Earthquake shaking table

There are several different experimental techniques that can be used to test the response of structures to verify their seismic performance, one of which is the use of an earthquake shaking table (a shaking table, or simply shake table). This is a device for shaking structural models or building components with a wide range of simulated ground motions, including reproductions of recorded earthquakes time-histories.

While modern tables typically consist of a rectangular platform that is driven in up to six degrees of freedom (DOF) by servo-hydraulic or other types of actuators, the earliest shake table, invented at the University of Tokyo in 1893 to categorize types of building construction, ran on a simple wheel mechanism.^[1] Test specimens are fixed to the platform and shaken, often to the point of failure. Using video records and data from transducers, it is possible to interpret the dynamic behaviour of the specimen. Earthquake shaking tables are used extensively in seismic research, as they provide the means to excite structures in such a way that they are subjected to conditions representative of true earthquake ground motions.

They are also used in other fields of engineering to test and qualify vehicles and components of vehicles that must respect heavy vibration requirements and standards (i.e. aerospace,^[2][3] military standards^[4] etc.).

A world list of shaking tables

Below is an attempt to create a definitive list of shaking tables around the world that are used for seismic testing. The list is almost certainly not complete and not all the data has been verified by the shaking table owners. If you operate a shaking table please help by correcting and updating and adding to this list.

This list was originally based on information from the following documents: Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide, Directory of International Earthquake Engineering Research Facilities and papers by Chowdhury,^[5] Duarte,^[6] Kamimura and Nakashima ^[7] and EERI.^[8]

Shaking Tables around the world

Region	Country	State	Location	Size (m)	Payload (metric tonnes)	Degrees of Freedom	X Horiz Disp (mm)	Y Horiz Disp (mm)	Z Vert Disp (mm)	X Horiz Vel (mm/s)	Y Horiz vel (mm/s)	Z Vert vel (mm/s)	X Horiz accel (m/s2)	Y Horiz accel (m/s2)	Z Vert accel (m/s2)	Max Freq (Hz)	Details checked
Africa	Algeria	-	CGS Laboratory, Alger [9]	6.1 x 6.1	60	6	±150	±250	±100	±1100	±1100	±1000	±10	±10	±8	100	30/6/2010
Africa	South Africa	-	University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg[10]	4 x 4	10	1	±750	n/a	n/a	±1000	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	40	17/7/2009
Asia	China	-	China Academy of Building Research, Beijing [11][12]	6.1 x 6.1	60	6	±150	±250	±100	±1000	±1200	±800	±15	±10	±8	50	?
Asia	China	-	Guangzhou University [13]	3 x 3	20	6	±100	±100	±50	±1000	±1000	±1000	±26	±26	±50	50	10/7/2008
Asia	China	-	Nanjing University of Technology [12]	3 x 5	15	3	±120	±120	±120	±500	±500	±500	±10	±10	±10	50	?
Asia	China	-	Tongji University, Shanghai [12]	4 x 4	25	6	±100	±50	±50	±1000	±600	±600	±40	±20	±40	50	?
Asia	China	-	Xi'a University of Architecture & Technology	2 x 2	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Singapore	-	Nanyang Technological University	3 x 3	10	1	±120	n/a	n/a	±650	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	23/7/2008
Asia	Hong Kong	-	City University of Hong Kong	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Hong Kong	-	Hong Kong Polytechnic University [14]	3 x 3	10	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	10	?	?	?	?
Asia	India	Delhi	Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi [15]	5 x 5	20	1	±500	n/a	n/a	?	?	?	±20	n/a	n/a	100	?
Asia	India	Assam	IIT Guwahati [16]	2.5 x 2.5	5	1	±500	n/a	n/a	?	?	?	±20	n/a	n/a	100	?
Asia	India	Karnataka	CPRI Bangalore,[17] Karnataka	3 x 3	10	6	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	India	Karnataka	IISc, Bangalore [18]	1 x 1	0.5	6	±220	±220	±100	±570	±570	±570	±30	±30	±20	50	23/7/2008
Asia	India	Tamil Nadu	SERC, Chennai (1 of 3),[17] Tamil Nadu	4 x 4	30	3	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	India	Tamil Nadu	SERC, Chennai (2 of 3),[17] Tamil Nadu	2 x 2	5	3	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	India	Tamil Nadu	SERC, Chennai (3 of 3),[19] Tamil Nadu	3 x 3	10	6	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	India	Tamil Nadu	Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research(IGCAR), Chennai,Tamil Nadu	3 x 3	10	6	±100	±100	±100	300	300	?	±14.715	±14.715	9.81	100	?
Asia	India	Uttarakhand	IIT Roorkee,[17][20] Uttarakhand	3.5 x 3.5	20	2	?	n/a	?	?	n/a	?	?	n/a	?	?	?
Asia	India	Uttar Pradesh	IIT Kanpur,[21] Uttar Pradesh	1.2 x 1.8	4	1	±75	n/a	n/a	±1500	n/a	n/a	±50	n/a	n/a	50	25/6/2009
Asia	India	West Bengal	Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur,[22] West Bengal	1.5 x 1.5	?	1	?	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	?	19/11/2009
Asia	Iran	-	International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology(IIEES)	1.4 x 1.2	2	1	±35	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	±40	n/a	n/a	?	?
Asia	Iran	-	Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST)	2 x 0.5	5	1	±60	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	±6.5	n/a	n/a	?	?
Asia	Iran	-	Sharif University of Technology (SUT))	4 x 4	30	3	±125	±200	?	±500	±800	?	±50	±40	?	50	7/19/2011
Asia	Japan	-	Aichi Institute of Technology	11 x 6	136	1	±150	?	?	±1000	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Building Research Institute	3 x 4	20	3	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Japan	-	Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry [23]	5 x 5	60	1	±500	n/a	n/a	±1500	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	30	12/3/2008
Asia	Japan	-	NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory, Miki City [24]	20 x 15	1200	6	±1000	±1000	±500	±2000	±2000	±700	±9	±9	±15	50	3/3/2008
Asia	Japan	-	Fujita Corporation	4 x 4	25	1	±500	n/a	n/a	±1500	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Hazama Corp Ltd.	6 x 4	80	3	±300	±150	±100	±1150	?	?	±20	±3	±2	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Hitachi Engineering Corp	4 x 4	20	1	±150	?	?	±750	?	?	±20	?	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Corp.	4.5 x 4.5	35	6	±100	±100	±67	±750	±750	±500	±15	±15	±10	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	JDC Corp.	?	20	6	±300	?	?	±1000	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Kawasaki Heavy Industries Corp.	?	30	3	±75	?	?	±400	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Kajima Corp. Ltd. (1 of 2) [25]	5 x 5	50	6	±200	±200	±100	±1000	±1000	±500	±20	±20	±20	60	3/3/2008
Asia	Japan	-	Kajima Corp. Ltd. (2 of 2)	4 x 4	20	2	±150	n/a	±75	±1140	n/a	±4450	±20	n/a	±10	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Kumagai-Gumi Corp Ltd	5 x 5	64	6	±80	±260	±50	±600	±1500	±500	±30	±10	±10	70	?
Asia	Japan	-	Kyoto University	5 x 3	14	6	±300	?	?	±1500	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Centre [26]	3.5 diameter	?	6	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Japan	-	Ministry of Construction	6 x 8	100	2	±75	n/a	?	±600	n/a	?	±7	n/a	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Mitsubishi Electric Corp.	?	40	2	±100	?	?	±700	?	?	±25	?	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Corp.	?	100	3	±50	?	?	±1500	?	?	±20	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	National Research Institute of Agriculture Engineering	6 x 4	45	3	±150	?	?	±750	?	?	±10	?	?	40	?
Asia	Japan	-	NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (1 of 2)	6 x 6	1100	3	±1000	?	?	±2000	?	?	±10	?	?	15	?
Asia	Japan	-	NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (2 of 2)	12 x 12	500	1	±220	?	?	±900	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Nishimatsu Construction Corp	5.5 x 5.5	65	6	±500	?	?	±1500	?	?	±20	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation	15 x 15	908	2	±200	n/a	±100	±750	n/a	±375	±18	n/a	±9	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	NYK Corporation	2.6 x 2.6	20	6	±200	?	?	±600	?	?	±20	?	?	80	?
Asia	Japan	-	Obayashi-Gumi Corporation	5 x 5	46	3	±600	?	?	±2000	?	?	±30	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Okumura Corp.	?	60	6	±125	?	?	±1000	?	?	±30	?	?	70	?
Asia	Japan	-	Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (1 of 2)	?	60	6	±300	?	?	±1000	?	?	±5	?	?	70	?
Asia	Japan	-	Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (2 of 2)	?	60	6	±200	?	?	±750	?	?	±10	?	?	70	?
Asia	Japan	-	Port and Airport Research Institute	3.4 x 3.4	55	2	±200	n/a	±100	±750	±500	n/a	±8	±15	n/a	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) [27]	8 x 8	300	6	±600	±600	±300	±2000	±2000	±1000	±20	±20	±10	50	10/5/2008
Asia	Japan	-	Sanryo Heavy Industries Corporation	6 x 6	90.7	3	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Japan	-	Shimizu Corporation	4 x 4	20	3	±200	?	?	±1000	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Taisei Corp Ltd	4 x 4	20	2	±200	?	?	±450	?	?	±10	?	?	50	?
Asia	Japan	-	Tobishima Corp Ltd	4 x 4	20	2	±75	?	?	?	?	?	±15	?	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Tobishima Corp Ltd	?	20	6	±200	?	?	±800	?	?	±10	?	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Tokyu Const. Corp.	4 x 4	30	6	±500	±200	±100	±1500	±1000	?	±10	?	?	30	?
Asia	Japan	-	Toshiba Electric Co.	5 x 5	20	2	±750	n/a	±380	±400	n/a	±250	±10	n/a	±7	30	?
Asia	South Korea	-	Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development (1 of 2) [28]	2 x 2	5	2	±75	±75	n/a	±500	±500	n/a	±10	±10	n/a	?	5/2/2009
Asia	South Korea	-	Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development (2 of 2)	5 x 3	30	1	±100	n/a	n/a	±500	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	?	5/2/2009
Asia	South Korea	-	Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals, Changwon	4 x 4	30	6	±200	±200	±134	±750	±750	±500	±15	±15	±10	50	?
Asia	Korea	-	Pusan National University (1 of 3) [29]	5 x 5	30	3	±300	±200	n/a	±1000	±1000	n/a	±20	±20	n/a	60	24/7/2008
Asia	Korea	-	Pusan National University (2 of 3) [29]	5 x 5	60	3	±300	±200	n/a	±1000	±1000	n/a	±30	±30	n/a	60	24/7/2008
Asia	Korea	-	Pusan National University (3 of 3) [29]	4 x 4	30	6	±300	±200	±150	±1500	±1500	±1000	±20	±20	±40	60	24/7/2008
Asia	Malaysia	-	Sabah University	1.5 x 1.5	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Asia	Taiwan	-	National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering [30]	5 x 5	50	6	±250	±100	±100	±1000	±600	±500	±10	±30	±10	50	12/3/2008
Oceania	Australia	Victoria	University of Melbourne	2 x 2	3	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Oceania	Australia	New South Wales	University of Technology, Sydney	3 x 3	10	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	50	15/12/2009
North America	Canada	Ontario	Royal Military College of Canada,[31] Kingston	2.7 x 2.7	5	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
North America	Canada	British Columbia	University of British Columbia (EERF Lab), Vancouver	4 x 4	30	6	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
North America	Canada	Québec	University of Sherbrooke	? x ?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Europe	France	-	Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), AZALEE (1 of 3) [32]	6 x 6	100	6	±125	±125	±100	±700	±700	±700	±10	±10	±25	50	27/01/2011
Europe	France	-	Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), VESUVE (2 of 3) [32]	4 x 3	20	1	±125	n/a	n/a	±1000	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	50	27/01/2011
Europe	France	-	Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), TOURNESOL (3 of 3) [32]	2 x 2	10	3	±125	n/a	±100	±2000	n/a	±1300	±10	n/a	10	50	27/01/2011
Europe	France	-	FCBA Institut technologique,[33] Bordeaux	6 x 6	10	1	±125	n/a	n/a	±800	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	02/2011
Europe	Greece	-	Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	1.2 x 1.2	15	2	±50	n/a	±50	?	n/a	?	?	n/a	?	30	?
Europe	Greece	-	National Technical University of Athens [34]	4 x 4	10	6	±100	±100	±100	±1000	±1000	±1000	±20	±20	±40	100	12/3/2008
Europe	Italy	-	Ansaldo Nucleare, Genoa [35]	3.5 x 3.5	6	3	±70	?	?	±860	?	?	?	?	?	60	?
Europe	Italy	-	Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples [36] - Shake Table	4 x 4	20	2	±250	±250	n/a	±1000	±1000	n/a	10	10	n/a	50	-
Europe	Italy	-	ENEA (Casaccia R. C.) - System 1 [37] Shake Table (1 of 2)	4 x 4	30	6	±125	±125	±125	±500	±500	±500	±30	±30	±30	50	13/6/2015
Europe	Italy	-	ENEA (Casaccia R. C.) - System 2 [37] Shake Table (2 of 2)	2 x 2	5	6	±150	±150	±150	±1000	±1000	±1000	±50	±50	±50	100	13/6/2015
Europe	Italy	-	CESI S.p.A., Static & Dynamic Testing Laboratories, Seriate (BG)	4 x 4	30	6	±100	±100	±100	±440	±440	±440	±50	±50	?	120	13/6/2015
Europe	Italy	-	European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Shake Table	5.6 x 7	140	1	±500	-	-	±2200	-	-	59	-	-	50	-
Europe	Italy	-	European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Bearing Testing System	1.6 x 4.4	5000 (vertical load)	5	±500	±265	140	±2200	±600	±250	18	-	-	20	-
Europe	Italy	-	European Centre for Training & Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE) [38] - Damper Testing System	1.5 x 2	50	1	±250	-	-	±1180	-	-	10	-	-	20	-
Europe	Macedonia	-	Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje (1 of 2) [39]	5 x 5	40	5	n/a	±125	±60	n/a	±1000	±500	n/a	±30	±15	80	20/9/2011
Europe	Macedonia	-	Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje (2 of 2) [39]	1.4 x 2.5	8	1	±100	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	80	7/7/2008
Europe	The Netherlands	-	European Space Agency (ESA) ESTEC Test Centre,[40] Noordwijk	5.5 x 5.5	22.5	6	±70	±70	±70	±800	±800	±800	±50	±50	±50	2-100	23/7/2008
Europe	Portugal	-	Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Lisbon	5.6 x 5.6	40	3	±175	±175	±175	±200	±200	±200	±18	±11	±6	20	?
Europe	Russia	-	Hydroproject Research Institute	5 x 5	50	3	±70	±70	±40	±600	?	?	±20	±20	?	40	?
Europe	Spain	-	CEDEX, Madrid [41][42]	3 x 3	10	6	±100	±100	±50	?	?	?	±10	±10	±20	60	13/6/2015
Europe	Turkey	-	Istanbul Technical University, ITU-STEELab (Structural and Earthquake Engineering Laboratory), Istanbul [43][44][45]	2.35x2.35	30	1	±325	-	-	±1250	-	-	±20	-	-	8
Europe	Turkey	-	Bogazici University, Istanbul (1 of 2) [46]	3 x 3	10	1	±120	n/a	n/a	±650	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	3/3/2008
Europe	Turkey	-	Bogazici University, Istanbul (2 of 2) [46]	0.7 x 0.7	0.1	3	±120	±120	±120	±1200	±1200	±1200	±100	±100	±100	40	3/3/2008
Europe	Turkey	-	Middle East Technical University, Ankara [47]	2 x 1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Europe	Bulgaria	Sofia	Lab for numerical and experimental dynamic modelling, UACEG, Sofia [48]	0.5 x 0.36	0.01	1	±30	n/a	n/a	±300	n/a	n/a	±5	n/a	n/a	5	18/02/2016
Europe	UK	-	University of Bristol (EERC) [49]	3 x 3	17	6	±150	±150	±150	±1100	±1100	±1100	±60	±60	±60	100	29/2/2008
Asia	Pakistan	-	Earthquake Engineering Center, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar [50]	6.0 x 6.0	60	6	±300	±300	±300	±1100	±1100	±1100	±14.7	±14.7	±14.7	50
North America	Mexico	Mexico D. F.	Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City [51]	4 x 4	20	5	±150	±150	±75	±1100	±1100	±450	±10	±10	±10	60	10/9/2008
North America	USA	Colorado	ANCO Engineers, Inc Boulder, Colorado [52]	3 x 3	10	3	±200	±200	±200	±2000	±2000	±2000	±30	±30	±30	40	16/10/2012
North America	USA	Alabama	NASA	3 x 4.5	1	6	±2440	?	?	±100	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
North America	USA	Ohio	NASA Mechanical Vibration Facility (MVF), Glenn's Space Power Facility,[53] Sandusky	6.7 diameter	34	6	±15	±15	?	±338	±338	?	?	?	?	150	23/6/2015
North America	USA	Alabama	Wyle Laboratories (1 of 3) [54]	6.1 x 5.5	27	2	±152	?	?	±890	?	?	±60	?	?	100	16/10/2012
North America	USA	Alabama	Wyle Laboratories (2 of 3) [54]	2.7 x 2.7	4.5	3	±250	±250	±250	±1120	±1120	±1120	±45	±45	±45	100	16/10/2012
North America	USA	Alabama	Wyle Laboratories (3 of 3) [54]	2.4 x 2.4	4.5	2	±305	n/a	±228	±1168	n/a	±838	±70	n/a	±80	70	16/10/2012
North America	USA	North Carolina	Duke University [55]	1.2 x 1.2	5	1	±75	n/a	n/a	±500	n/a	n/a	±50	n/a	n/a	60	15/4/2008
North America	USA	California	University of California at Berkeley [56]	6.1 x 6.1	85	6	±127	±127	±51	±762	±762	±254	±30	±30	±20	40	30/4/2008
North America	USA	California	California State University, Fresno [57]	2.4 x 2.0	?	1	±125	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	?	19/11/2009
North America	USA	California	University of California at San Diego [58]	12.2 x 7.6	2000	1	±750	n/a	n/a	±1800	n/a	n/a	±10	n/a	n/a	20	7/7/2008
North America	USA	Connecticut	University of Connecticut [59]	1.5 x 1.5	1	1	±150	n/a	n/a	?	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	8/5/2008
North America	USA	Indiana	Purdue University	3.7 x 3.7	5	1	±50	n/a	n/a	305	n/a	n/a	19.6	n/a	n/a	50	2016-06-03
North America	USA	New York	University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (2 identical tables of 3) [60]	3.6 x 3.6	50	6	±150	±150	±75	±1250	±1250	±500	±12	±12	±12	100	12/3/2008
North America	USA	New York	University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (3 of 3) [60]	3.7 x 3.7	50	5	±150	n/a	±75	±762	n/a	±500	±12	n/a	±23	50	12/3/2008
North America	USA	New York	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[61]	1.7 x 2.6	5	1	±130	n/a	n/a	±270	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	8/5/2008
North America	USA	Nevada	University of Nevada at Reno (3 identical biaxial tables) [62]	4.3 x 4.5	45	2	±300	±300	n/a	±1270	±1270	n/a	±20	±20	n/a	50	8/2/2010
North America	USA	Nevada	University of Nevada at Reno (6 axis table) [63]	2.75 x 2.75	50	6	±75	±300	±100	?	?	?	±20	±40	±10	50	13/3/2008
North America	USA	Nevada	Dynamic Certification Laboratories [64]	2.0 diameter	4.5	6	±140	±120	±150	±1000	±1000	±1200	±98	±98	±108	100	17/7/2012
North America	USA	Texas	Rice University [65]	0.465m²	7	1	±75	n/a	n/a	±1400	n/a	n/a	±20	n/a	n/a	50	8/5/2008
North America	USA	Illinois	Civil Engineering Research Lab U.S. Army, Champaign	3.6 x 3.6	45	3	±300	?	?	±1300	?	?	?	?	?	250	?
North America	USA	Virginia	The George Washington University - Virginia Campus [66]	3 x 3	?	6	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

Notes: This list is restricted to shaking tables bigger than 2m by 2m or with a capacity of more than 4 tonnes (i.e. tables suitable for seismic testing).

References

1. Reitherman, Robert (2012). Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9780784410714.
2. NASA’s Space Power Facility
3. Retrieved 17/6/2015
4. United States Department of Defense, ed. (31 Oct 2008). "MIL-STD-810G, Department of Defense Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests" (PDF).
5. Chowdhury AH (1983). Shaking table testing facilities around the world. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 617-620.
6. Duarte RT (1994). Report of the EAEE Working Group 11: Development of shaking table testing techniques. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria. Vol. 4, pp. 3135-3144.
7. Kamimura K, Nakashima M (1983). Seismic test facilities for building structures in Japan. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 638-641.
8. EERI (1995). Assessment of earthquake engineering research and testing capabilities in the United States. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Committee on Experimental Research, Oakland, CA. Publication No. WP-01, pp. 1-23.
9. Presentation on Current activities in Algeria Retrieved 30/6/2010
10. Press release about Hydraform Donating Earthquake Shake Table to Wits University Retrieved 22/10/2009
11. China Academy of Building Research - Major Laboratories Retrieved 10/7/2008
12. Shaking table blog Retrieved 10/7/2008
13. Earthquake Engineering Research Test Center Retrieved 10/7/2008
14. Centre for urban hazards mitigation Retrieved 24/7/2008
16. IIT Guwahati, Department of Civil Engineering,Assam
17. Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
18. Development of a digitally-controlled three-axis earthquake shake table,Karnataka Retrieved on 10/7/2008
19. SERC Chennai Advanced Seismic Testing and Research Laboratory Retrieved on 22/10/09
20. IIT Roorkee, Department of Earthquake Engineering
21. IIT Kanpur, Department of Civil Engineering
22. School of Disaster Mitigation Engineering (SDME)
23. CRIEPI Hybrid Seismic Testing System Shaking table Retrieved 12/3/2008
24. The NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory in Miki City Retrieved on 3/3/2008
25. Kajima’s English Website Retrieved on 3/3/2008
26. MTS website Retrieved on 3/3/2008
27. Public Works Research Institute large 3D shaking table Retrieved on 10/5/2008
28. See p 14 of document - Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology Development Retrieved on 10/1/2009
29. KOCED Multi platform seismic simulation facility Retrieved on 1/12/2010
30. NCREE's English Website Retrieved on 29/2/2008
31. Retrieved on 13/6/2015
32. Seismic Mechanic Studies Laboratory Retrieved 27/11/2011
33. Retrieved on 13/6/2015
34. NTUA Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering Retrieved on 12/3/2008
35. Retrieved on 13/6/2015
36. Retrieved 29/11/2013
37. ENEA DySCo virtual lab facilities Retrieved 05/05/2015
38. EUCENTRE TREES Lab Retrieved 06/09/2008
39. Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS Retrieved on 20/09/2011
40. HYDRA multi-axis vibration test facility Retrieved 23/7/2008
41. CEDEX Structures laboratory Retrieved on 23/11/2009
42. Retrieved on 13/6/2015
43. "YEM".
44. "ITU".
45. "Milliyet".
46. Bogazici University Shaking Table Laboratory Retrieved on 3/3/2008
47. Retrieved 13/6/2015
48. Lab for numerical and experimental dynamic modelling, UACEG, Sofia Retrieved on 18/02/2016
49. Bristol University Earthquake Engineering Research Centre Retrieved on 29/2/2008
50. NWFP UET Earthquake Research and Education Centre
51. Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, Mesa Vibradora Laboratorios
52. ANCO Engineers shaking tables Retrieved on 15/10/2012
53. NASA Mechanical Vibration Facility (MVF)
54. Wyle Laboratories shaking tables Retrieved on 16/10/2012
55. Duke University Structural Dynamics and the Seismic Response Control Laboratory Retrieved on 15/4/2008
56. University of California, Berkeley, Earthquake Simulator Laboratory Retrieved on 30/4/2008
57. Department of Civil Engineering Retrieved 19/11/2009
58. UCSD Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table Retrieved 12/3/2008
59. University of Connecticut Advanced Hazards Mitigation Lab Retrieved 8/5/2008
60. University at Buffalo’s Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) Retrieved on 13/3/2008
61. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Structural Engineering Laboratories Retrieved 8/5/2008
62. NEES Equipment Site at the University of Nevada, Reno Retrieved 12/3/2008
63. NEES Equipment Site at the University of Nevada, Reno Retrieved 8/2/2010
64. Dynamic Certification Laboratories Retrieved 17/7/2012
65. Rice University, Dynamic Systems Laboratory Retrieved 8/5/2008
66. Retrieved 8/13/2013