European Union Seeks Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Intervention to Resume Trade Talks
  577. ↑ EU keen to restart FTA negotiations with India
  578. ↑ EU Keen to Resume Negotiations on Stalled BTIA With India
  579. ↑ EU keen to restart stalled BTIA negotiations with India (Feb 2015)
  580. ↑ "MSF calls for cautious approach on EU-India free trade agreement". Business Standard. 7 October 2015.
  581. ↑ "Civil society groups in India and across the world protest against EU-India FTA". Connectas. 23 April 2010.
  582. ↑ "The India-Eu Fta Will Cost India $6 Billion In Exports" (October 2015). The Dollar Business.
  583. ↑ "India opposes proposed European Trademark rules". Live Mint. 14 October 2015.
  584. ↑ European Union Ambassador to India Joao Cravinho: Ukraine issue: EU wants India to leverage ties with Russia (Feb 2015)
  585. ↑ "EU-India free trade deal to be game-changer". Business Standard. 1 October 2015.
  586. ↑ O. Wolf, Siegfried. The Merits of Regional Cooperation. Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-3-319-02234-5.
  587. ↑ "New face but same old problems for EU foreign policy". Business Insider. 10 May 2015.
  588. ↑ "Strengthening relations between Europe and India: Which partnership for the 21st Century?". London School of Economics and Political Science. LSE. 1 April 2015.
  589. ↑ "Reconsider relations with the European Union". India Today. 18 May 2012.
  590. ↑ "EU trade policy undermined, say members". Times of India. 20 April 2015.
  591. ↑ Stanzel, Angela (1 October 2015). "What does India think?". European Council on Foreign Relations. ECFR.
  592. ↑ "Ban urges European leaders to treat refugees properly". RTE. 21 September 2015.
  593. ↑ "UN chief blasts Hungary's treatment of migrants". Channel News Asia. 17 September 2015.
  594. ↑ "The Stunning Hypocrisy of Mitteleuropa". Foreign Policy. 10 September 2015.
  595. ↑ "Migrants crisis: Hungary's Orban lays bare EU East-West split". BBC. 3 September 2015.
  596. ↑ "How much did they know? CIA torture haunts America's European allies". Sydney Morning Herald. 15 December 2014.
  597. ↑ "Paying for torture". The Economist. 25 February 2015.
  598. ↑ "EU Colluded with CIA in Torture Crimes, Not Qualified to Criticise Pyongyang on Human Rights Violation: North Korea". International Business Times. 18 December 2014.
  599. ↑ "CIA torture haunts America's European allies". Stuff NZ. 15 December 2014.
  600. ↑ "Mass snooping fake mobile towers 'uncovered in UK'". BBC. 10 June 2015.
  601. ↑ "GCHQ illegally spied on two international human rights groups says watchdog set up to keep tabs on British agents". Daily Mail. 23 June 2015.
  602. ↑ "Price-fixing glass makers fined". BBC. 28 November 2007.
  603. ↑ "EU Commission hits three more banks for LIBOR scandal". EuroNews. 21 October 2014.
  604. ↑ "EU sets 115.9 mln euro fine for food packaging cartels". Reuters. 24 June 2015.
  605. ↑ "Big Banks Agree to Settle Swaps Lawsuit". Wall Street Journal. 12 September 2015.
  606. ↑ "Meat labels misleading EU consumers, says watchdog report". Deutsche Welle. 4 November 2015.
  607. ↑ "Horsemeat scandal: Dutch trader found guilty and jailed". BBC. 7 April 2015.
  608. ↑ "'Fake fish' fracas hits Belgium". BBC. 3 November 2015.
  609. ↑ "Ikea boss Ingvar Kamprad pays first income tax in Sweden since 1973". The News Australia. 2 November 2015.
  610. ↑ "Flat-pack accounting". The Economist. 11 March 2006.
  611. ↑ "Ikea avoided paying €1bn tax in Europe, claim MEPs". Financial Times. 12 Feb 2016.
  612. ↑ "Ikea accused of underpaying over €1 billion in taxes to EU". South China Morning Post. 14 February 2016.
  613. ↑ "IKEA pays a low amount of tax". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 September 2014.
  614. ↑ "EU receives report on Ikea taxes". Business Spectator. 15 Feb 2016.
  615. ↑ "EU Auditors Slam Inaction On VAT Fraud". Eurasia Review. 6 March 2016.
  616. ↑ "German Neo-Nazi MEP Udo Voigt Gets EU Parliament Human Rights Committee Seat". International Business Times. 9 July 2014.
  617. ↑ "Meet The 12 Most Embarrassing Members Of The European Parliament". Business Insider Australia. 16 December 2014.
  618. ↑ "Outrage as neo-Nazi Joins European Parliament Civil Rights Committee". Haaretz. 8 July 2014.
  619. ↑ "German Neo-Nazi member of the European Parliament gets seat on assembly's civil liberties committee". European Jewish Press. 24 August 2015.
  620. ↑ "Wärtsilä under fire over Indian operations". Yle Uutiset. 4 March 2015.
  621. ↑ "Burmese villagers 'forced to work on Total pipeline'". The Independent. 23 October 2011.
  622. ↑ "Response by Total: Myanmar Foreign Investment Tracking Project". Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  623. ↑ "VW Is Said to Cheat on Diesel Emissions; U.S. Orders Big Recall". New York Times. 18 September 2015.
  624. ↑ "Volkswagen to recall 500,000 pollution-hiding cars in US". BBC World Service. 18 September 2015.
  625. ↑ "Volkswagen Admits to Cheating on U.S. Emissions Tests". Bloomberg. 18 September 2015.
  626. ↑ "Volkswagen apologises for emissions scandal". BBC World News. 21 September 2015.
  627. ↑ "Understanding India: The role of the EU". EU Council on Foreign Relations. 17 August 2015.
  628. ↑ "EU-ban will impact $1 bn pharma exports from India: Pharmexcil". Business Standard. 27 July 2015.
  629. ↑ "Germany suspends marketing of 54 drugs by GVK Bio". Hindu Business Line. 22 August 2015.
  630. ↑ EU ban on Indian mangoes, vegetables could hit free trade talks
  631. ↑ Mango prices to go up as EU lifts ban
  632. ↑ "West Polluted World' for 150 Years, and India Says It Won't Pay". Bloomberg. 17 September 2015.
  633. ↑ Does Europe's Arrogance Blind it to Asia?
  634. ↑ Europeans Still Learning About Asia
  635. ↑ India as an Inspiration for Europe?
  636. ↑ EU-India relations: from blind spot to strategic engagement
  637. ↑ What do the EU and India have in common? (World Economic Forum)2015
  638. ↑ Pallavi Aiyar: A partnership of equals
  639. ↑ Four pillars for an EU-India partnership
  640. ↑ Germany and political union in Europe : nothing moves without France
  641. ↑ Europe's India aversion
  642. ↑ "Sumitra Mahajan, Speaker of the Indian Parliament visited the European Parliament in Brussels on 23 June 2015". European Commission AudioVisual Service. 23 June 2015.
  643. ↑ "Speaker of the Indian parliament visits the EP". European Parliament Press Office. 23 June 2015.
  644. ↑ "India, multi-aligned, and at variance with EU". The Hindu. 9 February 2015.
  645. ↑ "EU-India ties clouded by 'rhetoric not matching action'". Deutsche Welle. 15 January 2015.
  646. ↑ "India and Europe in a Multipolar World" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  647. ↑ India to urge airlines to boycott EU carbon scheme (2012)
  648. ↑ The EU's Place in India's Foreign and Security Policy (Association for International Affairs) 2011
  649. ↑ The European Union And India : Rhetoric or Meaningful Partnership?
  650. ↑ von Muenchow-Pohl, Bernd (23 August 2012). "EU Relations with China and India: Courting the Dragon, Wooing the Elephant". Carnegie Europe.
  651. ↑ Aziz Wülbers, Shazia (16 December 2010). The Paradox of EU-India Relations: Missed Opportunities in Politics, Economics, Development Cooperation, and Culture. Lexington Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-4809-9.
  652. ↑ "Seminar on India-Europe Relations". Vivekananda International Foundation. Institute for Transnational Studies (ITS), Germany. 16 March 2015.
  653. ↑ "Does Donald Trump's victory spell the end of the West?". New Straits Times. 14 November 2016.
  654. ↑ Strengthening Relations Between Europe and India: Which partnership for the Twenty First Century? (London School of Economics) 2015
  655. ↑ 'I see 2015 as the renovation of the India-EU relationship': EU Ambassador
  656. ↑ Balancing in the Middle East: India's relations with Iran, Israel
  657. ↑ "Are Prime Ministers Taking Over EU Foreign Policy?". Carnegie Europe. 16 February 2015.
  658. ↑ "Where in the World Is the EU?". Carnegie Europe. 28 April 2015.
  659. 1 2 EU expected to reach out to India to restart FTA talks
  660. ↑ What's Holding Back the India-EU FTA?
  661. ↑ European Commission: Market Access Investigations & Trade Disputes
  662. ↑ Vice-chair of parliament's delegation for relations with India: 'Time to de-ice' EU-India relations (2014)
  663. ↑ What's Holding Back the India-EU FTA? (2014)
  664. ↑ Rewriting the ground rules of European diplomacy: The European external action service in the making (2010)
  665. ↑ Explaining the limited development of EU-India cooperation
  666. ↑ "Comparing two greats". The Hindu. 5 September 2015.
  667. ↑ "If it stays on that course, Europe will become geopolitically irrelevant". Europe's World. 1 October 2013.
  668. ↑ "The new dynamic changing the global strategic environment". The Australian. 12 September 2015.
  669. ↑ "Europe the Unready". New York Times. 27 November 2015.
  670. ↑ Das, PushPita (22 September 2013). "COASTAL SECURITY The Indian Experience" (PDF). IDSA Monograph Series. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. ISBN 978-93-82169-22-2.
  671. ↑ "Geopolitics and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean" (PDF). Clingendael Institute Policy Brief. Clingendael Institute, Netherlands (August 2014).
  672. ↑ "Gaps in Maritime Security-I". Indian Defence Review. 16 September 2015.
  673. ↑ "Crowded coasts and waterways of Asia have become a source of nagging anxiety". The Age. 13 September 2015.
  674. ↑ "Sri Lankan navy fires at fishermen, 12 injured". Manorama Online. 25 August 2015.
  675. ↑ "Murder at Sea: Captured on Video, but Killers Go Free". New York Times. 20 July 2015.
  676. ↑ Germany, France on, Brussels off from Modi's April travel
  677. ↑ "Narendra Modi may skip Brussels in European tour". Live Mint. 15 March 2015.
  678. ↑ "Brussels off Modi's Europe tour in April". Tribune India. 15 March 2015.
  679. ↑ "Modi scraps Brussels visit". The Hindu. 16 March 2015.
  680. ↑ Germany, France on, Brussels off from PM Modi's April travel
  681. ↑ Italian Marines row hits PM Narendra Modi's EU plan
  682. ↑ MEPs call for Italian marò accused of killing Indian fishermen to be repatriated (European Parliament) Press Release
  683. ↑ MEPs call for Italian marò accused of killing Indian fishermen to be repatriated (European Parliament)
  684. ↑ PM Narendra Modi's Brussels visit cancelled as EU fails to respond (WN.com)
  685. 1 2 PM Narendra Modi's Brussels visit cancelled as EU fails to respond (Economic Times)
  686. ↑ Germany, France on, Brussels off from PM Modi's April travel
  687. ↑ EU pins hopes on Modi to boost ties with India, but obstacles remain
  688. ↑ "Panel regrets non-response by EU to Modi's Brussels' visit plan". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 16 March 2015.
  689. ↑ "EU silence on summit not deliberate: MEPs". The Hindu. 16 March 2015.
  690. ↑ "Italian Marines Issue Clouds PM Narendra Modi's EU Trip". NDTV. 16 March 2015.
  691. ↑ "Justice is no picnic". The Hindu. 15 February 2016.
  692. ↑ "Italian Marines case: Legal tussle may drag on till 2018". New Indian Express. 22 January 2016.
  693. ↑ "No politics or emotions with Italian marines, Oommen Chandy tells NDTV". NDTV. 25 March 2013.
  694. ↑ India Arrests Crew of US-Owned Anti-Piracy Ship
  695. ↑ Estonian Europarliamentarians ask for Ashton's help to anti-pirate guards
  696. ↑ "Harish Salve withdraws as counsel for Italian marines". NDTV. 13 March 2013.
  697. ↑ "Govt defends activist Priya Pillai's offloading, slams west's rights reports". Times of India. 16 February 2015.
  698. ↑ Greenpeace India fears charity crackdown under Narendra Modi (2014)
  699. ↑ Foreign-aided NGOs are actively stalling development, IB tells PMO in a report (2014)
  700. ↑ "Narendra Modi govt cracks down on NGOs, prepares hitlist". Hindustan Times. 24 January 2014.
  701. ↑ "The foreign threat". The Indian Express. 15 May 2015.
  702. ↑ "How I was deported from India". The Hindu. 2 July 2015.
  703. ↑ "Why certain foreign journalists are barred from entering India". Business Standard. 24 October 2015.
  704. ↑ "French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest". Indian Express. 22 November 2015.
  705. ↑ "Hollande to be Republic Day chief guest". Deccan Herald. 21 November 2015.
  706. ↑ "Francois Hollande to be Chief Guest at 2016 Republic Day celebrations". The Hindu. 21 November 2015.
  707. ↑ "India defers free trade pact talks with EU due to drug sale ban". Reuters. 5 August 2015.
  708. ↑ "European Union Bans Hundreds of Drugs Over Clinical Trial Studies". Wall Street Journal. 27 July 2015.
  709. ↑ "As GVK drugs go off EU shelves, India sees no scope now for FTA talks". The Hindu Business Line. 20 August 2015.
  710. ↑ "'Disappointed' India defers EU FTA talks". Business Standard. 6 August 2015.
  711. ↑ "India is interested in reviving FTA talks with EU: Nirmala Sitharaman". Economic Times. 9 September 2015.
  712. ↑ "India wants 'answers' from EU on GVK ban before reviving FTA talks". Business Standard. 10 September 2015.
  713. ↑ "EU, India aim to resume stalled FTA talks in August". LiveMint. 30 June 2015.
  714. ↑ "India to seek CERN membership: Ratan Kumar Sinha, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India". The Economic Times. 25 May 2015.
  715. ↑ "PM Modi to Begin Europe Tour on April 9, Will Visit France, Germany". NDTV. 25 March 2015.
  716. ↑ Modi rejigs Europe, Canada itinerary to put Paris first
  717. ↑ "Modi, German Chancellor Merkel to inaugurate Hannover Fair". Hindu Business Line. The Hindu. 16 March 2015.
  718. ↑ "PM Modi, German Chancellor Merkel to inaugurate Hannover Fair". The Economic Times. PTI. 16 March 2015.
  719. ↑ "Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan Meets European Union Parliamentary President in Brussels". NDTV. 24 June 2015.
  720. ↑ "Mahajan meets EU Parl prez". Press Trust of India. 24 June 2015.
  721. ↑ "EU India summit expected by end of 2015". THe Hindu. 17 June 2015.
  722. ↑ "EU pins hopes on Modi to boost ties with India, but obstacles remain". Hindustan TImes. 15 March 2015.
  723. ↑ "EU Hits India With Tariffs Up to 31.2% on Water, Sewage Pipes". Bloomberg. 19 September 2015.
  724. ↑ "Low-grade Indian SiMn focus expected from EU anti-dumping probe". Metal Bulletin. 17 September 2015.
  725. ↑ "EU, India working to resolve trade row over generic drugs". EEAS. 18 August 2015.
  726. ↑ "PM Narendra Modi's Brussels visit cancelled as EU fails to respond". Economic Times. 14 March 2015.
  727. ↑ "Juncker appoints former rival Barnier as security advisor". EurActiv. 18 February 2015.
  728. ↑ "Press release on the nomination of Alain Le Roy as Secretary General of the EEAS". EEAS. 7 January 2015.
  729. ↑ India disapproves European Parliament resolution on Italian marines
  730. ↑ European Parl adopts resolution on marines, India disapproves
  731. ↑ EuroParl Text adopted P8_TA(2015)0013: European Parliament resolution of 15 January 2015 on the case of the two Italian ‘marò’
  732. ↑ EuroParl JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION — Italian marines in India
  733. ↑ EuroParl Question O-000023/2015: Estonian and UK marines detained in India
  734. ↑ MEPs call for Italian marò accused of killing Indian fishermen to be repatriated
  735. ↑ "European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation". The Economic Times. 13 November 2016.
  736. ↑ "India's crackdown on black money will help financial system: EU". Hindu Business Line. 13 November 2016.
  737. ↑ "Will India dash UK trade deal hopes?". BBC. 5 November 2016.
  738. ↑ "India: Theresa May's charm offensive leaves many unmoved". BBC. 13 November 2016.
  739. ↑ "Theresa May rejects calls to raise Indian visa quota". BBC. 7 November 2016.
  740. ↑ "Social Sciences Winter School programme". ZoomPondy.com. Pondicherry University and French Institute of Pondicherry. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  741. ↑ "Study in France". The Hindu. 30 September 2016.
  742. ↑ "French businessmen to go on India tour". Times of India. 29 September 2015.
  743. ↑ "Angela Merkel on three-day visit to India from 4 October". Live Mint. 24 September 2015.
  744. ↑ "Trade, IT and Clean Ganga on agenda for India-Germany talks next week". Indian Express. 1 October 2015.
  745. ↑ "Angela Merkel's visit: India, Germany likely to solve language issue". Economics Times. 1 October 2015.
  746. ↑ "Angela Merkel to visit India next wk; to revive FTA talks". CNBC-TV18. 1 October 2015.
  747. ↑ "Angela Merkel coming on October 4". The Hindu. 1 October 2015.
  748. ↑ "Angela Merkel coming". Niti Central. 1 October 2015.
  749. ↑ "Germany seeks deeper ties with India, wants Intellectual Property Rights protected". The Economic Times. 3 September 2015.
  750. ↑ "New German envoy presents credentials". New Kerala. 2 September 2015.
  751. ↑ "Support for Merkel falls over handling of refugee crisis". Reuters. 26 September 2015.
  752. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal: Angela Merkel's government accused of being 'in bed' with the German car industry". The Independent. 24 September 2015.
  753. ↑ "EU Movers and Shakers". The Parliament Magazine. 3 September 2015.
  754. ↑ "EU model well-suited for India's structure". The Indian Express. 8 May 2015.
  755. ↑ "French ships to take part in joint exercise with Indian Navy". The Hindu. 19 June 2015.
  756. ↑ "Amphibious vessels to strengthen Navy". Times of India. 10 September 2011.
  757. ↑ "India To Construct 4 LPDs". Defense News. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  758. ↑ "LPDs Lead India's Push To Boost Sealift, Amphibious Capabilities". Defense News. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  759. ↑ "Joint Naval Exercise with France Next Week". The New Indian Express. 19 June 2015.
  760. ↑ "Indo-French joint naval display on June 21, 22". Times of India. TNN. 19 June 2015.
  761. ↑ "Sweden offers Gripen jet to India". The Indian Express. 11 June 2015.
  762. ↑ "German defence minister backs Make in India campaign". Live Mint. 28 May 2015.
  763. ↑ "Varuna 2015: Stunning images of Indo-French Naval exercise". Economic Times. 4 May 2015.
  764. ↑ "India Today Conclave 2015: What is India's place in the world?". India Today. 14 March 2015.
  765. ↑ "India Today conclave 2015 - The Global High Table". YouTube. India Today conclave 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  766. 1 2 "German professor cites India's 'rape problem' in rejection of Indian applicant"
  767. 1 2 German professor rebuked for rejecting intern over 'India's rape problem'
  768. ↑ Germany: Professor denies Indian internship citing his country's 'rape problem'
  769. ↑ German Professor Apologises For 'Rape Problem' Email To Indian Student
  770. ↑ German Professor Sorry for Rejecting Indian Student Due to Nation's ‘Rape Problem’
  771. ↑ Biochemie-Professorin Annette Beck-Sickinger entschuldigt sich für Äußerungen
  772. ↑ Welt.de
  773. ↑ EU leaders pin hopes on Modi for bettering ties (Hindustan Times)
  774. ↑ "UK-EU rift widens as Boris Johnson snubs meeting on Trump". EuroNews. 12 November 2016.
  775. ↑ "British, French ministers snub EU talks on Donald Trump". Indian Express. 13 November 2016.
  776. ↑ "Boris Johnson to skip EU special meeting on Trump win". BBC. 12 November 2016.
  777. ↑ "French foreign minister snubs EU Trump talks". The Local. 13 November 2016.
  778. ↑ "UK Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson has called for an end to the "collective whinge-o-rama"". BBC. 11 November 2016.
  779. ↑ "Merkel's CDU in poll hammering as backing for populist AfD surges". Yahoo News. AFP. 13 March 2016.
  780. ↑ "Angela Merkel's CDU suffers German state election setbacks". BBC News. 13 March 2016.
  781. ↑ "German state elections: Success for right-wing AfD, losses for Merkel's CDU". Deutsche Welle. 13 Feb 2016.
  782. ↑ "Merkel left out of her own party's election rally". New Zealand Herald. 14 March 2016.
  783. ↑ "Renewed debate over possible Merkel candidacy to lead UN". Deutsche Welle. 17 Feb 2016.
  784. ↑ "No Woman Has Had Top Post at UN". Voice of America. 13 March 2016.
  785. ↑ "Why Angela Merkel Could Lead the U.N.". New York Times. 16 Feb 2016.
  786. ↑ "Refugee crisis: Hungary to hold referendum on migration quotas". The Independent. 24 February 2016.
  787. ↑ "The Tide of Syrian Refugees is Unraveling Europe". Newsweek. 25 February 2016.
  788. ↑ "Migrant Crisis Deepens Europe's East-West Divide". Voice of America. 16 Feb 2016.
  789. ↑ "Visegrad Group opposes Germany's refugee policy". Deutsche Welle. 15 Feb 2016.
  790. ↑ "French PM rejects permanent quota system for refugees". Reuters. 14 Feb 2016.
  791. ↑ "European Ties Franco-German relations not at their best". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2016.
  792. ↑ "Angela Merkel: Lots of foes, fewer friends". Financial Times. 16 Feb 2016.
  793. 1 2 "Franco-German relations not at their best". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2016.
  794. ↑ "For Europe's sake, Paris must rebuild bridges with Berlin". Gulf News. 21 February 2016.
  795. ↑ "France not favourable to Germany's refugee proposal". Radio France International. RFI. 13 February 2016.
  796. ↑ "Waiting for Merkel to change". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2016.
  797. ↑ "Dutch to hold referendum on EU Ukraine deal". BBC. 14 October 2015.
  798. ↑ "Former Italian PM Enrico Letta: Grexit will spark decline of European idea". The Australian Financial Review. 2 July 2015.
  799. ↑ "Greece will shape Angela Merkel's legacy". South China Morning Post. SCMP. 29 June 2015.
  800. ↑ "Markets on Greece watch in case of euro rupture shock". Gulf News. 27 June 2015.
  801. ↑ "The VERY BIG risks of Greece's debt crisis". Malaysia Chronicla. 30 June 2015.
  802. ↑ "Greece's debt crisis explained". Times of India. 1 July 2015.
  803. ↑ "Greece recalls ambassador in Austria amid refugee tensions". Deutsche Welle. 25 Feb 2016.
  804. ↑ "EU ministers call for coordinated approach to refugee crisis as 'anarchy' looms". Deutsche Welle. 16 Feb 2016.
  805. ↑ "European Union's moment of truth". Asian Age. 30 August 2015.
  806. ↑ "Greek crisis may create an opportunity for long-term investors in India". Business Standard. 29 June 2015.
  807. ↑ "Greek Crisis Threatens European Dream: Analysts". NDTV. 29 June 2015.
  808. ↑ "What Are the Geostrategic Implications of a Grexit?". Foreign Policy. 1 July 2015.
  809. ↑ "Follow the leader? Germany struggles as Syria, refugee crises rage". Reuters. 14 February 2016.
  810. ↑ "Germany: 'Merkel must go!' say anti-refugee and anti-TTIP protesters". Indian Express. 16 February 2016.
  811. ↑ "Are the Visegrad states sealing off the EU?". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2016.
  812. ↑ "Opinion: Merkel can only fail". Deutsche Welle. 14 February 2016.
  813. ↑ "Opinion: Waiting for Merkel to change". Deutsche Welle. 16 February 2016.
  814. ↑ "Merkel isolated as EU partners slam door on refugees". Gulf News. 14 February 2016.
  815. ↑ "China watches Greece with dismay, patience and cunning". BBC World News. 30 June 2015.
  816. ↑ "Europe's political currents old and new collide". BBC World Service News. 30 June 2015.
  817. ↑ "Special Report: How the IMF's Greek misadventure is changing the fund". Reuters. 28 August 2015.
  818. ↑ Chinese Investment Could Energize Europe's Juncker Fund. EconoMonitor. 1 July 2015.
  819. ↑ "China's new international growth agenda". The Japan Times. 1 July 2015.
  820. ↑ "China's Foreign Aid Offensive". RAND Corporation. 29 June 2015.
  821. ↑ "Rupert Murdoch leaked Sushma Swaraj's emails, Lalit Modi says". Times of India. 16 June 2015.
  822. ↑ "Parliamentary cooperation between Russia, China at its best ever: lawmaker". Xinhua. 4 June 2015.
  823. ↑ "Russia pushes for setting up BRICS parliamentary forum". Zee News. 27 February 2015.
  824. ↑ "India, China agree to strengthen bilateral ties". The Hindu. 24 March 2015.
  825. ↑ "Talks over; India, China agree to maintain border peace for good ties". Zee News. 24 March 2015.
  826. ↑ "Prez, PM, Defence and Foreign ministers to visit Russia". Times of India. PTI. 22 March 2015.
  827. ↑ "India's ties with Russia incomparable: Modi". Business Standard. 11 December 2014.
  828. ↑ "PM thanks Putin for supporting India's relations with Eurasian Economic Union". ANI News. 11 December 2015.
  829. ↑ "Dry Run on International North-South Transport Corridor Next Month". Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. Press Information Bureau (PIB). 25 February 2014.
  830. ↑ "India to begin trade pact with former USSR nations rich in natural resources". The Economic Times. 23 October 2014.
  831. ↑ Rajan, Amitha (11 December 2014). "Sino-Indian Relations: Competition or Co-operation in Central Asia?". China in Eurasia. School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
  832. ↑ Ewing, Jack; Davenport, Coral (20 September 2015), "Volkswagen to Stop Sales of Diesel Cars Involved in Recall", New York Times
  833. ↑ Ewing, Jack (21 September 2015), "Volkswagen Denied Deception to E.P.A. for Nearly a Year", New York Times
  834. ↑ "Volkswagen says 11 million cars hit by scandal, probes multiply". Reuters. 22 September 2015.
  835. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal widens". CNN. 22 September 2015.
  836. ↑ "Crisis could spread for VW beyond US". Deutsche Welle. 21 September 2015. Volkswagen stocks plummeted after it admitted to rigging U.S. emissions tests
  837. ↑ "Volkswagen emissions scandal spreads to Europe and threatens to embroil more models and rival carmakers". The Independent. 22 September 2015.
  838. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal: now millions of petrol cars could be affected". The Telegraph. 22 September 2015.
  839. ↑ "VW's Emissions Cheating Found by Curious Clean-Air Group". Bloomberg. 20 September 2015.
  840. ↑ "Volkswagen not first to be accused of using software to fool regulators". Market Watch. 22 September 2015.
  841. ↑ "VW cheated emissions tests, says EPA". Financial Times. 18 September 2015.
  842. ↑ "Stain on Made in Germany label". Calcutta Telegraph. 22 September 2015.
  843. ↑ "VW scandal threatens 'Made in Germany' brand". BBC. 22 September 2015.
  844. ↑ "VW emissions fallout spreads to Asia". Financial Times. 22 September 2015.
  845. ↑ "VW emissions scandal could snare other firms, whistleblower claims". The Guardian. 22 September 2015.
  846. ↑ "Will Volkswagen scandal tarnish 'Made in Germany' image?". India Today. 25 September 2015.
  847. ↑ "Volkswagen scandal shoves Berlin off high ground". Times of India. 24 September 2015.
  848. ↑ "Does the Volkswagen scandal show rottenness in corporate Germany?". Australian Financial Review. 25 September 2015.
  849. ↑ "India is a key partner in Indo-Pacific region". The Hindu. 2 September 2015.
  850. ↑ "CECA pact with India top priority: Australian Defence Minister". The Hindu. 2 September 2015.
  851. ↑ "DD India has started in Europe on Eutelsat Hotbird". Media Asia. 12 October 2015.
  852. ↑ "DD India's Europe transmission uninterrupted by Deutsche Welle contract expiry". Indian Television. 27 August 2015.
  853. ↑ "Europe fails on electronics recycling goals". Reuters. 30 August 2015.
  854. ↑ "Europe dumped its electronic waste on foreign shores: Study". Zee News. 27 September 2015.
  855. ↑ "Airbus signs off record IndiGo deal". BBC. 17 August 2015.
  856. ↑ "Moody's: Record IndiGo Order is Credit Positive for Airbus". Moodys. 17 August 2015.
  857. ↑ "IndiGo orders record-breaking 250 Airbus planes". Fortune. 17 August 2015.
  858. ↑ "Off record". Deccan Herald. 3 August 2015.
  859. ↑ "India is now a $2-trillion economy: World Bank report". Times of India. 3 July 2015.
  860. ↑ "India is now a $2-trillion economy". The Hindu. 3 July 2015.
  861. ↑ "Saudi Arabia loses spot as top crude supplier to India, China". Reuters. 24 June 2015.
  862. ↑ "Chinese media see international bank as diplomatic coup". Yahoo News. AFP. 30 June 2015.
  863. ↑ "Founding 57 members of China-led AIIB investment bank sign up in Great Hall ceremony". Deutsche Welle. 29 June 2015.
  864. ↑ "China's new investment bank already paying diplomatic dividend to Beijing". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 March 2015.
  865. ↑ "China-led AIIB development bank holds signing ceremony". BBC World News. 29 June 2015.
  866. ↑ "China's APEC Leadership Trumping Obama's 'Pivot.' Looking At Risks In China's Post-High Growth Era". Fobes. 11 October 2014.
  867. ↑ "U.S. urges allies to think twice before joining China-led bank". Reuters. 17 March 2015.
  868. ↑ "India to sign free trade agreement with Eurasian Economic Union". Business Standard. 18 June 2015.
  869. ↑ "India to sign FTA with Eurasian Economic Union". The Dollar Business. 19 June 2015.
  870. ↑ "China flags off new cargo train to Europe". Times of India. 14 June 2015.
  871. ↑ "China's Silk Road dreams in Europe". The Straits Times. 17 June 2015.
  872. ↑ "Agreement on the New Development Bank and the BRICS Contingent Reserve Agreement". Business Standard. 25 February 2015.
  873. ↑ "An Easy Way to Play India's Explosive Growth". Money Morning. NASDAQ. 24 March 2015.
  874. ↑ "Time to scale up Indo-US business ties". The Financial Express. 22 January 2015.
  875. ↑ "SITA project launched to boost Indo-African trade". SME Times. 23 March 2015.
  876. ↑ "India, East Africa set to tap joint business opportunities". Hindu Business Line. 20 March 2015.
  877. ↑ "East Africa: ITC Fuelling India-East Africa Trade and Investment". All Africa. 20 March 2015.
  878. ↑ "Black money: India offers cash reward to HSBC whistleblower". Deccan Herald. 23 March 2015.
  879. ↑ "Five reasons why IMF chief Christine Lagarde is bullish on India". Economic Times. 18 March 2015.
  880. ↑ "Economic growth may not exceed 6.8% without reforms: Bibek Debroy". Business Standard. 18 March 2015.
  881. ↑ "India is a bright spot in gloom-ridden global economy: IMF". Hindustan Times. 16 March 2015.
  882. ↑ "India Growth Will Beat China This Year". Forbes. 11 March 2015.
  883. ↑ "Christine Lagarde: India's GDP to exceed that of Japan and Germany combined by 2019". International Business Times. IBT. 16 March 2015.
  884. ↑ "India's economy likely to grow 8% in next fiscal: Fitch". Economic Times. Fitch. 22 March 2015.
  885. ↑ "India finally signs deal with France for 36 Rafale fighters". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  886. ↑ "India and France sign Rafale fighter jet deal". BBC. 23 September 2016.
  887. ↑ "No need for 36-month wait? Parrikar says India may get Rafale jets sooner". Hindustan Times. 2 October 2016.
  888. ↑ "DCNS says Scorpene data leak may be "economic warfare"". The Hindu. 25 August 2016.
  889. ↑ "India shelves plan to expand French submarine order after data breach". Reuters. 3 September 2016.
  890. ↑ "India applies for membership of Missile Technology Control Regime that controls missile & space tech". The Economic Times. 11 June 2015.
  891. ↑ "Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC". The Times Of India. 8 November 2010.
  892. ↑ "Obama seeks expanded India-US trade". Al Jazeera English. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  893. ↑ "Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future". Voice of America. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  894. ↑ "China scuttles India's bid to enter NSG". Deccan Herald. 14 June 2015.
  895. ↑ "Remarks by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the EUISS Annual Conference". European External Action Service. European Union. 9 October 2015.
  896. ↑ "India In The SCO -- Safeguarding Its Interest In Central Asia". Forbes. 12 June 2015.
  897. ↑ "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Growing Pains". The Diplomat. 18 September 2015.
  898. ↑ "UK Road Accident: Six Indian Soldiers Still Remain in Hospital, Joint Exercise Continues". The New Indian Express. 18 June 2015.
  899. ↑ "Soldiers hurt in exercise on Salisbury Plain with the Indian armed forces". UK News In Pictures. UKNIP. 18 June 2015.
  900. ↑ "'Life-Changing Injuries' In Troop Carrier Crash". Sky News. 17 June 2015.
  901. ↑ "Twenty soldiers injured in crash near Stonehenge". ITV News. 17 June 2015.
  902. ↑ "Salisbury Plain crash: 21 military personnel injured in collision involving three troop carriers". The Independent. 17 June 2015.
  903. ↑ "Myanmar op not hot pursuit, intelligence lapse reason behind Manipur ambush: Rao Inderjit Singh". The Economic Times. 11 June 2015.
  904. ↑ "Is Myanmar raid Indian counter-insurgency shift?". BBC. 10 June 2015.
  905. ↑ "U.S. Defense Secretary Visits India to Build Military Ties". The New York Times. 3 June 2015.
  906. ↑ "Speech by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue 2015". European Union. EEAS. 31 May 2015.
  907. ↑ "Shangri La Dialogue 2015: Europe Was There". The Diplomat. 7 June 2015.
  908. ↑ "US, France and Germany dial India to get their citizens out of Yemen". The Economic Times.
  909. ↑ "Twenty-three countries request India to evacuate their citizens from Yemen". Times of India. 6 April 2015.
  910. ↑ The 'Bird of Gold': The Rise of India's Consumer Market
  911. ↑ "Country Profile INDIA". OECD. OECD Library.
  912. ↑ "More than jobs, India must churn out job creators". Times of India. 15 March 2015.
  913. ↑ "India to Doctors: Please Don't Leave or We'll Bring You Back". Forbes. 26 April 2012.
  914. ↑ "Number of engineers on rise...". Deccan Herald. 10 January 2010.
  915. ↑ "Engineering education: Can India overtake China?". Rediff. 9 June 2006.
  916. ↑ About 5 per cent of India is middle class
  917. ↑ "India: Asia's Next Economic Dynamo?". Forbes. 10 September 2015.
  918. ↑ "Poverty can be eradicated by 2020: Kalam". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
  919. ↑ IMF- World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010
  920. 1 2 Rural-Urban distribution Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 26 November 2008.
  921. ↑ Number of Villages Census of India: Number of Villages Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 26 November 2008.
  922. ↑ Urban Agglomerations and Towns Census of India: Urban Agglomerations and Towns. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 26 November 2008.
  923. ↑ "Indian diaspora (May 2012)" (PDF). Government of India.
  924. ↑ Religious Composition Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Religious Composition. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 26 November 2008.
  925. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 — India International Religious Freedom Report 2007. U.S. Department of State.
  926. ↑ "CIA's The World Factbook — India". Cia.gov. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  927. ↑ Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs — Background Note: India
  928. ↑ Beyond 100 Days Of PM Modi In India, Why Is He Good For Asia? (Forbes)
  929. ↑ India's growing international clout
  930. ↑ "Modi's reforms could speed up India's transformation". Asian Times Online. 19 June 2015.
  931. ↑ "Taking the BRICS seriously". THe Korea Herald. 22 June 2015.
  932. ↑ "GREECE JUST TAUGHT CAPITALISTS A LESSON ABOUT WHAT CAPITALISM REALLY MEANS". Business Insider. 5 July 2015.
  933. ↑ "It's just a shock": India's new Gilded Age and the trauma of capitalism
  934. ↑ Valentine's Day sparks pushback, cultural tensions in Asia
  935. ↑ India's Changing Consumer Economy: a Cultural Perspective (Advances in Consumer Research Volume 21, 1994 Pages 323-328)
  936. ↑ Overheard on the ladies' coach
  937. ↑ India: Social Value of Parents and Children in Joint and Nuclear Families
  938. ↑ "Amartya Sen: The economic consequences of austerity". New Statesman. 4 June 2015.
  939. ↑ "Global Publics Back U.S. on Fighting ISIS, but Are Critical of Post-9/11 Torture". Pew Global Research. 23 June 2015.
  940. ↑ "The turmoil of today's world: leading writers respond to the refugee crisis". The Guardian. 12 September 2015.
  941. ↑ "The New Global Marketplace of Political Change". International Relations and Security Network (ISN) ETH Zurich. 11 May 2015.
  942. ↑ Nielsen consumer confidence index: Concerns and Spending Intentions Around the World (Nielsen Research) 2014
  943. ↑ The countries most optimistic and pessimistic about their economic future (Pew Research) 2014
  944. ↑ "Where are the engineers?". The Hindu. 17 June 2015.
  945. ↑ Datta-Ray, Deep K. (9 June 2015). "The Indian challenge: Diplomacy beyond Europe's order". Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. NUPI.
  946. ↑ Sibal, Kanwal (8 May 2015). "Strategic Autonomy as an Indian Foreign Policy Option". The Indian Panorama.
  947. ↑ White, Hugh (26 May 2015). "India won't provide solutions to our China questions". Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. Sydney Morning Herald. ANU.
  948. ↑ "Enrica Lexie case – A legal conundrum". Maritime Security Asia. 4 March 2012.
  949. ↑ "World oil transit chokepoints" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 10 November 2014.
  950. ↑ "The New Great Game". Foreign Policy. 29 September 2015.
  951. ↑ "Mackinder Revisited: Will China Establish Eurasian Empire 3.0?". The Diplomat. 7 February 2015.
  952. ↑ "How to Upgrade the Sino-Indian Relationship". Foreign Policy. 15 April 2015.
  953. ↑ "Strategic entente". Frontline. 28 November 2015.
  954. ↑ "What Is Strategic Stability? – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS). 12 October 2015.
  955. ↑ "Obama's India visit and China's India policies". Niti Central. 2 February 2015.
  956. ↑ "Why America is cozying up to the Indian army". The Week. 6 October 2015.
  957. ↑ "Confirmed: Japan Will Permanently Join US-India Naval Exercises". The Diplomat. 13 October 2015.
  958. ↑ "China, India begin joint military drills in Kunming". The Brics Post. 13 October 2015.
  959. ↑ "The Battle For Bangladesh". Foreign Policy. 13 March 2013.
  960. ↑ 'Strategic' relations suit India
  961. ↑ China, India agree on "strategic partnership"
  962. ↑ China and India as strategic partners
  963. ↑ China and India: a reality check
  964. ↑ China and India: Strategic Partnership and Cooperation
  965. ↑ "Why India And UAE Need Each Other – Analysis". EurAsia Review. 23 August 2015.
  966. ↑ Khanna, Parag. "Bollystan: India's Diasporic Diplomacy" (PDF). Foreign Policy Centre (FPC) (2005).
  967. ↑ Chauhan, Rishika. "Modi's Foreign Policy: Focus on the Diaspora" (PDF) (Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS Singapore) Working Papers).
  968. ↑ "'India first' is Modi's new mantra". The Hindu. 10 March 2013.
  969. ↑ "The worldwide web". The Economist. 21 May 2015.
  970. ↑ "Raja-Mandala: Call of the Gulf". New Indian Express. 18 August 2015.
  971. ↑ "Narendra Modi in the Emirates: Bridging India's Gulf". The Diplomat. 28 August 2015.
  972. ↑ "Air India Flies High". Bloomberg Business Week. 18 August 2015.
  973. ↑ "Why Did BRICS Back Russia on Crimea?". The Diplomat. 31 March 2014.
  974. ↑ "Why Russia's relationship with India matters for Europe". European Council for Foreign Research. 12 December 2014.
  975. ↑ "Charting a new Asian history". The Hindu. 1 September 2015.
  976. ↑ "The Iran momentum". The Hindu. 22 August 2015.
  977. ↑ "With Iran's Help, India Eludes China in Race for Gas Riches". Bloomberg. 6 August 2015.
  978. ↑ "A fit of absentmindedness". New Straits Times. 7 October 2015.
  979. ↑ "Remarks by the President to the Joint Session of the Indian Parliament in New Delhi, India". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  980. ↑ India's democratic experiment: A sixth of humanity votes
  981. ↑ "What makes Indian farmers kill themselves?". BBC News. 24 May 2015.
  982. ↑ "Bribery in India: A website for whistleblowers". BBC NEws. 6 June 2011.
  983. ↑ Employment across various sectors, NSSO 66th Nationwide Survey, Planning Commission, Government of India (3 June 2014), pp 116
  984. ↑ "Golf Memberships for Babus Cancelled by Government: Report". NDTV. 29 January 2015.
  985. ↑ "Govt shows the door to babus who got UPA's Delhi Golf Club membership". Hindustan Times. 29 January 2015.
  986. ↑ "India's new prime minister calls time on fairway civil servants". The Telegraph. 2 June 2014.
  987. ↑ "Golf Games Scratched in Delhi as Modi Rattles Bureaucracy". Bloomberg L.P. 20 June 2014.
  988. 1 2 "Modi effect: Delhi government servants have to clock in on time, stay back late and even give up holidays". The Economic Times. 23 June 2014.
  989. ↑ "Bureaucrats under Narendra Modi are caged in a steel frame". Business Standard. 6 September 2014.
  990. ↑ "India's corruption scandals". BBC. 18 April 2012.
  991. ↑ India Congress ex-minister quits amid Rahul Gandhi row
  992. ↑ "Indian National Congress: A Party in Crisis". The Diplomat. 30 October 2015.
  993. ↑ "Where Is Rahul Gandhi?". NewsWeek. 23 March 2015.
  994. ↑ "Is Robert Vadra a liability for Priyanka's political career?". Business Standard. 30 April 2014.
  995. ↑ "Faridabad district administration files report on Robert Vadra land holdings". India Today. 22 December 2014.
  996. ↑ "Haryana land deal: Robert Vadra could face up to 2 years in jail". India Today. 21 December 2014.
  997. ↑ "Behind a Real-Estate Empire, Ties to India's Gandhi Dynasty". Wall Street Journal. 17 April 2014.
  998. ↑ "Sreenivasan replaced Priyanka in Robert Vadra company". Rediff. 8 October 2012.
  999. ↑ Indian media: State of political parties (February 2015)
  1000. 1 2 US court dismisses lawsuit against India's Narendra Modi
  1001. ↑ Quiet lunch shatters EU boycott of Narendra Modi
  1002. ↑ After 10 years of boycott, European Union envoys meet Narendra Modi, say this is a 'new phase'
  1003. ↑ European Union ends 'boycott' of Narendra Modi
  1004. ↑ Why The U.S. Shunned The Man Who Will Now Lead India
  1005. ↑ "India Swears In PM as South Asian Leaders Watch". Voice of America (VOA). 19 May 2014.
  1006. ↑ Why Gujarat is described as a land of opportunities (Economic Times) 2015
  1007. ↑ Narendra Modi features on Time magazine cover; Congress angry (NDTV) 2012
  1008. ↑ "The Illusion Of "Ease of Doing Business"". Business World. 17 September 2015.
  1009. ↑ Solana, Javier. "The European Union and India". India-U.S. Policy Memo (September 2014). Brookings Institution.
  1010. ↑ "PMO website revamped, now send e-mail to PM Modi directly". Zee News. 27 May 2015.
  1011. ↑ "How Narendra Modi Wants to Change India". Time Magazine. 18 May 2015.
  1012. ↑ "How to run a continent". The Economist. 23 May 2015.
  1013. ↑ "Narendra Modi government's first year in power in 9 charts". LiveMint. 18 May 2015.
  1014. ↑ "How to damage India's reputation". The Economist. 14 May 2015.
  1015. ↑ "Subhas Chandra Bose: Looking for India's 'lost' leader". BBC. 13 October 2015.
  1016. ↑ "Declassified Netaji files from Bengal could be earthshaking". Times of India. 16 September 2015.
  1017. ↑ "66% of Indians surveyed, including Cong supporters, back Modi: Pew". Times of India. 18 September 2015.
  1018. ↑ "Here's Why Narendra Modi is a Popular Prime Minister". New Indian Express. 18 September 2015.
  1019. ↑ "PEW survey findings show Congress needs to reboot their strategy against Modi government". DNA. 19 September 2015.
  1020. ↑ "Pew Survey Shows Even Congress Men Connecting With PM Modi's Agenda: BJP". NDTV. 18 September 2015.
  1021. ↑ "Has Narendra Modi lived up to expectations?". BBC. 25 May 2015.
  1022. ↑ "India Rising, China Slowing Doesn't Mean Modi Wins". Bloomberg L.P. 16 June 2015.
  1023. ↑ "Prime Minister Popularity and Voter Optimism Have Soared in India Under Modi, U.S. Think-Tank Survey Shows". Wall Street Journal. 18 September 2015.
  1024. ↑ "The Modi Phenomenon". Pew Research Center. 17 September 2015.
  1025. ↑ "Highways and 'i-ways': How Modi wooed Silicon Valley". BBC World Service. 28 September 2015.
  1026. ↑ "Brain drain can become brain gain: Modi". The Hindu. 28 September 2015.
  1027. ↑ "India successfully launches its first space observatory". New Europe. 28 September 2015.
  1028. ↑ Brain drain costs Asia billions, BBC News
  1029. ↑ Students' exodus costs India forex outflow of $10 bn: Assocham, Thaindian News, 26 January 2009
  1030. ↑ "Whose brains are draining?". The Economist. 1 July 2015.
  1031. ↑ "MIT World " : The World is Flat". Mitworld.mit.edu. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  1032. ↑ Assisi, Francis C. (4 January 2007). "News & Analysis: Skilled Indian Immigrants Create Wealth for America". INDOlink. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  1033. ↑ Saxenian, AnnaLee (1999). "Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs" (PDF). Public Policy Institute of California.
  1034. ↑ "Report: 25% of Indian B-School Graduates get a job in Americas". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  1035. ↑ "USA�s best: Indian Americans top community - World - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  1036. ↑ "The model minority is losing patience". The Economist. 3 October 2015.
  1037. ↑ "Golf Games Scratched in Delhi as Modi Rattles Bureaucracy". Bloomberg. 20 June 2014.
  1038. ↑ "PMO website revamped, now send e-mail to PM Modi directly". NDTV. 5 June 2015.
  1039. ↑ "PMO controls everything: Tharoor". The Hindu. 11 April 2015.
  1040. ↑ "India Inc. Learns Its Place". Bloomberg. 5 August 2015.
  1041. ↑ "Grudge brews in Delhi Golf Club after PM cancels membership for bureaucrats". Daily Mail. 15 May 2015.
  1042. ↑ "Narendra Modi's shuffled bureaucrats get a big dose of reality". Hindustan Times. 8 September 2015.
  1043. ↑ "383 Babus Breach Property Returns Rule". New Indian Express. 20 September 2015.
  1044. ↑ Modi: My govt's only religion is "India first"
  1045. ↑ Modi: Govt committed to recover black money, root out corruption
  1046. ↑ Jaitley's tough talk: Black money abroad? Be ready for jail, huge fines
  1047. ↑ "Made in India, by small enterprises". The Hindu. 26 September 2015.
  1048. ↑ "Union Budget 2014-15: Full Text". Zee News. 10 July 2015.
  1049. ↑ Modi foreign policy reorientation: Reset of a policy of equidistance
  1050. ↑ Barack Obama invite idea came from Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  1051. ↑ "High Visibility". The Economist. 23 May 2015.
  1052. ↑ India: The Best is (Still) Yet to Come (Chatham House)
  1053. ↑ Rising Powers and the Future of Defence Cooperation (Chatham House) 2015
  1054. ↑ The European Union and India (Brookings Institution) 2014
  1055. ↑ India's year in working multilateralism (2014)
  1056. ↑ Challenges of a Multipolar World: The United States, India, and the European Union in the Asia-Pacific (Brookings Institution) 2013
  1057. ↑ India: Can a Bilateral Relationship Become a Strategic Partnership? (Council on Foreign Relations) 2015
  1058. ↑ "Brick and mortar of foreign policy". The Hindu. 12 June 2015.
  1059. ↑ Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Global. p. Chapter 9. ISBN 978-0-670-08574-3.
  1060. ↑ "In a first, foreign ministry to recruit academicians, people from private sector". Times of India. 18 June 2015.
  1061. ↑ "The European Dream: A Requiem". New York Times. 21 Feb 2016.
  1062. ↑ Europe: What Went Wrong?
  1063. ↑ Germany's Fischer warns of looming political crisis in Europe
  1064. ↑ Germany then & now
  1065. ↑ Merkel's moment of truth
  1066. ↑ Guardian view on 2015: there are many global uncertainties, but the crises will be interconnected
  1067. ↑ "Is Europe Losing Control Over Its Destiny?". Gatestone Institute. 13 September 2015.
  1068. ↑ "Europeans Against the European Union". Village Magazine. 6 August 2015.
  1069. ↑ "Hungary's Xenophobic Response". New York Times. 6 September 2015.
  1070. ↑ "Eastern Europe's Compassion Deficit". New York Times. 8 September 2015.
  1071. ↑ Six triggers that could renew a eurozone crisis in 2015
  1072. ↑ The New Sick Man of Europe: the European Union (Pew Research Center)
  1073. ↑ "Poland sounds death knell for EU". Times of Malta. 28 October 2015.
  1074. ↑ The Continent-wide rise of Euroscepticism (European Council of Foreign Relations) 2015
  1075. ↑ European Union: Questions and Answers (Federation of American Scientists) 2015
  1076. ↑ "How Greece outflanked Germany and won generous debt relief". Market Watch. 24 August 2015.
  1077. ↑ "Germany faces impossible choice as Greek austerity revolt spreads". The Telegraph. 11 February 2015.
  1078. ↑ Germany's Fischer warns of looming political crisis in Europe
  1079. ↑ 'Enough Sauerkraut and Beer': France and Germany Celebrate 50 Years of Friendship
  1080. ↑ Joschka Fischer: ‘Germans don’t care about Juncker’
  1081. ↑ "Between the borders". The Economist. 16 June 2016.
  1082. ↑ "Why warring France and Germany are still the biggest threats to an EU superstate". The Telegraph. 12 September 2015.
  1083. ↑ "Can Europe Overcome Its Crisis?". Gateway House. 26 June 2015.
  1084. ↑ "EU 'ring of friends' turns into ring of fire". Times of India. 27 September 2015.
  1085. ↑ "The EU's Indefensibility". Outlook India. 14 July 2015.
  1086. ↑ "Who's Afraid of NATO Expansion?". NewsWeek. 8 July 2015.
  1087. ↑ "How Europe's Other Half Lives". New York Times. 9 September 2015.
  1088. ↑ "If a NATO member comes under attack Article of faith". The Economist.
  1089. ↑ "Greek crisis threatens European dream: Analysts". The Economic Times. 29 June 2015.
  1090. ↑ "Europe's dream is dying in Greece". Financial Times. 29 June 2015.
  1091. ↑ "Greece debt crisis: Europe's great democratic dream is dying in Greece". Australian Financial Review. 30 June 2015.
  1092. ↑ "The European dream has become a raging hangover as the Greek debt drama enters a new stage". Wales Online. 30 June 2015.
  1093. ↑ "Eurocrats waste millions from YOUR taxes on dog fitness centre, hip-hop research and dance troupe". Daily Mail. 11 November 2010.
  1094. ↑ "Ever-expanding scope of the EU diplomatic service". The Express. Daily & Sunday Express. 9 July 2013.
  1095. ↑ "How 'vision' messed up Europe". Financial Times. 3 July 2015.
  1096. ↑ "Is This Europe's Time for Political Union?". Carnegie Europe. 2 September 2015.
  1097. ↑ "'Brussels consensus' widens gulf with EU electorates". Reuters. 9 December 2013.
  1098. ↑ Eurozone anxiety overshadows EU summit
  1099. ↑ The Juncker Commission, the return of politics ?
  1100. ↑ Italy pushes inexperienced minister as successor to Catherine Ashton
  1101. ↑ Will the EU get a dream team?
  1102. ↑ Juncker, Tusk, Mogherini and the EU's credibility crisis
  1103. ↑ Europe's Fresh Start?
  1104. ↑ EEAS Resetting European External Action (Institut Jacques Delors) 2015
  1105. ↑ "Could the EU fall apart completely?". BBC News. 18 June 2015.
  1106. ↑ "The refugee reality bites Europe". The Globe and Mail. 15 September 2015.
  1107. ↑ "Europe's migrant acceptance rates". The Economist. 1 September 2015.
  1108. ↑ "EU solidarity damaged by splits on migrants and Greece". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
  1109. ↑ "Five reflections on Europe's migrant crisis". BBC. 5 September 2015.
  1110. ↑ "10 moving photos of Europe's migrant crisis". BBC News. 4 September 2015.
  1111. ↑ "Migrant crisis: Unity eludes EU on relocation". BBC News. 15 September 2015.
  1112. ↑ "What does David Cameron want?". BBC World News. 25 June 2015.
  1113. ↑ "Reviving the OSCE: European Security and the Ukraine Crisis". Carnegie Europe. 22 September 2015.
  1114. ↑ "Why Germany needs Europe more than Greece does: Deutschland's very identity is tied up in the EU". National Post. 3 July 2015.
  1115. ↑ "Britain's diminished global stature". The Straits Times. 7 April 2015.
  1116. ↑ "R ussia sows discord in central Europe". Financial Times. 19 March 2015.
  1117. ↑ "Belgium unblocks seized Russian accounts". BBC News. 21 June 2015.
  1118. ↑ "Greece Chooses National Survival, Not Destruction" (20 February 2015). Executive Intelligence Review.
  1119. ↑ "Russia's relations with Hungary warm as ties with West chill". Reuters. 19 November 2014.
  1120. ↑ "Hungary, Cyprus and Greece first to return to Russian market after sanctions lifted – watchdog". RT. TV-Novosti. 17 March 2015.
  1121. ↑ Early, Bryan (11 February 2015). Busted Sanctions: Explaining Why Economic Sanctions Fail. Stanford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0804794138.
  1122. ↑ Economic Sanctions under International Law: Unilateralism, Multilateralism, Legitimacy, and Consequences (2015 ed.). Springer & T.M.C. Asser Press. ISBN 978-9462650503.
  1123. ↑ Handbook of Export Controls and Economic Sanctions. American Bar Association. 7 April 2014. ISBN 978-1627220507. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  1124. ↑ Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (3rd Edition May 2008 ed.). Peterson Institute for International Economics. 15 June 2009. ISBN 978-0881324310.
  1125. ↑ "Sanctions-busting is in Dubai's DNA". The Guardian. 20 April 2015.
  1126. ↑ "Surprise, surprise, Russia is a world power again". Fox News. 28 September 2015.
  1127. ↑ "Europe suddenly has very mixed feelings about its role in NATO". Business Insider. 16 June 2015.
  1128. ↑ "Merkel and Hollande keep up appearances ahead of EU summit". Deutsche Welle. 15 September 2016.
  1129. ↑ "Europe: Economically stronger, politically weaker". CNBC. 24 August 2015.
  1130. ↑ "France calls German economic leadership into question". New Europe. 31 August 2015.
  1131. ↑ "After bailout deal with Greece, finger-pointing and rifts in Europe". Washington Post. 13 July 2015.
  1132. ↑ "The next big euro zone fight: France vs. Germany on tax". CNBC. 23 August 2015.
  1133. ↑ "French Socialist chief gives German 'friend' history lesson". Reuters. 16 July 2015.
  1134. ↑ "Europe's future in Greece's hands". The Economist. 4 July 2015.
  1135. ↑ "Merkel increasingly isolated". Deutsche Welle. 15 February 2016.
  1136. ↑ "The Myth of a Mighty Germany". Foreign Policy. 1 July 2015.
  1137. ↑ "Greece's vote is Germany's Pyrrhic victory". Fortune Magazine. 3 July 2015.
  1138. ↑ "Germany's moment of truth as migrants provoke identity crisis". The Irish Times. 16 September 2015.
  1139. ↑ "In Berlin, renewed calls for European solidarity". Deutsche Welle. 17 September 2015.
  1140. ↑ "Refugee crisis arouses fear and fury on Germany's far-right". Business Insider. Reuters. 17 September 2015.
  1141. ↑ "Angela's Ashes: How Merkel Failed Greece and Europe". Speigel Online. 3 July 2015.
  1142. ↑ "Germans lament diplomatic 'disaster' in Greece talks". AFP. 14 July 2015.
  1143. ↑ "Greece bailout revives image of the 'cruel German'". The Washington Post. 16 July 2015.
  1144. ↑ "A Government Divided: Schäuble's Push for Grexit Puts Merkel on Defensive". Speigel Online. 17 July 2015.
  1145. ↑ "Angela Merkel is the ringmaster keeping Europe's circus in line". Sydney Morning Herald. 3 August 2015.
  1146. ↑ "Merkel's decade". The Irish Times. 22 August 2015.
  1147. ↑ "Reform aftershocks still grip Merkel's republic". The Irish Times. 27 August 2015.
  1148. ↑ "Could Europe lose Greece to Russia?". BBC. 12 March 2015.
  1149. ↑ "Cyprus signs deal to allow Russian navy to use ports". BBC. 26 February 2015.
  1150. ↑ "Russia waits in wings as crisis deepens". Times of Malta. 4 July 2015.
  1151. ↑ "Migrant crisis: Why is it erupting now?". BBC News. 13 September 2015.
  1152. ↑ "Refugees Who Could Be Us". New York Times. 4 September 2015.
  1153. ↑ "From the 'welcome culture' to isolation". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2016.
  1154. ↑ "Migrant crisis forcing divided Europe to look ahead". Reuters. 27 August 2015.
  1155. ↑ "Why Germany needs migrants more than UK". BBC. 7 September 2015.
  1156. ↑ "Migrant crisis: Influx will change Germany, says Merkel". BBC. 7 September 2015.
  1157. ↑ "Forced reverse migration". The Telegraph. 5 September 2015.
  1158. ↑ "EU split over refugee crisis". Mail & Guardian. 4 September 2015.
  1159. ↑ "This migration crisis could test the European project to destruction". The Telegraph. 26 August 2015.
  1160. ↑ "Migrant crisis: EU 'must accept 200,000 refugees', UN says". BBC. 4 September 2015.
  1161. ↑ "NGOs shocked by Europe's treatment of migrants". RFI. Radio France International. 4 September 2015.
  1162. ↑ "Refugee crisis: Sweden the only European country with a majority favourable towards non-EU immigration". The Independent. 5 September 2015.
  1163. ↑ "Traveling in Europe's River of Migrants". New York Times. 4 September 2015.
  1164. ↑ "Hungary camerawoman fired for kicking refugee". The Hindu. 9 September 2015.
  1165. ↑ "Petra Laszlo, Hungarian journalist who tripped refugees fired". DNA. 9 September 2015.
  1166. ↑ "Appalling! This Hungarian woman kicks fleeing immigrants, including children". Zee News. 9 September 2015.
  1167. ↑ "Protesters form human wall against refugees at Finnish-Swedish border". Deutsche Welle. 19 September 2015.
  1168. ↑ "Angela Merkel: Europe's Conscience in the Face of a Refugee Crisis". Newsweek. 5 September 2015.
  1169. ↑ "German police guard refugee hostel after right-wing protests". Deutsche Welle. 19 September 2015.
  1170. ↑ "Ugly Attacks on Refugees in Europe". New York Times. 15 August 2015.
  1171. ↑ "Looking for a home". The Economist. 29 August 2015.
  1172. ↑ "Anti-Migrant Violence Poses Challenge for Germany's Angela Merkel". Wall Street Journal. 27 August 2015.
  1173. ↑ ""Heil Hitler": Germany's frightening neo-Nazi riots, explained". Vox. 25 August 2015.
  1174. ↑ "Europe accused of letting Mediterranean become 'cemetery' for migrants as refugee crisis grows". Zee News. 3 September 2015.
  1175. ↑ "Migrant crisis: UN 'shocked' over clashes in Hungary". BBC World Service News. 17 September 2015.
  1176. ↑ "Migrant crisis: Mixed messages from Merkel". BBC. 14 September 2015.
  1177. ↑ "Stance on Migrants Leaves Merkel Isolated at Home and in Europe". New York Times. 22 January 2016.
  1178. ↑ "Merkel isolated as EU partners slam door on refugees". The Strait Times. 14 February 2016.
  1179. ↑ "Crisis in European Union". The Tribune. 4 July 2015.
  1180. ↑ "How Iceland Emerged From Its Deep Freeze". New York Times. 3 July 2015.
  1181. ↑ The euro: Good bet or fool's paradise? (BBC)
  1182. ↑ "Merkel fails EU test". USA Today. 30 June 2015.
  1183. ↑ "Thousands attend anti-austerity rallies across UK". BBC News. 20 June 2015.
  1184. ↑ Joschka Fischer: Angela Merkel must accept that her austerity policy is now in tatters
  1185. ↑ "Greece crisis: 'What kind of Europe is this that uses the euro as a tool of submission?'". The Independent. 4 July 2015.
  1186. ↑ The arrogance of eurozone elites could kill the European Union
  1187. ↑ Herman van Rompuy has won the Euro jackpot, but we're paying
  1188. ↑ How well do you remember Herman van Rompuy?
  1189. ↑ Tony Blair should be sacked as Middle East envoy, say former ambassadors
  1190. ↑ High Representative Federica Mogherini appoints Catherine Ashton as her Special Advisor for Iran talks
  1191. ↑ "On Juncker's big day, Barroso row casts shadow on EU". Reuters. 14 September 2015.
  1192. ↑ "Juncker hits out at Barroso's Goldman Sachs role". Financial Times. 15 September 2016.
  1193. ↑ "Former EU commissioner Neelie Kroes fails to declare directorship of offshore firm". Euronews. 21 September 2016.
  1194. ↑ "Former EU Official Among Politicians Named in New Leak of Offshore Files from The Bahamas". International Consortium of Investigative Journalism. ICIJ. 21 September 2016.
  1195. ↑ "New Panama Papers revealed: leak exposes financial affairs relatives of President Xi and politburo members, Jackie Chan, Putin aides, world leaders". South China Morning Post. 4 April 2016.
  1196. ↑ "PDF" (PDF). eurostat.ec.europa.eu.
  1197. ↑ "ECB cuts growth and inflation outlook". BBC. 3 September 2015.
  1198. ↑ "The Rise Of 'Chermany': Germany And China, The Big Winners In Economic Globalisation – Analysis". Eurasia Review. 24 October 2015.
  1199. ↑ The Eurozone is in economic decline in both relative and absolute terms (Carnegie Europe)
  1200. ↑ As The Wall Is Breached (Outlook)
  1201. ↑ "Mortgages: Nearly one million 'face difficulties'". BBC. 4 September 2015.
  1202. ↑ "What Is Wrong with the West's Economies?". The New York Review of Books. 13 August 2015.
  1203. ↑ "Let's talk about the geopolitics of technology". Rand Daily Mail. 11 September 2015.
  1204. ↑ Juncker's new start for Europe (Bruegel) 2014
  1205. ↑ "Why is globalisation under attack?". BBC. 6 October 2016.
  1206. ↑ "Future of SMEs: Europe's economic powerhouses". EuroNews. 28 September 2015.
  1207. ↑ "EU hypocrites!". The Economist. 22 August 2015.
  1208. ↑ "New rules, same old paradigm". The Economist. 10 October 2016.
  1209. ↑ "EU reveals details of Apple tax probe". USA Today. 30 September 2014.
  1210. ↑ "U.N. says firms channelled $221 billion to low tax entities in 2015". Yahoo News. Reuters. 3 May 2016.
  1211. ↑ "Meet the Woman Leading Europe's War Against Google, Gazprom, and Apple". Foreign Policy. 18 March 2016.
  1212. ↑ "Belgium's excess profit tax ruling system: why the Commission thinks it's illegal State aid". Multinational Tax and Transfer Pricing News. MNE Tax. 6 May 2016.
  1213. ↑ "Panama Papers shine a light on Ireland's SPVs". The Irish Times. 15 April 2016.
  1214. ↑ "Europe Takes Aim at Deals Created to Escape Taxes". New York Times. 14 November 2014.
  1215. ↑ "How the Dutch rapped Naspers over the knuckles for tax, while its BEE scheme flopped". Mail & Guardian. 1 September 2016.
  1216. ↑ "EU to propose 'binding' multinational tax rules". Times of Malta. 14 January 2016.
  1217. ↑ "Goldman Sachs fund with €200m of Irish assets pays no tax". Irish Times. 17 August 2016.
  1218. ↑ "Tax fairness advocates applaud EU Apple decision". Radio Canada International. 31 August 2016.
  1219. ↑ "How Apple managed to pay a 0.005 percent tax rate in 2014". CNBC. 30 August 2016.
  1220. ↑ Globalization and its Discontents, chapter: Freedom to Choose?, section The Role of Foreign Investment
  1221. ↑ Dostaler 2007, p. 91; Barnett, Vincent, John Maynard Keynes (Routledge, 2013), p. 143.
  1222. ↑ Juris, Jeffrey S. (2008). Networking Futures: The Movements against Corporate Globalization. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8223-4269-4.
  1223. ↑ Strange, Susan: Casino Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
  1224. ↑ Rettman, Andrew (25 July 2011) Leaked cable shows fragility of EU arms ban on China, EU observer
  1225. ↑ Phillips, Leigh (27 June 2011) Wen: China will continue to buy European debt, EU observer
  1226. ↑ Rettman, Andrew (8 July 2011) China: EU bailout leaves 'fundamental problems' unresolved, EU observer
  1227. ↑ "Sieren's China: Beijing's trouble with Athens". Deutsche Welle. 1 July 2015.
  1228. ↑ "Griechenlands Untergang - Europas Ende?". Wiener Zeitung. 26 June 2015.
  1229. ↑ "IMF: Lagarde eyes new act in Greek drama". Financial Times. 13 August 2015.
  1230. ↑ "The Greek Deal Spells The End For The Democratic European Project". Forbes. 13 July 2015.
  1231. ↑ "Austerity and mass suffering are stupid as well as cruel for the Greeks". Herald Scotland. 4 July 2015.
  1232. ↑ "Europe's Elections: a Coming Storm?". CounterPunch. 11 September 2015.
  1233. ↑ "Sovereignty's revenge: Populism and the future of European integration". Brookings Institution. 23 April 2015.
  1234. ↑ "Strict Order". The Economist. 8 August 2015.
  1235. ↑ "Thomas Piketty: 'Germany Has Never Repaid its Debts. It Has No Right to Lecture Greece'". The Wire. 8 July 2015.
  1236. ↑ "Greek Crisis Shows How Germany's Power Polarizes Europe". Wall Street Journal. 6 July 2015.
  1237. ↑ "Germany's Destructive Anger". New York Times. 15 July 2015.
  1238. ↑ "Neither Greece nor European Union Will Emerge a Winner From Greek Debt Crisis". Wall Street Journal. 29 June 2015.
  1239. ↑ "Greece must be saved for the sake of Europe". The Globe and Mail. 16 June 2015.
  1240. ↑ "Rising German pay not enough to buoy Europe, say economists". Reuters. 23 September 2015.
  1241. ↑ "Rebooting the Eurozone: Step 1 – Agreeing a Crisis narrative". Vox EU. 20 November 2015.
  1242. ↑ "Greek referendum divides Nobel economists". Deutsche Welle. 30 June 2015.
  1243. ↑ "Greek economists to Stiglitz and Krugman: Butt out!". CNN. 3 July 2015.
  1244. ↑ "Does Austerity Work? Or Does It Make Things Worse?". Wharton. University of Pennsylvania. 19 August 2015.
  1245. ↑ "'Made in China' high-speed trains going global". Deutsche Welle. 3 July 2014.
  1246. ↑ "Doing Our Homework". New York Times. 24 June 2004.
  1247. ↑ "EU faces IT staff shortfall of 825,000, redoubles training". CIO India. 18 June 2015.
  1248. ↑ "Digital revolution: Winners and losers". Europolitics Mag. 8 (Spring 2015): 66.
  1249. ↑ "Asia tops biggest global school rankings". BBC. 13 May 2015.
  1250. ↑ "How do your maths compare with the world's teenagers?". BBC. 12 May 2015.
  1251. ↑ "Global lessons, made in India". Business Standard. 22 June 2015.
  1252. ↑ "Computers 'do not improve' pupil results, says OECD". BBC. 15 September 2015.
  1253. ↑ "Online schools 'worse than traditional teachers'". BBC. 4 November 2015.
  1254. ↑ "Social Innovation Prize: who will meet the Job Challenge?". European Commission. 14 April 2014.
  1255. ↑ "Open-source beehives developed to tackle Colony Collapse Disorder". GizMag. 18 April 2014.
  1256. ↑ India's Daughter and BBC - Essay by Professor Jakob De Roover (India Platform, Ghent University, Belgium) March 2015
  1257. ↑ Foreign students quit Germany in droves
  1258. ↑ Asian caste discrimination rife in UK, says report
  1259. ↑ Asian Footballers Speak Out Against Racism
  1260. ↑ "What Do Armani, Ralph Lauren and Hugo Boss Have in Common? Bangladesh". Wall Street Journal. 1 July 2013.
  1261. ↑ "BBC Poll: Attitudes towards Countries". GlobeScan.com. Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) at the University of Maryland.
  1262. ↑ "BBC World Service poll" (PDF). BBC. 3 June 2014.

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: International Relations
Wikiversity has learning materials about India
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/3/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.