Education in Sierra Leone

A second grade class in Koidu

Education in Sierra Leone is legally required for all children for six years at primary level and three years in junior secondary education,[1] but a shortage of schools and teachers has made implementation impossible.[2] The Sierra Leone Civil War resulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools and in 2001 67 percent of all school-age children were out of school.[2] The situation has improved considerably since then with primary school enrollment doubling between 2001 and 2005 and the reconstruction of many schools since the end of the war.[3]

History

The remains of a school in Koindu damaged during the Sierra Leone Civil War by RUF rebel forces

During the nineteenth century Sierra Leone was a pioneer of western style education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fourah Bay College, the first tertiary education institute in the region, was founded in 1827, and the first boys school, Sierra Leone Grammar School, and the first girls school, Annie Walsh Memorial School, in the region founded in 1845 and 1849 respectively. The country was an important centre in training teachers, doctors and administrators for whole of West Africa in the first half of the nineteenth century.[4]

The education system that developed in Sierra Leone during the nineteenth and twentieth century was styled on the British education system. It was elitist in nature aimed at urban middle class and focused on the academically gifted who would go on to tertiary education before taking up positions as civil servants in the government. During this period the majority of the population were not formally educated or only a couple of years of primary education. When Sierra Leone declared independence in 1961, under 15% of children aged five to eleven and only five percent of 12- to 16-year-olds attended school.[5]

After independence there was pressure to change the education system, but it wasn't until the 1990s that this grew to the level that led to changes in the system. Reforms were proposed so that the education system would serve the social economic needs of the country more closely, centering on increasing access to education, particularly primary education and placing more emphasis on technical and vocational education. In 1993 the government adopted a four-stage approach to education and created the National Commission for Basic Education.[5]

During the 1990s the Sierra Leone Civil War set these goals back destroying much of the country's infrastructure including schools; for example, 1,270 primary schools were destroyed.[2] This created a shortage in schools which was compounded by a shortage in teachers and so made the legal requirement of universal basic education for all children difficult to obtain. At the end of the war in 2001 67 percent of school-age children were out of school.[2]

Structure

Sierra Leone's education system is divided into four stages; primary education lasting six years, junior secondary education of three years, three years of either senior secondary education or technical vocational education and four years of university or other tertiary education.[6]

The 2004 Education act abolished school fees for all children at primary school and at junior secondary school for girls in the northern and eastern areas. Fees were also abolished for the National Primary School Examination (NPSE) that is taken at the end of primary school which, along with the increase in school enrolment, led to 78,000 students taking the exam in 2005 compared with 26,000 in 2001. The NPSE is designed by the West African Examination Council and has to be passed in order to progress to secondary education.[7]

The structure of education in Sierra Leone

Primary education

Although the number of children in primary education has greatly increased since the end of the civil war, in 2007 there were still more than 240,000 of school age children, which is around 25% to 30% total number of these children, not in education. The rate of completion of primary education is also low with only 64 of children completing their primary education during 2004/05. The educational attainment of girls is below this level partly due to cultural beliefs in some areas of Sierra Leone that do not support the education of girls.[8]

Primary education statistics by district for 2007
Measure Bo[9] Bombali[10]Bonthe[11]Kailahun[12]Kambia[13]Kenema[14]Koinadugu[15]Kono[16]Moyamba[17]Port Loko[18]Pujehun[19]Tonkolili[20]
Number of primary schools 462 437 141 310 294 559 278 236 438 463 291 489
Schools in good condition 302 274 100 119 unknown 302 57 195 unknown unknown 95 144
Primary enrollment 148,538 121,731 40,728 87,124 45,653 171,885 69,424 67,907 93,497 144,858 71,120 113,926
Male enrollment 77,473 66,237 21,238 45,992 unknown 89,948 38,152 35,240 49,031 73,639 38,328 59,410
Female enrollment 71,065 57,232 19,490 41,132 unknown 81,937 31,272 32,667 44,466 71,219 32,792 54,516
Number of primary teachers 1,597 2,212 632 1,624 unknown 3,135 907 710 1,918 1,595 1,001 2,379
Qualified primary teachers 1,293 898 213 698 unknown 1,589 163 255 582 838 300 683

Secondary education

A secondary school class in Pendembu.

Secondary school examinations in government-funded schools (and many private schools) are coordinated by the West African Examinations Council. These include the Basic Education Certificate Examination and the West African Senior School Certificate Examination.

Tertiary education

There are two universities in Sierra Leone: the University of Sierra Leone, founded as Fourah Bay College in 1827; and Njala University which was established as the Njala Agricultural Experimental Station in 1910 and became a university in 2005.[21] There is a teacher-training college at Bo.

In addition, The Evangelical College of Theology, founded in 1964, is accredited by the University of Sierra Leone and the Tertiary Education Committee for both the Diploma and Bachelor level.

Adult education

Sierra Leone has a low level of literacy among adults with only 37.1% of adults literate in 2006, the level of literacy is higher among 15- to 24-year-old who have a literacy rate of 52.2%. For both groups literacy among women is much lower than that for men.[22] Attendance within the education system is also low among adults with men average 4 years of formal education and women 2 years.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, p. 2, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Sierra Leone". 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, p. 1 and 3, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
  4. ↑ Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, pp. 33–34, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
  5. 1 2 Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, p. 34, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
  6. ↑ Government of Sierra Leone (2004), The Education Act 2004 (PDF), Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Encyclopedia, p. 4, archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012, retrieved 2008-06-25
  7. ↑ Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, pp. 2–3 and 35, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
  8. ↑ ActionAid (2007), ActionAid Sierra Leone:KEY AREAS OF WORK… (PDF), Sierra Leone Encyclopedia, p. 3, retrieved 2008-06-28
  9. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Bo District, Bo District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia, retrieved 2008-06-28
  10. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Bombali District, Bombali District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia, retrieved 2008-06-28
  11. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Bonthe District, Bonthe District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  12. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Kailahun District, Kailahun District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  13. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Kambia District, Kambia District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  14. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Kenema District, Kenema District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  15. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Koinadugu District, Koinadugu District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  16. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Kono District, Kono District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  17. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Moyamba District, Moyamba District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  18. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Port Loko District, Port Loko District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  19. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Pujehun District, Pujehun District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  20. ↑ Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Tonkolili District, Tonkolili District Statistics, Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
  21. ↑ Njala University College (Nuc), Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Encyclopedia, July 2007, retrieved 2008-06-25
  22. ↑ UIS STATISTICS IN BRIEF:Education in Sierra Leone, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2006, retrieved 2008-06-25
  23. ↑ Wang, Lianqin (2007), Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities, World Bank Publications, p. 24, ISBN 0-8213-6868-0
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